well formed, but the other blundered in the manner just mentioned. Another blemish, but of smaller moment, and which to some may be rather a recommendation, is when the workmen, through inattention, have put another coin into the dye without taking out the former. Thus the coin is convex on one side and concave on the other, having the same figure upon both its sides. The medals said by the judges in this science to be countermarked are very rare, and highly valued. They have a small stamp impressed upon them, in some' a head, in others a few letters, such as AUG: N. PROBUS, &c., which marks are supposed to imply an alteration in the value of the coin; as was the case with the countermarked coins of Henry VIII, and queen Mary of Scotland. Some have a small hole through them, sometimes with a little ring fastened in it, having been used as ornaments; but this makes no alteration in their value. Neither is it any diminution in the value of a coin that it is split at the edges: for coins of undoubted antiquity have often been found in this state, the cause of which has already been explained. On the contrary, this cracking is generally considered as a great merit; but Mr. Pinkerton suspects that one of these cracked coins has given rise to an error with respect to the wife of Carausius, who reigned for some time in Britain. The inscription is read ORIUNA AUG.: and there is a crack in the medal just before the O of oriuna. Without this crack Mr. Pinkerton supposes it would have been read Fortuna Aug. Some particular soils have the property of giving silver a yellow color as if it had been gilt. It naturally acquires a black color through time, which any sulphurous vapor will bring on in a few minutes. From its being so susceptible of injuries, it was always mixed by the ancients with much alloy, in order to harden it. Hence the impressions of the ancient silver coins remain perfect to this day, while those of the modern coins are obliterated in a few years. On this account Mr. Pinkerton expresses a wish that modern states would mix a much greater proportion of alloy in their silver coins than they usually do. As gold admits of no rust, except that from iron above-mentioned, the coins of this metal are generally in perfect conservation, and fresh as from the mint. To clean gold coins from this rust it is best to steep them in aquafortis, which, though a very powerful solvent of other metals, has no effect upon gold. Silver may be cleansed by steeping for a day or two in vinegar, but more effectually by boiling in water with three parts of tartar and one of sea-salt; on both these metals, however, the rust is always in spots, and never forms an entire incrustration as on brass or copper. The coins of these two metals must never be cleansed, as they would thus be rendered full of small holes eaten by the rust. Sometimes, however, they are found so totally obscured with rust that nothing can be discovered upon them; in which case it is best to clear them with a graver; but it may also be done by boiling them for twentyfour hours in water with three parts of tartar and one of alum; not sea-salt as in silver coins. SECT. VI.-OF THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN GENUINE MEDALS AND COUNTERFEITS. The most difficult and most important thing in the whole science of numismatography is the method of distinguishing the true from the counterfeit. The value put upon ancient coins made the forgery of them almost coeval with the science itself; and, as no laws inflict a punishment upon such forgers, men of great genius and abilities have undertaken the trade. Forgeries are more conspicuous among the Roman medals than any other kind of coins; but we are not to look upon all these as the work of modern artists. On the contrary, we are assured that many of them were fabricated in the times of the Romans themselves, some of them being even held in more estimation than the genuine coins themselves, on account of their being plated, and otherwise executed in a manner to which modern forgers could never attain. Even the ancients held some of these counterfeits in such estimation, that Pliny informs us there were frequently many true denarii given for one false one. Of the Roman consular coins not very many have ever been forged. The celebrated silver denarius of Brutus, with the cap of liberty and two daggers, is the chief instance of a consular coin of which a counterfeit is known. But it is easily rejected by this mark in the true coin the cap of liberty is below the guard or hilt of the daggers; in the false the top of it rises above that hilt. The imperial series of medals is the grand object of modern medallic forgeries; and the deception was at first extended to the most eminent writers upon the subject. The counterfeits are by Mr. Pinkerton divided into six classes: I. Such as are known to be imitations, but valued on account of the artists by whom they are executed. In this class the medals of Cavino, the Paduan, rank highest; the others being so numerous that a complete series of imperial medals of almost every kind, nay almost of every medallion, may be formed from among them. The Paduan forgeries may be distinguished from those of inferior artists by the following marks:-1. The former are seldom thinner than the ancient, which others almost always are. 2. They very seldom appear as worn or damaged, but the others very frequently, especially in the reverse, and legend of the reverse, which sometimes, as in forged Othos, appear as half consumed by time. 3. The letters in moulds taken from the antique coins have the rudeness of antiquity. 4. False varnish is commonly light green or black, and shines too much or too little. 5. The sides of forged coins are frequently quite smooth, and undistinguishable from the ancient, though to accomplish this requires but little art. 6. Counterfeit medals are frequently as irregular in their form as the genuine; but the Paduan are generally circular; though false coins have often little pieces cut off, in perfect imitation of the genuine. 7. In cast coins the letters do not go sharp down into the metal, and have no fixed outline; their minute angles, as well as those of the drapery, are commonly filled up, and have not the sharpness of the genuine kind. Where the middle and then joined with solder. This the letters or figures are faint, the coin is greatly to be suspected. The letters form the great criterion of medals, the ancient being very rude, but the modern otherwise; the reason of which, according to Cellini, is, that the ancients engraved all their matrices with the graver or burin, while the modern forgers strike theirs with a punch. According to Vico, the false patina is green, black, russet-brown, gray, and iron-color. The trial of brass coins with the tongue is not to be despised; for, if modern, the patina tastes bitter or pungent, while if ancient it is quite tasteless. Mr. Pinkerton informs us that all medallions from Julius Cæsar to Adrian are much to be suspected of forgery; the true medals of the first fourteen emperors being exceedingly valuable, and to be found only in the cabinets of princes. II. The second class of counterfeit medals contains those cast from moulds taken from the Paduan forgeries, and others done by eminent masters. These are sometimes more difficult to be discovered than the former, because in casting them they can give any degree of thickness they please; and, filling the small sand holes with mastic, they retouch the letters with a graver, and cover the whole with varnish. The instructions already given for a former class, however, are also useful for those of the second, with this addition, that medals of this class are generally lighter than the genuine, because fire rarifies the metal in some degree, while that which is struck is rather condensed by the strokes. III. Medals cast in moulds from an antique. · The directions given for discovering the two former deceptions hold good also in this. IV. Ancient medals retouched and altered.This is a class of counterfeits more difficult to be discovered than any other. The art (says Mr. Pinkerton) exerted in this class is astonishing; and a connoisseur is the less apt to suspect it, because the coins themselves are in fact ancient. The Italian artists alter the portraits, the reverses, and the inscriptions themselves, in a surprising manner. This fraud is distinguished by the false varnish which sometimes marks it; but, above all, by the letters of the legend, which are always altered. Though this be sometimes done with an artifice almost miraculous, yet most commonly the characters straggle, are disunited, and not in a line. In counterfeits of this kind, sometimes the obverse is not touched, but the reverse made hollow, and filled with mastic colored like the coin, and engraven with such device and legend as was most likely to bring a great price; others are only retouched in some minute parts, by which, however, the value of the coin is much diminished. V. Medals impressed with new devices or soldered. In the first article of this class the reverses have been totally filed off, and new ones impressed with a dye and hammer. The difference of fabrication in the face or reverse will be discovered at the first glance by any person of skill. The soldered medals consist of two halves belonging to different medals, sawed through mode of counterfeiting is common in silver and brass coins. Medals which have a portrait on each side, and which are generally valuable, are the most liable to a suspicion of this fraud. To a very nice eye the minute ring of solder is always visible; and, upon inserting a graver, the fabrication falls into halves. VI. Plated medals, or those which have clefts.It has been already remarked that many true medals are cracked in the edges, owing to the repeated strokes of the hammer, and the little degree of ductility which the metal possesses. This the forgers attempt to imitate by a file; but it is easy to distinguish betwixt the natural and artificial cleft by means of a small needle. The natural cleft is wide at the extremity, and appears to have a kind of almost imperceptible filaments; the edges of the crack corresponding with each other in a manner which no art can imitate. The plated medals which have been forged in ancient times were long supposed to be capable of resisting every effort of modern imitation; but of late years some ingenious rogues (says Mr. Pinkerton) thought of piercing false medals of silver with a red hot needle, which gave a blackness to the inside of the coin, and made it appear plated to an injudicious eye. This fraud is easily distinguished by scraping the inside of the metal. It is, however, very difficult to distinguish the forgeries of rude money when not cast, and our author gives no other direction than to consult a skilful medallist. Indeed, notwithstanding all the directions already given, this seems to be a resource which cannot by any means safely be neglected. Forgeries of modern coins and medals are almost as numerous as of the ancient. SECT. VII.-OF THE VALUE OF ANCIENT All ancient coins and medals, though equally genuine, are not equally valuable. In medals, as well as in every thing else, the scarcity of a coin stamps a value upon it which cannot otherwise be derived from its intrinsic worth. There are four or five degrees of rarity reckoned up; the highest of which is called unique. The cause is generally ascribed to the smallness of number thrown off originally, or to their having been called in, and recoined in another form. Sometimes the rarest coins lose their value, and become common. This our author ascribes to the high price given for them, which tempts the possessors to bring them to market; but chiefly to the discovering of hoards of them. The former cause took place with queen Anne's farthings, some of which formerly sold at five guineas; nay, according to the newspapers, one of them was, several years ago, sold for no less than £960!! The latter cause took place with the coins of Canute the Great, king of England and Denmark, which were very rare till a hoard of them was discovered in the Orkneys. As such discoveries, however, produce a temporary plenty, so, when they are dispersed, the scarcity returns, while some of the common coins become rare, merely through neglect. As there are many more copper coins of Greek cities to be met with than silver, the latter are much more valued; but the reverse is the case with those of the Grecian monarchs. All the Greek civic coins of silver are very rare, excepting those of Athens, Corinth, Messana, Dyrrhachium, Massilia, Syracuse, and some others. Of the Greek monarchic coins, the most rare are the tetradrachms of the kings of Syria, the Ptolemies, the kings of Macedon and Bithynia, excepting those of Alexander the Great and Lysimachus. Those of the kings of Cappadocia are of a small size, and hardly to be met with. Of those of Numidia and Mauritania, the coins of Juba the father are common; but those of the son and nephew, Ptolemy, are scarce. Coins of the kings of Sicily, Parthia, and Judea, are rare; the last very much so. We meet with no coins of Arabia and Comagene except in brass; those of the kings of Bosphorus are in electrum, and a few in brass, but all of them rare; as are also those of Philetenis, king of Pergamus, and of the kings of Pontus. In 1777 a coin of Mithridates sold for £26 5s. Didrachms of all kings and cities are scarce, excepting those of Corinth and her colonies; but the gold coins of Philip II. of Macedon, Alexander the Great, and Lysimachus, are common. The silver te tradrachms of all kings bear a very high price. The didrachm of Alexander the Great is one of the scarcest of the small silver Greek coins; some of the other princes are not uncommon. 6 The copper money of the Greek monarchs in general is scarce, but that of Hiero I. of Syracuse is uncommonly plentiful, as well as that of several of the Ptolemies of Egypt. Many of the copper civic coins of Greece, too, are also common. They are almost all of those sizes which are called small brass in the Roman series; the middle size is scarce. The largest, prior to the Roman emperors, are extremely rare. The com mon Grecian civic coins in small brass sell at from 3d. to 1s. 6d. according to their preservation. Very many cities, however, of which not above one or two coins are known to be extant, and those of brass bring far higher prices. The want of a few cities, however,' says Mr. Pinkerton, is not thought to injure a collection; as indeed new names are discovered every year, so that no assortment can be perfect. To this it is owing that the rarity of the Grecian civic coins is not much attended to.' The Greek copper coins are for the most part scarcer than the silver, except the Syro-Grecian, which are common, and almost all of the size called small brass. They ought (says Pinkerton) to bear a high price; but the metal and similarity to the copper civic coins, which are common, keep their actual price moderate, if the seller is not well instructed, and the buyer able and willing to pay the price of rarity.' 6 The gold coins of Philip II. and Alexander the Great, being very common, bear but from 5s. to 10s. above their intrinsic value; but those of the other princes, being rare, sell at from £3 to £30 each, or even more. The tetradrachms are the dearest of the silver monarchic money, selling at from 5s. to 10s., and, if very rare, from £3 to £30 each. Half of these prices may be given for the drachmas, and the coins of the other denominations in proportion. The gold coins of Carthage, Cyrene, and Syracuse, are worth about double their intrinsic value as metal; but the other gold civic coins are worth from £5 to £30 each. The only gold coins of Athens certainly known to exist are two purchased a few years ago by his majesty, one of which remains in the royal cabinet, and the other was given by the queen to Dr. Hunter. There was another in the British Museum, bu. it is suspected not to be genuine. Dr. Hunter's coin then, if sold, would draw the highest price perhaps ever given for a coin. The silver coins of Syria, Dyrrhachium, Massilia, Athens, and a few other states, are cominon; the drachmas and coins of less size are worth about 5s. each; the didrachms, tetradrachms, &c., from 5s. to 10s., according to their size and beauty; the largest, cæteris paribus, being most valuable. The tetradrachms of cities, whose coins are common, are worth from 7s. 6d. to 21s.; but it is impossible to put a value upon the rare civic coins: ten guineas have been given for a single one. The most rare of the consular Roman coins are those restored by Trajan. Of the others, the gold consular coins are the most rare, and the silver the most common; excepting the coin of Brutus with the cap of liberty, and a few others. Some of the Roman imperial coins are very scarce, particularly those of Otho in brass; nor does his portrait occur at all on any coin struck at Rome, owing to the shortness of his reign. His head upon the brass coins of Egypt and Antioch is very badly executed, as well as all the other imperial coins of Greek cities. The best likeness is on his gold and silver coins; the latter of which are common. The Greek and Egyptian coins are all of small or middling sizes, and have various reverses; those of Antioch, as well as most of its other imperial coins, have Latin legends. They have no other reverses but S. C. in a wreath, excepting in one or two of the large and middle brass, where the inscriptions are Greek. Latin coins of Otho in brass, with figures on the reverse, are reckoned false, though in the cabinet of D'Ennery at Paris there was an Otho in middle brass, restored by Titus, which was esteemed genuine by connoisseurs. The leaden coins of Rome are very rare: most of them are pieces struck or cast on occasion of the Saturnalia; others are tickets for festivals and exhibitions. The tickets for theatres were made of lead, as were also the contorniate, perpetual tickets, like the English silver tickets for the opera. Leaden medallions are also found below the foundations of pillars and other public buildings, to perpetuate the memory of the founders. From the time of Augustus leaden seals were also used. A work of Ticorini on this subject, entitled Piombi Antiochi, is much recommended by Mr. Pinkerton. The Roman coins, which have been blundered in the manner formerly mentioned, are very rare, and undeservedly valued by connoisseurs. The blunders in the legends of these coins, which are probably the mere effects of accidents, have been so far mistaken by some medallists, as to have given life to imaginary emperors who never existed. A coin of Faustina, which has on the reverse SoUSTI. S. c. puzzled all the German antiquaries, till Klotz ridiculed their investigations by the following humorous interpretation: Sine omni utilitate sectamini tantas ineptias! As to the Roman imperial coins, some of those which belong to the emperors whose coins are numerous, may yet be extremely valuable by having uncommon reverses. Mr. Pinkerton points out one of Augustus, with the legend C. MARIUS TROGVS, which is worth three guineas, though the silver coins of Augustus in general are not worth above 1s. In like manner the common gold coins of Trajan are not worth above 20s., while those with BASILICA ULPIA, FORUM TRAJANI, DIVI NERVA ET TRAJANUS, PATER, DIVI NERVA ET PLATINA AUG. PROFECTIO AUG. REGNA ASSIGNATA, REX PARTHUS, and some others, draw from £3 to £6. The ticket medals belonging to the senate are worth from 3s. to 10s. The ancient Roman asses are worth from 2s. to £2, according to the singularity of their devices. The name of weights, given to the ancient Roman asses, is (says Mr. Pinkerton) exceedingly improper, as the Romans had weights of lead and brass sides, without the least appearance of a portrait upon them. These denote the weight by the number of knobs, and have likewise small fleurettes engraved upon them. Whenever, therefore (he adds) we meet with a piece of metal stamped on both sides, with busts and figures, we may lay it down as a certain rule that it is a coin; but when slightly ornamented, and marked on one side only, we may with equal certainty conclude it to be a weight. Consular gold coins are worth from 20s. to £5. Pompey with his sons £21, and the two Bruti £25. The silver coins are universally worth from 1s. to 2s. 6d. excepting that of the cap of liberty, and a few others, which, if genuine, will bring from 10s. to £5. The consular copper bears an equal price with the silver, but is more rare; the consular silver coins restored by Trajan are worth 20s. each. Of the coins of other nations those of Hilderic, king of the Vandals, in silver, are worth 10s., the small brass of Athanaric 5s.; the gold of Theodoric 40s.; the second brass of Theodahat 5s.; the second brass of Badueta, being rare, are worth 10s.; the third brass 3s. each. Coins and medals with unknown characters are always carce and dear. Ancient British coins are very rare, and worth from 10s. to two guineas each, sometimes much more. The heptarchic coins of England are generally rare, except those called Stycas, 'which are very common, as well as those of Burgred, king of Mercia. The coins of Alfred the Great with his bust are scarce, and his other money much more so. Those of Hardycanute are so rare that it was denied they had any existence, till Mr. Pinkerton informed the public that there are three in the British Museum, upon all of which the name HARTHECNUT is quite legible. Saxon pennies of the heptarchy are rare, and worth from 10s. to £10, according to their scar city and preservation. Coins of Edward the Confessor are pretty plentiful; others are rare, and worth from 10s. to two guineas; while two of Hardicanute are worth no less than ten guineas each. The coins of the English monarchs after the conquest are common, except those of Richard I. and John, not one of which is to be met with; though there are some French coins of Richard I., and Irish ones of king John. 'Leake,' says Mr. Pinkerton, made a strange blunder in ascribing coins of different kings with two faces, and otherwise spoiled in the stamping, to Richard I.; in which, as usual, he has been followed by a misled number.' The gold medals of Henry VIII. in 1545, and the coronation medals of Edward VI., are worth £20 each; the Mary of Trezzo £3; Simon's head of Thurloe, in gold, is worth £12; his oval medal in gold, upon Blake's naval victory, is worth £30; and his trial piece, says Pinkerton, if sold, would bring a still higher price. The medals of queen Anne, which are intrinsically worth two guineas and a half, sell at £3 each; the silver, of the size of a crown, at 10s. ; and the copper from 5s. to 10s. Daffier's copper pieces sell at from 2s. to 5s., and a few still higher. The English coins struck in Ireland are of much the same value with those struck in England; but the St. Patrick's halfpence and farthings are rather scarce, and the rare crown of white metal is worth £4. The gun money of James II. and most other Irish coins are very common. The Scottish gold coins sell higher than the English, but the others are on a par. Coins of Alexander I. and II. are rather scarce, but those of Alexander III. are pretty plentiful. Those of John Baliol are rare, and none of Edward Baliol are to be found. The shilling of queen Mary with her bust is rare, and sells for no less than £30; the half for £3; and the royal for five guineas. The French testoon of Francis and Mary brings ten guineas; and the Scottish one of Mary and Henry would bring £50; as would also the medal of James IV. The coronation medal of Francis and Mary is worth £20. Briot's coronation medal sold, in 1755, for only two guineas at Dr. Mead's sale, but would now bring £20 if sold according to its rarity. SECT. VIII.-OF THE ARRANGEMENT OF COINS AND MEDALS. One of the principal uses of medals being the elucidation of ancient history, the arrangement of medals is the first thing that occurs in the formation of a cabinet. The most ancient medals extant are those of Alexander I. of Macedon, who began to reign about 501 years before Christ. The series ought, therefore, to begin with him, and to be succeeded by the medals of Sicily, Caria, Cyprus, Heraclea, and Pontus. Then follow Egypt, Syria, the Cimmerian Bosphorus, Thrace, Bithynia, Parthia, Armenia, Damascus, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Pergamus, Galatia, Cicilia, Sparta, Pæonia, Epirus, Illyricum, Gaul, and the Alps, including the space of time from Alexander the Great to the birth of Christ, which is to be accounted the third medal lie series of ancient monarchs. The last series goes down to the fourth century, including some of the monarchs of Thrace, Bosphorus, and Parthia, with those of Comagene, Edessa or Osrhoene, Mauritania, and Judea. A most distinct series is formed by the Roman emperors, from Julius Cæsar to the destruction of Rome by the Goths; nay, for a much longer period, were it not that towards the latter part of it the coins became so barbarous as to destroy the beauty of the collection. Many series may be formed of modern potentates. Medals likewise afford a good number of portraits of illustrious men; but they cannot easily be arranged in chronological order, so that a series of them is not to be expected. It is likewise vain to attempt the formation of a series of gods and goddesses to be found on ancient coins. Mr. Pinkerton thinks it much better to arrange them under the several cities or kings whose names they bear. A collection of the portraits of illustrious men may likewise be formed from medals of modern date. ABBREVIATIONS used in the LEGENDS of COINS and MEDALS; after Mr. PINKERton. GREEK COINS. ). A. Athens, Argos, Aulus, Asylum, primi or first; ας Εφεσίον Α Ασίας, ' Ephesians, first people of Asia.' A. Abassus, Abdera, Abydus on Hellespont. AB. Abydus in Egypt. ABY. Abydus on Hellespont. AO. AOE. Athens. AIг. Aegina. AIгоžпo. Aegespotamos. AIA. Aelius, Aelia Capitolina. AIN. Aenos. AK. -AKPATAN. Agrigentum. AKI. Acilium. AKT. Actium. AAE. Alexandria. AM. Amyntas. AMBP. Ambracia. AMOI. Amphilochia. ΑΝΘ. Ανθύπατος, Proconsul. ΑΝΤΙΣ. Antissa. ANA. Anactoria. ANTI. Antium. AN. Ancyra. ANT. Antoninus, Antioch. AE. Axus in Crete. AON. Aonitæ. AOYE. Avenio, Pell. AII. Appius. AIIA. Apamea. AПO. Apollonia. AПITA. Aptara. AP. Aradus, Harma. APTE. Argennos. API. Argos. API, Aricanda. APIM. Ariminum. APEI. Arsinoe. APY. Aryca. APX. Apxipeve or Αρχον, high priest or magistrate. "ΑΣΙΑΡΧ. Asiarchæ, presidents of the games of Asia*. ΑΣ. Asylum. Α. Σ. Προτοι Συριας, First of Syria. AZK. Ascalon. AT. Atabyrium. ATAP. Atarnæ. AYT. Augustus. AYPHA. * Aurelius. ΑΥ. ΑΥΤ. Αυτοκρατορ, Emperor. AYTON. Avтоvоuo, enjoying their own laws. ADI. Aphyta. APP. Africanus. AX. Achaii. B. Bovλns, Council, Berytus, Bithynia. BATHAAO. Bagadaonia. BAA. Valerius. BH. Berytus. BITON. Bitontum. BOI. Boeotia. BPYN. Brundusium. BY. Byzantium. г. гP. гPAм. Grammaticus, or keeper of the records. r. Gaius, or Caius. FA. Gallus, Gallerius, Gallienus. r. I'vwpipov, Illustrious. TEA. Gelas. TEP. Germanicus. IN. Gneius. TOPTY. Gortyna. TPA. Gravisca. A. Decimus, Dymæ. AAK. Dacicus. AAM. Damascus. AAP. Dardanum. ΔΗ. Δήμος, the people. AHMAPX. EZOYE. with Tribu There were also Syriarchæ, Lyciarchæ, Galatarchæ, Bithyniarchæ, Cappadociarchæ, &c. EPY. ET, E. Eryce. E. EPEZ. Eresus. EAEY. E.eusis. H. Elium. Hr. Hyeμovos, President. HPAK. OA. Thasus. OE. Thespiæ. OEΣ. Thessalonica. I. IEP. Iepac. Sacred. IEPAIIY. Hierapythæ. rene. A. or L. Avkaẞavros, Year. A. Lucius. AA. ΛΑΡ. Larissa. ΛΑΡΙ. Larinum. ΛΕ. ΛΕΥ. Leucas. AEON. Leontium. AHM. Lemnos. AIII. Lipara. AIYI. Liviopolis. AO. AOK. Locri. AOг. Longone. AYг. AYK. Lyctus. M. Marcus, Malea, Megalopolis, Mazaka. MA. Maronea, Massilia, Macedonia. MAT. Magnesia. MAKPO. Macrocephali. MAM. Mamertini. MAZE. Massilia. zara. MAZ. MaME. Menelais, on Syrian regal coins. MENEK. Menecrates. ME. MEг. Megara, Megalopolis, Melite. MEг. MɛyaXoç, Great. MEE. Messana. META. Metapontum. M. MHTPO. Metropolis. MI. Miletus. MK. Mazaka of Cappadocia, on coins of Mithridates VI. MOP. Morgantia. MY. Mycenæ. MYP. Myrlea. MYTI. Mytilene. ΝΥΣ. N. Naupactos. NAE. Naxos. NAYAPX. Nav- Ι. Παρα, Προς, upon. |