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The most remarkable subjects in this temple are, 1st, a group of captive Ethiopians, in the western corner of the great hall: 2dly, the hero killing a man with his spear, another lying slain under his feet, on the same western wall: 3dly, the storming of a castle, in the western corner from the front door.'-pp. 211-213.

Such is the interior. The description of the exterior follows :—

'The outside of this temple is magnificent. It is 117 feet wide, and eighty-six feet high; the height from the top of the cornice to the top of the door being sixty-six feet six inches, and the height of the door twenty feet. There are four enormous sitting colossi, the largest in Egypt or Nubia, except the great sphinx at the pyramids to which they approach in the proportion of near two-thirds. From the shoulder to the elbow. they measure fifteen feet six inches; the ears three feet six inches; the face seven feet; the beard five feet six inches; across the shoulders twenty-five feet four inches; their height is about fifty-one feet, not including the caps, which are about fourteen feet. There are only two of these colossi in sight, one is still buried under the sand, and the other, which is near the door, is half fallen down, and buried also. On the top of the door is a colossal figure of Osiris twenty feet high, with two colossal hieroglyphic figures, one on each side, looking towards it. On the top of the temple is a cornice with hieroglyphics a torus and a frieze under it. The cornice is six feet wide, the frieze is four feet. Above the cornice is a row of sitting monkeys eight feet high, and six across the shoulders. They are twentyone in number. This temple was nearly twothirds buried under the sand, of which we removed thirty-one feet before we came to the upper part of the door. It must have had a very fine landing-place, which is now totally buried under the sand. It is the last and largest temple excavated in the solid rock in Nubia or Egypt, except the new tomb.-p. 213, 214. Mr. Belzoni observes that the heat on first entering this temple was so great that they could scarcely bear it, and the perspiration from their hands was so copious as to render the paper by its dripping unfit for use. On the first opening that was made by the removal of the sand, the only living object that presented itself was a toad of prodigious size. The inanimate objects within were the figures of two lions with hawks' heads, as large as life, and a small sitting human figure. Opposite to Derr Burckhardt fell in on his return with Hassan cachef, who told him that he had no business in Mahass, and seemed surprised that his brothers had suffered him to proceed thither. Here he witnessed one of those wanton acts of despotism which are but too common in the east. 'In walking over a large field, with about thirty attendants and slaves, Hassan told the owner that he had done wrong in sowing the field with barley, as watermelons would have grown better. He then took some melon seed out of his pocket, and giving it to the man, said, 'you had better tear up the barley and sow this.' As the barley was nearly ripe, the man of course excused himself from complying with the cachef's command: "Then I

will sow them for you,' said the latter; and ordered his people immediately to tear up the crop, and lay out the field for the reception of the melon seed. The boat was then loaded with the barley, and a family thus reduced to misery, in order that the governor might feed his horses and camels for three days on the barley stalks.' None of the numerous temples nor of their inscriptions escaped Mr. Burckhardt's notice, on his return by the western bank of the Nile. Those of Dakke, Gyrshe, Dondour, Kalabshe, Tafa, Kardassy, Debot, are all particularly described, and the comparative excellence of each characterised: but our space forbids extracting his able delineation.

On the evening of the 30th of March, after a hazardous journey of thirty-five days, in which he had rested only one day, Mr. Burckhardt returned to Assouan, having travelled generally at the rate of ten hours a day. What follows is a remarkable feature of this enterprize: 'I put,' says he, 'eight Spanish dollars into my purse, in conformity with the principle I have constantly acted upon, namely, that the less the traveller spends while on his march, and the less money he carries with him, the less likely are his travelling projects to miscarry; and I returned,' he adds, after a journey of 900 miles, with three dollars, having spent about five dollars, including every expense, except the present to Hassan cachef.'

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As no caravan for Eastern Africa set out in the year after his return, Mr. Burckhardt remained quiet at Esnè; he kept no company, dressed himself in the poorest garb of an inhabitant of Egypt; and, in order to conceal his real character more effectually, spent as little money as possible, the amount of his daily expenses, of his servant, dromedary, and ass, being about eighteenpence, and that of his horse sixteen-pence a month. Yet with all these precautions he was not free from the suspicion of possessing some hidden treasure. Here, however, he remained, till the end of February, when a caravan being on the point of starting from Daraou (three days' journey to the northward of Esnè), for the confines of Sennaar, he determined to accompany it, and to try his fortune in this new route unattended by any servant.

Our limits will not permit us to trace the route pursued by the caravan. It was on the eastern side of the Nile, but at a great distance from it, being the chord of that great bend of the river to the westward in which Dongola is situated, and the extremities of which are not far removed from Assouan on the north and Berber on the south: it is, in fact, the precise route which was taken by Bruce on his return from Abyssinia. It lies over a perfect desert, except where those numerous wadys, or valleys, in the ridge of mountains on the left, open upon the plain, and in which alone trees, shrubs, and grass, are to be found for the cattle of the caravans, and wells or rills of fresh water. The scarcity of this article is sometimes severely felt; but when calamitous accidents occur, as they occasionally do, Mr. Burckhardt seems to think they happen either from taking circuitous routes, or neglecting to fill an adequate number of

water-skins. The extraordinary sufferings of Mr. Bruce in this desert he conceives to be greatly exaggerated in the relation; at the same time he adds, "I cannot but sincerely admire the wonderful knowledge of men, firmness of character, and promptitude of mind, which furnished Bruce with the means of making his way through these savage and inhospitable nations, as a European. To travel as a native has its inconveniences and difficulties; but I take those which Bruce encountered to be of a nature much more intricate and serious, and such as a mind at once courageous, patient, and fertile in expedients, could alone have surmounted.'

The wady of Berber consists of four villages situated on the Sandy Desert, about half an hour's walk from the Nile. Each is composed of several quarters, independent of one another; the houses are also separated by court-yards, so that there are no regular streets. They are built of mud, or sun-baked bricks. The rooms all open into the, court-yard; two of them are usually occupied by the family, a third serves as a store room, a fourth for the reception of strangers, and a fifth for less laudable purposes. An oblong frame of wood with four legs, with a seat of thin stripes of ox-leather drawn across, is the principal article of furniture; this is called angareyg, and answers the double purpose of a sofa by day and a bed by night. Mats of reeds or carpets of leather, without any pillow, are their only bedding. He gives a dreadful picture of the immoral habits of all classes here.

Part of the caravan, and with it Mr. Burckhardt, left Berber on the 7th of April, and proceeded towards Shendy. They soon reached Ras al Wady, the principal village in the dominions of another mek of the name of Hanoze. This sublime personage detained them from morning till late in the evening, without sending them any food, and they could not venture to taste their own, as they were now considered as his guests. The mek himself kept out of sight, but his son came to the caravan to beg some presents. The great man made his appearance, however, the following day, quite naked, with the exception of a towel round his loins, and attended by six or eight slaves, one of whom carried his waterflask, another his sword, and a third his shield. Seeing a fine ass, he ordered his hopeful son to mount it; and, notwithstanding the resistance of its owner, the animal was trotted off to the mek's stable: the caravan was then permitted to depart. At the end of four hours' travelling they reached the river Mogren (not Mareb, as Bruce calls it), the bed of which was nearly dry; but the banks, being covered with fresh herbage and tamarisk bushes, afforded a delightful prospect after the passage of a long and dreary desert. They soon reached the district of Damer, the character of whose inhabitants is just the reverse of that of the Berbers. The town of Damer contains about 500 houses, all neat and uniformly built in regular streets, and inhabited by a tribe of Arabs, the greater part of whom are Fokera, or religious men. They have a pontiff called El Faky el Kebir (the great Faky), who is their chief and judge. Damer has acquired reputation for its schools, to which young men are sent from Dar

four, Sennaar, Kordofan, and other parts of Soudan, to study the law.

The caravan remained here five days, and, setting out on the 15th of April, reached Shendy on the 18th. Next to Sennaar and Cobbé in Darfour, Shendy is the largest town in eastern Soudan; it consists of several quarters, divided from each other by public market-places, and contains from 800 to 1000 houses, similar to those of Berber. Those of the chief and his relatives have court-yards twenty feet square, enclosed by high walls. The name of the mek is Nimr, or the Tiger. He holds his mekship in right of his mother, who was of the Sennaar tribe, which explains Bruce's account of his having found a woman (Settina, our lady) on the throne. Three different tribes of Arabs inhabit the country of Shendy, besides that to which the mek's wife belongs, and their dissensions among themselves assist materially in the preservation of his authority. As merchandise pays no duty at Shendy, it has become a place of flourishing trade. It is a very large market for slaves.

As a visit to Mecca at the time of the pilgrimage, in order to obtain the title of Hadji (the most powerful recommendation and best protection in any future journey into the interior of Africa), had been the principal motive of our traveller's second journey into Nubia, he set about his preparations for the journey. With this view he sold his little stock of merchandise at Shendy, purchased a slave-boy for sixteen dollars, a camel for eleven, and, after laying in a stock of dhourra meal, butter, and dammour, found he had just four dollars remaining; which he calculated would suffice to carry him to Djidda, on which place he had a letter of credit from Cairo. Thus prepared he joined the caravan for Suakin, by the route of Taka; and here we must leave him for the present. See TAKA..

Its

Twice the serab or mirage appeared to them in crossing this desert, but somewhat different from what had been observed in Egypt. color was of the purest azure, and so clear that the shadows of the mountains which bordered the horizon were reflected on it with the greatest precision, and the delusion of its being a sheet of water was thus rendered still more perfect. I had often seen the mirage in Syria and Egypt, but always found it of a whitish color, rather resembling a morning mist, seldom lying steady on the plain, but in continual vibration, but here it was very different, and had the most perfect resemblance to water. The great dryness of the air and earth in this desert may be the cause of the difference. The appearance of water approached also much nearer than in Syria and Egypt, being often not more than 200 paces from us, whereas I had never seen it before at a distance of less than half a mile. There were at one time about a dozen of these false lakes round us, each separated from the other, and for the most part in the low grounds.'

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direct their course towards the setting sun, hoping thus to reach the Nile. After two days thirst, fifteen slaves and one of the merchants died. Another of them, an Ababde, who had ten camels with him, thinking that the camels might know better than their masters where water was to be found, desired his comrades to tie him fast upon the saddle of his strongest camel, that he might not fall down from weakness; and thus he parted from them, permitting his camels to take their own way: but neither the man nor his camels were ever heard of afterwards. On the eighth day after leaving Owareyk, the survivors came in sight of the mountains of Shigre, which they immediately recognised, but their strength was quite exhausted,

and neither men nor beasts were able to move any farther. Lying down under a rock, they sent two of their servants with the two strongest remaining camels, in search of water. Before these two men could reach the mountain, one of them dropped off his camel, deprived of speech, and able only to wave his hands to his comrade as a signal that he desired to be left to his fate. The survivor then continued his route, but such was the effect of thirst upon him, that his eyes grew dim and he lost the road, though he had often travelled over it before, and had been perfectly acquainted with it. Having wandered about for a long time, he alighted under the shade of a tree, and tied the camel to one of its branches; the beast, however, smelt the water (as the Arabs express it), and, wearied as it was, broke its halter, and set off galloping furiously in the direction of the spring, which, as it afterwards appeared, was at half an hour's distance. The man, well understanding the camel's action, endeavoured to follow its footsteps, but could only move a few yards; he fell exhausted on the ground, and was about to breathe his last, when Providence led that way from a neighbouring encampment a Bisharye Bedouin, who, by throwing water upon the man's face restored him to his senses. They then went hastily together to the water, filled the skins, and, returning to the caravan, had the good fortune to find the sufferers still alive. The Bisharye received a slave for his trouble. My informer, a native of Yembo, in Arabia, was the man whose camel discovered the spring, and he added the remarkable circumstance that the youngest slaves bore the thirst better than the rest, and that, while the grown up boys all died, the children reached Egypt in safety. On the 23rd of March the caravan arrived at Berber, having taken twenty-two days in crossing the desert from Daraou to that place. NUBILE, adj. French, nubile; Latin, nubilis. Marriageable; fit for marriage.

The cowslip smiles, in brighter yellow drest, Than that which veils the nubile virgin's breast.

Pope. NUCLEUS, n.s. Lat. nucleus. A kernel; any thing about which matter is gathered or concentrated.

The crusts are each in all parts nearly of the same thickness, their figure suited to the nucleus, and the outer surface of the stone exactly of the same form with that of the nucleus. Woodward.

NUCTA, a dew, which, falling in Egypt about

St. John's day, is by the superstitious natives considered as miraculous, and the peculiar gift of that saint. It is occasioned by the rains which at this period fall in Ethiopia. The Nile at this season is almost stagnant, and in many of its cisterns putrid; but, when it is augmented by these showers, the sun resumes its suspended power of disengaging this light vapor, which never fails to put an immediate stop to the plague, that is but too frequently raging.

NUDDEA (Navadwipa, the New Island), is a large district in the province of Bengal, situated between 22° and 24° of N. lat. It is bounded on the north by Raujishy; on the south by Hooghly and the Sunderbunds; to the east by Jessore; and on the west it is separated from Burdwan by the Hooghly River. În ancient records this district is called Oukerah; but more recently Kishenagur, from the zemindar who held it. In the beginning of the eighteenth century it was bestowed on Ragooram, a Brahmin, ancestor of the present family. This district is fertile in all the more valuable productions of India. It enjoys, besides, the easy and quick navigation of the Hooghly, the Jellinghy, and the Issamutty; yet the revenue is said to bear no comparative proportion to that of the adjacent district of Burdwan. In 1784, by major Rennell's mensuration, this district contained 3115 square miles; the chief towns are Kishenagur, Nuddeah, and Santipoor. Inhabitants about 764,000, in the proportion of two Mahometans to seven Hindoos.

NUDDEA, a town in the province of Bengal, capital of the district of Nuddea, is situated at the Jellinghy and Cossimbazar rivers with the Hooghly, sixty miles north from Calcutta. It was the capital of a Hindoo principality anterior to the Mogul conquest of Hindostan. A. D. 1204 it was destroyed by Mahommed Bukhtyar Khiljee, the first Mahometan invader of Bengal. In modern times it has been the seat of a Brahmin seminary.

NU'DITY, n. s. French, nudité; Lat. nudus. Naked parts; nakedness.

There are no such licenses permitted in poetry, any more than in painting, to design and colour obscene nudities. Dryden.

Is

The world's all face; the man who shews his heart

hooted for his nudities and scorned.
NUGATION, n. s. Į
NU'GATORY, adj.

idle; futile.

Young.
Lat. nugor.
The act
Sor practice of trifling:

The opinion, that putrefaction is caused either by cold, or peregrine and preternatural heat, is but nu

gation.

Bacon.

Some great men of the last age, before the mechanical philosophy was revived, were too much addicted to this nugatory art, when occult quality, and sympathy and antipathy were admitted for satisfactory explications of things. Bentley.

NUGENT (Thomas), F. S. A. and LL. D., an ingenious miscellaneous writer and compiler, was born in Ireland, and died in London April 27th, 1772. In 1765 he obtained his diploma from the university of Aberdeen. Among his publications are, Travels through Germany, 1768, 2 vols. 8vo.; Observations on Italy and its Inhabitants, 1769, 2 vols. 8vo.; and a popular French and English

dictionary. He translated Henault's Chronological Abridgment of the History of France; the Life of Benvenuto Cellini; and various other works.

NUGENT (Christopher), M. D., F. R. S., was a native of Ireland, and father-in-law of Mr. Burke. He published An Essay on Hydrophobia, and practised with reputation as a physician in the metropolis. He died November 12th, 1775. NUISANCE, n. s. Fr. nuisance. See NOIANCE. Something noxious or offensive.

Nuisances, as necessary to be swept away, as dirt out of the streets. Kettlewell. This is the liar's lot: he is accounted a pest and a nuisance; a person marked out for infamy and scorn. South.

A wise man who does not assist with his counsels, a rich man with his charity, and a poor man with his labour, are perfect nuisances in a commonwealth.

Swift's Miscellanies.

The encroaching nuisance asks a faithful hand,
Patient, affectionate, of high command,
To check the procreation of a breed
Sure to exhaust the plant on which they feed.

The pope's confirmation of the church lands, to those who hold them by king Henry's donation, was null and fraudulent. Swif

Thy chaos order, and thy weakness might;
By such a change thy darkness is made light,
And He, whose power mere nullity obeys,
Who found thee nothing, formed thee for his praise.
Cowper.

and the fourth son of Pompilius Pompo, an ilNUMA (Pompilius), the second king of Rome, lustrious Sabine. He had married Tatia, the daughter of king Tatius, and with her remained in his native country, preferring the tranquillity of a private life to the splendor of a court. Upon the death of his wife, with whom he had lived thirteen years, he gave himself up entirely to study; and, leaving the city of Cures, confined himself to the country, in search only of those woods and fountains which religion had made sacred. His recluse life gave rise to the fable, which was very early received among the Sabines, that Numa lived in familiarity with the nymph Egeria. (See EGERIA.) Upon the death Cowper. NUISANCE, in law. Nuisances are either pub- patched Julius Proculus and Valerius Volesus, of Romulus, the senate and people of Rome deslic or private. A public nuisance is an offence two senators of distinction, to make him an offer against the public in general, either by doing of the kingdom. The Sabine philosopher rewhat tends to the annoyance of all the king's jected at first their proposal; but at last yielded, subjects, or by neglecting to do what the com- and set out for Rome, where he was received by mon good requires: in which case all annoyances all ranks of people with joy. Spurius Vettius, and injuries to streets, highways, bridges, and the interrex for the day, having assembled the large rivers, as also disorderly alehouses, bawdy- curiæ, he was elected in due form, and the elechouses, gaming-houses, stages for rope-dancers, tion was unanimously confirmed by the senate. &c., are held to be common nuisances. A pri- The beginning of his reign was popular; and he vate nuisance is when only one person or family dismissed the 300 guards which his predecessor is annoyed by the doing of any thing; as where had kept around his person. He was not, like a person stops up the light of another's house, Romulus, fond of war, but applied himself to or builds in such a manner that the rain falls tame the ferocity of his subjects, to inculcate in from his house upon his neighbour's. their minds a reverence for the Deity, and to NULL, v. a., adj., & n. s. Lat. nullus. To quell their dissensions by dividing all the citizens NULLIFY, v. a. make void; annul; into classes. He established different orders of NUL'LITY, n. s. Sannihilate void, priests, and taught the Romans not to worship ineffectual: something of no power or signifi- the Deity by images, and hence none appeared cancy to nullify is also to annul; make void: in the temples of Rome for 160 years. He ennullity, synonymous with null as a noun sub-couraged the report of his paying visits to the stantive, but a better word.

Their orders are accounted to be null and invalid
Lesley.

by many.
If part of the people be somewhat in the election,
you cannot make them nulls or ciphers in the priva-

tion or translation.

Bacon.

A hard body, struck against another hard body, will yield an exteriour sound, in so much as if the percussion be over soft it may induce a nullity of

sound; but never an interior sound.

Id.

Thy fair enchanted cup, and warbling charms, No more on me have power, their force is nulled. Milton.

With what impatience must the muse behold The wife, by her procuring husband sold! For tho' the law makes null the adulterous deed Of lands to her, the cuckold may succeed. Dryden. Reason hath the power of nulling or governing all other operations of bodies. Grew's Cosmologia. It can be no part of my business to overthrow this distinction, and to shew the nullity of it; which has been solidly done by most of our polemick

writers.

South.

The jurisdiction is opened by the party, in default of justice from the ordinary, as by appeals or nulliAyliffe.

ties.

which he introduced. He established the colnymph Egeria, to give sanction to the laws safety of the empire depended upon lege of the vestals, and told the Romans that the vation of the sacred ancyle or shield, which, it the preserdedicated a temple to Janus, which, during his was believed, had dropped from heaven. He whole reign, remained shut as a mark of peace. After a reign of forty-two years, in which he had given every encouragement to the useful arts, Numa died A. U. C. 82. Not only the Romans, but the neighbouring nations, were eager to pay their last offices to a monarch whom they revered. He left behind him one daughter, called Pompilia, who married Numa Marcius, and became Rome. the mother of Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of

NUMANTIA, a very noble city, the ornament of Hispania Citerior (Florus), celebrated for the long war of twenty years which it maintained against the Romans. Numantia was taken by the Romans, A. U. C. 629, after a siege, productive of hardships to the inhabitants unparalleled in history. See ROME.

NUMB, adj. & v. a. Saxon, benum, beNUMB'EDNESS, n. s. numed; Gothic and NUMBNESS. Arm. num. Torpid; motionless; senseless; hence chill or cold to torpidity to numb is to reduce to this state.

When we both lay in the field, Frozen almost to death, how he did lap me Even in his garments, and did give himself All thin and naked to the numb cold night. Shakspeare.

Bedlam beggars, with roaring voices Strike in their numbed and mortified bare arms Pins, wooden pricks, nails, sprigs of rosemary : And with this horrible object, from low farms, Inforce their charity. Id. King Lear.

Stir, nay, come away; Bequeath to death your numbness; for from him Dear life redeem you. Id. Winter's Tale. Leaning long upon any part maketh it numb and asleep; for that the compression of the part suffereth not the spirits to have free access; and therefore, when we come out of it, we feel a stinging or pricking, which is the re-entrance of the spirits. Bacon. Cold numbness straight bereaves

Her corpse of sense, and the' air her soul receives. Denham.

She can unlock

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Wiseman's Surgery. Fr. nombre; Lat. numero. To count; reckon; reckon as

NUMBER, v. a. & n. s.7 NUM ́BERER, n. s. NUM BERLESS, adj. one of a kind or sort: a number is the species of a quality; any particular aggregate of things; many; a multitude, considered in the aggregate; harmony (proportions or varieties of sound reduced to numbers), poetry, verse; in grammar, the variation that denotes quantity, as one, or more than one: a numberer is he who numbers: numberless, without number; innumerable.

If a man can number the dust of the earth, then shall thy seed also be numbered. Genesis xiii.

He was numbered with the transgressors, and bare the sin of many. Isaiah liii. 12. Id. lxv. 12. were weighed Ezra viii. 34.

I will number you to the sword. The silver, the gold, and the vessels, by number and by weight.

Of him came nations and tribes out of number.

2 Esd. iii. 7. Much of that we are to speak may seem to a number perhaps tedious, perhaps obscure, dark, and intri

cate.

Hye thee from this slaughter-house, Lest thou increase the number of the dead.

Hooker.

Shakspeare.

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Though numberless, I never shall forget.
Loud as from numbers without number.
Then feed on thoughts that voluntary move,
Harmonious numbers, as the wakeful bird
Sings darkling.

Id.

About his chariot numberless were poured Cherub and, seraph. Id. Paradise Lost.

As one diamond is worth numberless bits of glass : so one solid reason is worth innumerable fancies.

Barrow.

In the noun is the variation or change of termination to signify a number more than one. When men first invented names, their application was to single things; but, soon finding it necessary to speak of several things of the same kind together, they found it likewise necessary to vary or alter the noun. Clarke's Latin Grammar. Ladies are always of great use to the party they espouse, and never fail to win over numbers.

Addison. The soul converses with numberless beings of her own creation. Id. Spectator. Some convey their instructions to us in the best chosen words, others in the most harmonious numbers, some in point of wit, and others in short proverbs. Addison.

Yet should the muses bid my numbers roll Strong as their charms, and gentle as their soul.

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