Diomedes, but was at last killed by the latter. Hom. Il. ii. and v. Virg. Æn. v. 495. PAN'DECT, n. s. Lat. pandecta. A treatise that comprehends the whole of a science: particularly a digest of the whole civil law.

It were to be wished that the commons would form a pandect of their power and privileges to be confirmed by the entire legislative authority. Swift. PANDECTA, PANDECTS, from way, all, and dexoμai, to take, q. d. a book containing all things or all laws, the digest or collection, made by Justinian's order, of 534 decisions or judgments of the ancient lawyers, on so many questions occurring in the civil law; to which that emperor gave the force of law, by the epistle prefixed to them. They consist of fifty books, and make the first part of the body of the civil law. They were denoted by ; but the copyists taking those for ff, the custom arose of quoting them by ff. In 1137 the pandects of Justinian, which had been brought by an Amalfitam merchant from the east, fell into the hands of the Pisans, and for nearly three centuries they were called Pandectæ Pisanæ. But about 1416, Pisa being taken by the Florentines, they were transported to Florence, where they are now preserved in the library of the Medici, and named Pandecta Florentinæ. Papias extends the name of Pandects to the Old and New Testament. There are also Pandecta Medicina by Mat. Sylvaticus of Mantua; Pandects of Turkey, by Leunclavius; and Pandecta Canonum, by bishop Beveridge.

PANDEMIC, adj. Gr. παν and δημος, a people. Incident to a whole people.

Those instances bring a consumption, under the notion of a pandemick, or endemick, or rather vernacular disease to England. Harvey.

PAN'DER, n. s. & v. a. Į From Pandarus, PAN'DERLY, adj. the pimp in the story of Troilus and Cressida; it was therefore originally written pandar, till its etymology was forgotten.-Johnson. A pimp; a male bawd; a procurer; an agent for the ill designs of another: to pander, to be basely subservient to another's vices: panderly follows these senses.

name.

If ever you prove false to one another, since I have taken such pains to bring you together, let all pitiful goers between be called panders after my Shakspeare. Troilus and Cressida. Proclaim no shame, When the compulsive ardour gives the charge, Since first itself as actively doth burn, And reason panders will. Oh you panderly rascals! there's a conspiracy Shakspeare. against me.

Id. Hamlet.

Thou hast confessed thyself the conscious pander of that pretended passion:

A single witness infamously known,
Against two persons of unquestioned fame. Dryden.
My obedient honesty was made
The pander to thy lust and black ambition.

Rowe. PANDIA, an ancient festival held at Athens, instituted by Pandion, from whom some derive its name; though others insist that, as it was observed in honor of Jupiter, the name is derived from his omnipotence, because he ra zavтa divevely, can move and turn all things as he pleases.

PANDICULATION, n. s.

Lat. pandiculans. The restlessness and uneasiness that accompany the cold fits of an intermitting fever.

Windy spirits, for want of a due volatilization, produce in the nerves a pandiculation, or oscitation, or stupor, or cramp in the muscles. Floyer.

PANDORA, in mythology, a woman formed by Prometheus, to whom each of the gods gave some perfection. Venus bestowed upon her beauty; Pallas wisdom; Juno riches; Apollo music; and Mercury eloquence; but Jupiter, stolen fire from heaven to animate the mass he being displeased at Prometheus for having had formed, gave Pandora a box, which she was ordered not to open; and then sent her to the earth with this box, in which were enclosed age, diseases, pestilence, war, famine, envy, discord, and all the evils and vices that could afflict mankind. This fatal box was opened by Epimetheus, Prometheus's brother, when instantly all the diseases and mischiefs with which it was filled spread over the earth, and Hope alone remained at the bottom. Hesiod says that she was the first woman.

PANDORON. See PANDURA.

PANDOSIA, a strong inland town of the Brutii, on the Acheron, where Alexander of Epirus, deceived by the oracle of Dodona, met his fate and perished. (Livy, Justin, Strabo.) Now called Mendicino.-Holstein.

which Alexander of Epirus was advised to PANDOSIA, a town of Epirus, on the Acheron, avoid as fatal, but which he met with in Italy. (Livy.) This last is said to have been the residence of the Enotrian kings.-Strabo.

PANDOURS are Hungarian infantry; they wear a loose garment fixed tight to their bodies by a girdle, with great sleeves, and large breeches hanging down to their ancles. They use firearms, and are excellent marksmen; they have also a kind of sabre nearly four feet long, which they use with great dexterity.

PANDURA, or PANDORON, a musical instrument, used among the ancients, resembling the lute; so called from Tav and dopov, i. e. all gifts. Isidore derives the name from its inventor Pandorus; others from Pan, to whom they attribute its invention, as well as that of the flute. It has the same number of strings with the lute; but they are of brass, and of consequence give a more agreeable sound than those of the lute. Its frets are of copper, like those of the cistre; its back is flat like those of the guitar; and the rims of its table, as well as its ribs, are cut in Du Cange observes, that Varro, Isidore, and others of the ancients, mention it as having only three strings; whence it is sometimes also spoken of under the denomination Toxopdov, trichordum.

semicircles.

PANE, n. s. Fr. paneau; Ital. and Lat. pagina. A square of glass: hence a variegated piece of work in one frame.

PANEGYRIC is derived from rav all, and ayɛow, to assemble; because anciently held in public assemblies of the Greeks, at their games, feasts, fairs, or religious meetings. To make their panegyrics the more solemn, the Greeks used to begin with the praises of the deity in whose honor the games, &c., were celebrated; then they descended to the praise of the people or country where they were celebrated; then to the princes or magistrates who presided at them; and at length to the champions, especially the conquerors who had gained the prizes in them. PANEGYRICUM, in church history, an ecclesiastical book, used by the Greek church, containing the panegyrical orations of various authors, on the solemnities of Jesus Christ and the saints. It is found in MS. in most churches, but is not the same in all; each church having its particular saints, and the compilers of this kind of books usually suited their collections to the taste of their own devotion. They are disposed according to the order of months, and frequently consist of twelve volumes, answering to the twelve months. Among the principal authors of these works are Athanasius, Cyril, Basil, Chrysostom, &c.

PANEKA, or PAFCA POINT, a remarkable point of the Island of Java, situated at the northeastern extremity, at the mouth of the wes ern entrance of the straits of Madura. Here the Dutch maintain a small military guard; and Java and European pilots are stationed, who, as soon as vessels are discovered standing for the channel, go before to pilot them to Gresse and Sourabhaya. Refreshments of every kind may be procured from the masters and crews of the pilot boats at moderate prices.

PAN'EL, n. s. From PANE. A square of wood, paper, or parchment: hence a schedule or roll, containing the names of such jurors as the sheriff provides to pass upon a trial.

This fellow will join you together as they join wainscot; then one of you will prove a shrunk panel, and, like green timber, warp. Shakspeare.

The chariot was all of cedar, save that the fore end had panels of sapphires, set in borders of gold.

Bacon.

Then twelve of such as are indifferent, and are returned upon the principal panel, or the tales, are sworn to try the same, according to evidence.

Hale's History of England.

Still in new impudence, new ignorance, Success let others teach, learn thou from me, Pangs without birth, and fruitless industry.

I saw the hoary traitor

Dryden.

mammon.

British Review.

PANGATARRAN, a long flat island of the Sooloo archipelago, about ten miles long by four in average breadth. It consists of a bed of coral rock, and a very thin soil. The island, however, abounds in cocoa nut trees. There is no fresh water, nor is there any good anchoring ground near, except in a few places. The island has abundance of cattle, goats, and poultry, and is tolerably well inhabited. It was formerly settled by the Spaniards. Some of the chief houses are built on trees, lopped off for posts, which have vegetated afterwards. Long. 120° 30′ E, lat. 6° 9′ N.

PANGESANA, PANGESANI, or PANGANSANE, an island to the south of Celebes, in the Eastern Seas, and separated from Bouton on the east by a strait which is not more than a cable's length It is about fifty-two miles in length, and sixteen in average breadth. The northern part is low, marshy, and unhealthy, but it is in general well peopled. Long. 122° 50′ E.,

across.

lat. 5° 5' S.

PANGOLIN, a species of the manis peculiar riety, if not a different species, of the pangolin to Hindostan. It is certainly a remarkable vaof Buffon. According to a paper in the Asiatic Researches, it has hardly any neck; and, though some filaments are discernible between the scales, they can scarcely be called bristles. But the principal difference is in the tail; that of Buffon's

animal being long, and tapering almost to a point; while that of ours is much shorter, ends obtusely, and resembles in form and flexibility the tail of a lobster. In other respects it seems to have all the characters of Buffon's pangolin; a name derived from that by which the animal is distinguished in Java, and consequently preferable to manis or philidotus, or any other appellation deduced from any European language. A female pangolin, described in the Asiatic Researches, had a long tongue shaped like that of the cameleon; and if it was nearly adult, as we may reasonably conclude from a young one found in it, the dimensions of it were much less than those which Buffon assigns generally to his pangolin; for he describes its length as six, seven, or eight feet, including the tail, which is almost, he says, as long as the body when it has attained its full growth; whereas ours is but thirty-four inches long from the extremity of the tail to the point of the snout, and the length of the tail is fourteen inches; but, exclusively of the head, which is five inches long, the tail and body are indeed nearly of the same length; and the small difference between them may show, if Buffon be correct in this point, that the animal was young. The circumference of its body in the thickest part is twenty inches, and that of the tail only twelve. There are on each foot five claws, of which the outer and inner are small when compared with the other three. There are no distinct toes; but each nail is moveable by a joint at its root. This creature is extremely inoffensive. It has no teeth, and its feet are unable to grasp. The nails are well adapted for digging in the ground; and the animal is so dextrous in eluding its enemies by concealing itself in holes and among rocks, that it is extremely difficult to procure one. The upper jaw is covered with a cross cartilaginous ridge, which, though apparently not at all suited to any purposes of mastication, may, by increasing the surface of the palate, extend the sense of taste. The œsophagus will admit a man's fore finger with ease. The tongue at the bottom of the mouth is nearly about the size of the little finger, whence it tapers to a point. The animal can protrude this member a great way from the mouth. The tongue arises from the ensiform cartilage and the contiguous muscles of the belly, and passes in form of a round distinct muscle over the stomach, through the thorax, immediately under the sternum, and interior to the windpipe. When dissected out, the tongue could be easily elongated so as to reach more than the length of the animal exclusive of its tail. There is a cluster of salivary glands seated around the tongue, as it enters the mouth. These will necessarily be compressed by the action of the tongue; so as occasionally to supply a plentiful flow of their secretion. The stomach is cartilaginous, and analogous to that of the gallinaceous tribe of birds. When dissected it is generally found full of small stones and gravel, which in India are almost universally calcareous. The inner surface of the stomach is rough to the feel, and formed into folds, the interstices of which are filled with a frothy secretion. The guts are filled with a sandy pulp, in which, however, are

interspersed a few distinct small stones. No vestiges of any animal or vegetable food have been traced in the whole primæ viæ. The gallbladder is commonly distended with a fluid resembling in color and consistence the dregs of beer. It is a viviparous animal. From the contents of its stomach and primæ viæ, the pangolin has been supposed by Mr. Burt, an eminent surgeon in Bengal, to derive its nourishment from mineral substances. This novel conjecture is not a little confirmed by the experiments of M. Bruquatelli of Pavia, on the authority of M. Creil, by which we learn that some birds have so great a dissolvent power in the gastric juice as to dissolve in their stomachs flints, rock crystal, calcareous stones, and shells. See MANIS.

PANGONIA, in the old system of mineralogy, from wav, numerous, and yovoç, an angle, a genus of crystals, consisting of such as are composed of many angles. The bodies of this genus are single-pointed, or imperfect crystals, composed of dodecangular or twelve-planed columns, terminated by twelve-planed pyramids, and the whole body therefore made up of twenty-four planes. There are three species.

It is

PANIANY, a sea-port town of Malabar, forty miles south by east from Calicut. Lat. 10° 44′ N., long. 76° E. It is called by the natives Punang Wacul, and contains above 500 houses, belonging to traders, forty mosques, and at least 1000 huts. The town is scattered over a sandy plain, on the south side of a river, which descends from Animalaya, and enters the sea by a very wide channel: the mouth, however, is shut by a bar, which only admits boats to enter. very irregularly built, but many of the houses are of stone, two stories high, and thatched with cocoa nut leaves. The huts are inhabited by boatmen and fishermen, who were formerly Mucuas, a low caste of Hindoos, but have now all embraced the faith of Mahomet. The trading boats here are called pattemars, and on an average carry 50,000 cocoa nuts, or 1000 muddies of rice, equal to 500 Bengal bags. About sixty years ago the Moplays of this port were very rich, and possessed vessels that sailed to Surat, Mocha, Madras, and Bengal; but the oppressions of Tippoo Sultan reduced them to poverty. The exports hence are teak wood, cocoa nuts, iron, and rice; the chief imports wheat, pulses, sugar, jagory, salt, cut (terra japonica), and spices.

This is the residence of the tangul, or chief priest, of the Moplays, who says he is descended from Ali and Fatima, the daughter of Mahomet. Although of the Mahometan religion, the tangul's sister's son, according to the custom of Malabar, is considered as the heir to this hereditary dignity: These people are called Moplayar in Malabar, and Lubbaymar at Madras; but, among themselves, they acknowledge no other name than that of Mussulmans.

Of Arabic extraction, they consider themselves, according to Mr. Hamilton, of more honorable birth than the Tartar Mahometans. They use a written character peculiar to themselves, and totally different from the present Arabic, which is known to very few of them except their priests. The Moplays of Malabar are both traders and

farmers; the Lubbaymars of Madras confine themselves to the former profession. As traders, they are a remarkably quiet, industrious people; but some of them in the interior, having been encouraged by Tippoo in a most licentious attack on the lives, persons, and property of the Hindoos, became a set of fierce, blood-thirsty, bigoted ruffians; which disposition the British government had considerable difficulty in reforming. In religious matters the tangul is the head of the sect, and the office is hereditary in the female branch. The mosques are very numerous, in each of which presides an imaum, or moullah, appointed by the tangul, who usually bestows the office on his sister's son, the heir of the person who last held the office. (F. Buchanan, &c.)

PANIC, n. s. & adj. Fr. panique; Gr. maviKoç. From the god Пlav, groundless fear being supposed to be sent by him. A sudden and extreme fright violent (as applied to fear), beyond

the cause.

The sudden stir and panical fear, when chanticleer was carried away by reynard. Cambden's Remains. Which many respect to be but a panic terror, and men do fear they justly know not what. Browne's Vulgar Errours. I left the city in a panic fright; Lions they are in council, lambs in fight. Dryden. PANIC, Polyænus says, originates from Pan, one of the captains of Bacchus, who with a few men put a numerous enemy to rout, by a noise which his soldiers raised in a rocky valley, favored with a great number of echoes. This stratagem making their number appear far greater than it was, the enemy quitted a very commodious encampment, and fled. Hence all illgrounded fears have been called panics, or panic fears; and this gave occasion to the fable of the nymph Echo being beloved by the god Pan. Others derive the origin of it hence; that in the wars of the Titans against the gods, Pan was the first who struck terror into the hearts of the giants. Theon on Aratus says, he did it by the means of a sea-shell, which served him for a trumpet, whereof he was the inventor.

PANICLE, in botany, denotes a soft woolly beard, on which the seeds of some plants hang pendulous; as in millet, reeds, and hay. See BOTANY, Index.

25. P. latifolium,

26. P. lineare, 27. P. miliaceum, 28. P. patens,

31. P. repens,
32. P. sanguinale,
33. P. verticillatum,
34. P. virgatum

29. P. polystachion, 35. P. viride.
30. P. ramosum,

The species of Guinea-grass by some authors is classed as a panicum; but by expert botanists, who have lately examined the plant, it is called the holyus polygamum. See POLYGAMUM.

PANINI (Paul), a painter of perspective and architecture. He was born at Placentia in 1691, and studied at Rome, where he designed every vestige of ancient magnificence. In his earlier pictures his composition is rich; the truth of his perspective exact; and his paintings are esteemed for the grandeur of the architecture, the clearness of his coloring, the beautiful figures he introduced, and the elegant taste with which he disposed them; but his later paintings have many faults. He died in 1758.

PANIONIA, in antiquity, a festival celebrated in honor of Neptune by people from all the cities of Ionia. In this festival, if the bull offered in sacrifice happened to bellow, it was accounted an omen of divine favor; because that sound was thought acceptable to Neptune.

PANIONIUM, a place in Asia Minor, at the foot of Mount Mycale, near Ephesus, where the deputies of the twelve cities of Ionia assembled to celebrate the above festivals, or to deliberate upon any other public business.

PANLANG, a town of Pegu, in the Birman empire, situated on the Rangoon branch of the Irrawaddy River, and formerly a place of great opulence and extent. It was taken by the celebrated Alompra, from the Peguers, in 1755, and is still a place of consequence. It is situated sixteen miles north-west of Rangoon.

PANNADE', n. s. In the manege, the curvet of a horse.

PANNAH, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Allahabad, and district of Bundelcund. In the neighbourhood are the celebrated Panassa diamond mines of Ptolemy. They are situated in a range of hills of about twenty-four miles in length, and five in breadth, belonging to different chiefs. The richest of them is called Guddaseah, and produced the largest diamond now in Hindostan. The mines were formerly let out to contractors; but all stones exceeding a certain weight were the property of the chief; so that frequently the contractors were losers. During the reign of Akbar, in the sixteenth century, the revenue received by him on this account amount

five species:

1. P. arborescens,

13. P. lichotomum, 14. P. dactylon, 15. P. dimidiatum, 16. P. distachion, 17. P. divaricatum, 18. P. elatum, 19. P. filiforme, 8. P. conglomeratum, 20. P. glaucum,

2. P. brevifolium, 3. P. brisoides, 4. P. capillare, 5. P. clandestinum, 6. P. coloratum, 7. P. compositum,

9. P. coronum, 10. P. crus corvi, 11. P. crus galli, 12. P. curvatum,

21. P. grossarium, 22. P. halvoium, 23. P. hirtellum, 24 P. italicum,

decline of the Mogul empire, and the district came into the possession of rajah Chuttersal (about the year 1750), the profits did not exceed £50,000. Since that period we have no accurate estimate of them. Long. 80° 17 E., lat. 24° 43' N.

PANNALL, a parish of England, West Riding of Yorkshire, seven miles W. N. W. from Wetherby. Population 914.

PANNANACH, or PANNANICH, a village of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, noted for its mineral waters. These waters issue from the north side of the hill of Pannanich, and are said to resem

ble the Seltzer water in Germany, being strongly impregnated with aerial acid. The spring has been cleared and covered, and several houses have been erected for the accommodation of the visitors, who in summer are numerous, being attracted by the surrounding scenery, which is in the highest degree romantic and sublime. There is an inn for the visitors on the banks of the Dee, about a mile from the wells.

PANʼNEL, n. s. Fr. paneau; Belg. pannul; Ital. panello, of Lat. pannus. A rustic saddle. A pannel and wanty, pack-saddle and ped, With line to fetch litter, and halters for hed. Tusser.

His strutting ribs on both sides showed Like furrows he himself had plowed; For underneath the skirt of pannel, "Twixt every two there was a channel. Hudibras. PANNELA, or PANNELLA, a town and fortress of Bejapore, Hindostan. It was formerly deemed one of the strongest fortresses in India, and was only taken by the celebrated Mahratta chief Sevajee, by stratagem, in the year 1660. It was subsequently besieged in vain by the army of the king of Bejapore, but yielded to the arms of Aurungzebe, after his capture of Sambajee, about the year 1670. Near this place the British ambassador, Sir William Norris, had his audience of Aurungzebe, in the month of April 1701; and, after being kept nearly six months in the camp, was dismissed. It was recently in possession of the Mahrattas. Long. 74° 57′ E., lat. 16° 50′ N. PANNICLE, or PANNICK, n. s. A plant. See below.

The pannicle is a plant of the millet kind, differing from that, by the disposition of the flowers and seeds, which, of this, grow in a close thick spike: it is sowed in several parts of Europe, in the fields, as corn, for the sustenance of the inhabitants; it is frequently used in particular places of Germany to make bread.

Miller.

second took place in 1761, between the combined Mahommedan army, commanded by Ahmed Shah Abdalli, the sovereign of Cabul, and that of the Mahrattas, commanded by the Bhow Sedasiva. This place is about four miles in circumference, and was formerly surrounded by a brick wall, which partly remains. In the centre is the shrine of a Mahommedan devotee, named Shah Shereef ud Deen Abu Ali Cullinder, whose death' happened in the 724th year of the Hegira. The imports are salt, grain, and cotton cloth; the surrounding country produces and exports coarse sugar.

PANNONIA, an extensive country of Europe, bounded on the east by Upper Moesia, south by Dalmatia, west by Noricum, and north by the Danube. It was divided by the ancients into Upper and Lower, or Superior and Inferior Pan nonia. The boundary between these was the Arabo and Mount Cetina; the Upper Pannonia lying on the west, and the Lower on the east side. This division was made about the times of the Antonines. The inhabitants were of Celtic origin. Sirmium was the ancient capital of all Pannonia. Philip II. of Macedon, and his son Alexander, successively conquered the country. It was again invaded by Julius Cæsar, and conquered in the reign of Tiberius. It is now divided into the modern provinces of Bosnia, Carniola, Croatia, March, Sclavonia, and Windisch; and part of it is contained in Austria, Hungary, and Servia.-Lucan. iii. 95, vi. 220. Plin. iii. Dion. Cass. 49. Strabo iv. vii. Tibul. iv. el. 1. 109. Suet. Aug. 20. Jornand. Lempriere.

Ptol.

ΡΑΝOMPHEUS, from παν all, and ομφη voice, in antiquity, a designation given to Jupiter, because he was said to be the original author of all sorts of divination, having the books of fate, and out of them revealing either more or less, as he pleased, to inferior dæmons.

who accompanied Amphitryon in his war against PANOPEUS, a son of Phocus and Asterodia, the Teleboans. He was father of Epeus, who made the famous wooden horse by which Troy was taken.

PAN'OPLY, n. s. Gr. πανοπλια. plete armour.

In arms they stood
Of golden panoply, refulgent host!

Com

Soon banded. Milton's Paradise Lost. We had need to take the Christian panoply, to put on the whole armour of God. Ray on the Creation.

PANOPOLIS, Gr. Hav, and rolig, i. e. the city of Pan, an ancient town of Egypt, called also Chemmis and Achmim. See ACHMIM Pan had a temple in it, where he was worshipped, and represented in a statue, fascino longissimo et erecto.-Diod. v. Strabo, 17.

PANORAMA, from Gr. παν all, and οραμα view, a word recently introduced, to express a painting in oil or water colors, which represents an entire view of any country, city, or other natural objects, as they appear to a person standing in any situation, and turning quite round. To produce this effect, the painter or drawer must fix his station, and delineate correctly and connectedly, every object which appears as he turns