PAPER OFFICE, an office in the palace of Whitehall, in which all the public writings, matters of state and council, proclamations, letters, intelligences, negociations abroad, and generally all despatches that pass through the offices of the secretaries of state, are lodged, by way of library.

PAPHIA, a surname of Venus, from Paphos. PAPHLAGONES, or PAPHLAGONIANS, the inhabitants of Paphlagonia, who are mentioned by Homer as a brave people, but by Lucian as 'superstitious and silly. Bochart derives their name and descent from Phaleg or Peleg, the son of Heber.

PAPHLAGONIA, in ancient geography, a country of the Hither Asia, beginning at Parthenius, a river of Bithynia, on the west, and extending in length to the Halys east, with the Euxine on the north, Galatia on the south. Pliny enlarges the limits on the west side to the river Billis, on this side the Parthenius. It is called Pylæmenia by Pliny.

PAPHOS, in ancient geography, two adjoining islands on the west side of the island of Cyprus; the one called Hala Paphos (Strabo, Ptolemy, Pliny); the other Nea Paphos. When mentioned without an adjunct, this latter is always understood. Both were dedicated to Venus, hence surnamed Paphia, and left undistinguished by the poets (Virgil, Horace). The town of Paphos was restored by Augustus, after a shock of an earthquake, and called Augusta (Dio). It is situated on the south side: it contained the celebrated temple of Venus; which, together with the city, was destroyed by a second earthquake, so that the least vestige of it is not now to be seen. A lake in the neighbourhood, which in summer overflows with stagnant and corrupted water, renders the air unwholesome.

PAPHUS, in mythology, the son of Pygmalion, by the ivory statue of a woman, which ne made, and to which Venus gave life. Ovid. Met. X. 297. See PYGMALION.

PAPIAS, bishop of Hieropolis, in Phrygia, a aisciple of St. John the Evangelist, and the companion of Polycarp, as St. Jerome observes. He composed a work in five books, entitled Expositions of the Discourses of our Lord, of which there are only some fragments remaining. PAPIER MACHE', a substance made of white or brown paper, boiled in water, and beaten in a mortar, till reduced into a kind of paste, and then boiled with a solution of gum arabic or of size, to give tenacity to the paste, which is afterwards formed into different toys, &c., by pressing it into oiled moulds. When dry, it is done over with a mixture of size and lamp-black, and afterwards varnished. The black varnish for these toys, according to Dr. Lewis, is prepared as follows:-Some colophony, or turpentine, boiled down till it becomes black and friable, is melted in a glazed earthen vessel, and thrice as much amber in fine powder sprinkled in by degrees, with the addition of a little spirit or oil of turpentine now and then; when the amber is melted, sprinkle in the same quantity of sarcocolla, continuing to stir them, and to add more spirit of turpentine, till the whole becomes

fluid; then strain out the clear through a coarse hair-bag, pressing it gently between hot boards. This varnish, mixed with ivory-black in fine powder, is applied, in a hot room, on the dried paper paste; which is then set in a gently heated oven, next day in a hotter oven, and the third day in a very hot one, and let stand each time till the oven grows cold. The paste thus varnished, is hard, durable, glossy, and bears liquors hot or cold.

PAPILIO, n. s.

Fr. papillon; Lat. PAPILIONA CEOUs, adj. papilio. The butterfly. See below. Papilionaceous is resembling the butterfly in shape.

Conjecture cannot estimate all the kinds of papilios, natives of this island, to fall short of three hundred. Ray.

:

The flowers of some plants are called papilionaceous by botanists, which represent something of the figure of a butterfly with its wings displayed, and here the petala, or flower leaves, are always of a diform figure they are four in number, but joined together at the extremities; one of these is usually larger than the rest, and is erected in the middle o that have this flower are of the leguminous kind; as the flower, and by some called vexillum; the plants Quincy.

pease, vetches, &c.

All leguminous plants are, as the learned say, papilionaceous, or bear butterflied flowers. Hurte. And, though a worm, when he was lost, Or caterpillar, at the most, When next we see him, wings ne wears, And in papilio-pomp appears; Becomes oviparous.

Cowper.

PAPILIO, the butterfly, in zoology;' a genus of insects belonging to the order of lepidoptera. It has four wings, imbricated with a kind of downy scales; the tongue is convoluted in a spiral form, and the body is hairy. The antennæ grow thicker towards their extremity, and are in most subjects terminated by a kind of capitulum or head. The wings, when sitting, are erect insomuch that their extremities meet or touch one another above the body.. They fly in the day-time. The beauties of this elegant part of the creation are well known. The chrysalis 19 at once the tomb of the caterpillar and the cradle of the butterfly. It is within a silken cod, or under a transparent veil, that this great miracle of nature is daily wrought. Take one of their cods, make an aperture in it with a pair of scissors, fix it against a glass; observe the insect, you will perceive the organs gradually displaying themselves; follow his operations with your eye; he struggles to break loose from his confinement. Observe the frothy liquor which it disgorges; that liquor serves to soften the end of the cod, which at length yields to the butting insect's head. By degrees the bar is removed, and the butterfly springs forth; the impression of the air acts upon its wings, slightly apparent at first, but which afterwards expand with remarkable rapidity. The display of them is sometimes checked by drought, in which case the insect is deprived of the faculty of flying. The rostrum, extended under the covering of the chrysalis, is in this last state rolled up into a spiral, and lodged in a recess prepared for it. The fly is now perfectly formed; it gently flutters; then takes its flight, plunging its rostrum

PAPIN (Isaac), a French divine, born at

Blois, in 1657. He studied divinity and philosophy at Geneva, and Greek and Hebrew at Orleans. The university of Geneva being divided about the doctrine of grace, he wrote a treatise, entitled The Faith Reduced to its Just Bounds, recommending toleration; but he met with so little that he took refuge in England, in 1687, where he was ordained by Dr. Turner, bishop of Ely. Yet, after all, he returned to France, joined the church of Rome, and died in Paris in 1709, while finishing a work on the Toleration of Protestants, and the Authority of

the Church.

PAPINIAN, a celebrated Roman lawyer of the third century, under Severus; who had so high an opinion of his worth, that he recommended his sons Caracalla and Geta to his care.

Caracalla, having murdered his brother, ordered Papinian to compose an oration, to excuse this inurder to the senate and people. This he refused to undertake, and the brutal emperor therefore ordered him to be beheaded, and his body dragged through the streets of Rome. Papinian wrote several treatises in the line of his profession.

PA'PIST, n. s. Fr. papiste; Lat. papisPAPISTICAL, adj. Sta. A Roman Catholic: PA'PISTRY, n. s. Sone that professes the doctrines of the Church of Rome: papistical is popish; adhering to or characteristic of pery: papistry is the system or doctrine of

popery.

po

Id.

Either let our papists suffer this vain opinion of infallibility to be pulled up by the very roots out of their breasts, or else there can be no hope so much as of a consultation of peace. Bp. Hall. The principal clergyman had frequent conferences with the prince, to persuade him to change his religion, and become a pupist. Clarendon.

PAPISTS. See ROMAN CATHOLICISM.

PAP POUS, adj. Barb. Lat. papposus. Downy; having a soft light down, growing out of the seeds of some plants; and which can be blown any where with the wind.

Another thing argumentative of providence is, that pappous plumage growing upon the tops of some seeds, whereby they are wafted with the wind, and by that means disseminated far and wide.

Ray on the Creation.

Dandelion, and most of the pappous kind, have long numerous feathers, by which they are wafted every way.

Derham.

PAPPUS, an eminent philosopher of Alexandria, said by Suidas to have flourished under Theodosius the Great, who reigned from A. D. 379 to 395. His writings show him to have been a consummate mathematician: many of them are lost; the rest continued long in MS. detached parts having only been occasionally published in the seventeenth century, until Charles Manolessius published his remains entire at Bologna, in 1660, in folio.

that grows on the seeds of certain plants, as PAPPUS, in botany, a soft downy substance thistles, hawkweed, &c., serving to buoy them up in the air.

PAPUA. The island of Papua, or The Papuan Archipelago (for whether more than one island has not been described under this name is unEastern Archipelago, being separated on the west certain), forms a natural division of the grand the Gilolo Passage; on the south from New from the Molucca Islands by the channel named Holland by Torres' Strait; on the north it has the Papua Sea; and on the east is separated from Polynesia by the sea between the New Hebrides and the Friendly Islands. This archipelago possesses neither horned cattle, horses, nor sheep, the domestic animals being confined to hogs and dogs, and of their wild ones we have scarcely any knowledge.

An extent of coast has been traced here reach

ing in a south-west direction from the Sound of Gillolo about 1200 miles. It is indented by such deep bays that it resembles a chain of peninsulas; the coast, viewed from the sea, rises gradually into hills of considerable elevation; but there are no mountains of which the height is remarkable. The whole is covered with palm

trees and timber of a large size, among which the cocoa nut, and the two species of the breadfruit tree, are found, as also pine-apples and plantains. Nutmeg trees also grow in a wild state. The natives are particularly dexterous in the use of spears, and bows and arrows; and discharge arrows six feet long with bows made of bamboo, having a string of split rattan. In the interior they practise gardening, and some sort of agriculture, supplying the inhabitants on the coast with food, in exchange for axes, knives, and cutlery. These the natives on the coast purchase from the Malays and the Chinese, particularly the latter, from whom they also buy blue and red cloth. In exchange the Chinese carry back missoy bark, slaves, ambergris, sea slug (biche de mar), tortoise-shell, small pearls, black and red lories, birds of paradise, and many other species of birds.

On the north-west coast of the island captain Forrest observed dwellings, built on posts, fixed several yards below water-mark, so that the tenement is always above the water; a long stage, supported by posts, going from it to the land just at high water-mark. This tenement contains many families, who live in cabins on each side of a wide common hall that goes through the middle of it, and has doors opening to the stage towards the land and towards the

sea.

These habitations seem constructed in this singular manner in order to give them facilities of escape either by sea or land. If attacked from the land, the inmates launch their boats along the stage at any time of the tide; if from the sea, they escape into the woods. Their cabins are furnished only with a mat or two, a fire-place, an earthen pot, and perhaps a china plate or basin, together with some sago flour. As they cook in each cabin, the smoke issues at every part of the roof, so that at a distance the whole seems to smoke. The natives wear their hair bushed out round their heads to the circumference of two and a half and three feet; and, to make it more extensive, comb it out horizontally from their heads, adorning it with feathers. The men wear a thin stuff that comes from the cocoanut tree, and resembles a coarse kind of cloth, tied forward round the middle, and up behind, between the thighs. The women wear blue Surat baftas, tucked up behind, like the men, so that the body and thigh are almost naked; as boys and girls go entirely. They are fond of glass and china beads, which both sexes wear about the wrist, but the women only on the left Forrest often saw the latter laboring hard in fixing posts in the ground for stages, in making mats, or in forming pieces of clay into earthen pots, while the men were sauntering about.

ear.

Some of the horaforas of the interior are said to have long hair, and are of robust appearance; but in the western extremity all the inhabitants seen by voyagers presented the mop head of the oriental negro. The inhabitants of the islands more westerly buy the Papuans for slaves, and the natives of the west coast of New Guinea make slaves of those of the east. The latter have the gristle between the nostrils pierced with tortoise-shell. About April and March the Papuans of New Guinea and Salwatty assemble in great numbers, and make war on Gilolo, Ceram, Amboyna, Ambloo, &c.

The British have had little intercourse with the Papuans. When the Panther, a Bombay cruiser, was in 1791 off their coast, the surgeon of the vessel was decoyed into the canoes of the natives, and murdered; after which they made an attempt on the ship, on which they discharged a shower of arrows, wounding four of the crew, and did not disperse until a discharge of the great guns and small arms asserted her superiority.

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PAPUDO, a port of the kingdom of Chili, on the coast of the South Sea. Lat. 32° 36′ S.

PAPYRUS, the famous reed from which was made the far-famed paper of Egypt. There was an opinion generally received in Europe that this plant was lost. But Mr. Bruce not only saw the papyrus growing both in Egypt and Abyssinia, but actually made a paper of it in imitation of that of the ancients. He tells us, likewise, that, so far from any part of it being useless, the whole plant is at this day used in Abyssinia for making boats, a piece of the acacia tree being put in the bottom to serve as a keel, like the boats of ancient Egypt. From the scarcity of wood, which was very great in Egypt, this lower part was likewise used in making cups, moulds, and other necessary utenVOL. XVI.

sils: one use of the woody part was to serve for what we call boards or covers for binding the leaves, which were made of the bark; we know that this was anciently one use of it, both from Alcæus and Anacreon. The papyrus grows in the marshes of Egypt, or in the stagnant places of the Nile. Its roots are tortuous, and in thickness about four or five inches; its stem is triangular, rising to the height of ten cubits. The stem tapers from the bottom, and terminates in a point. It carries a top or plume of small hairs, and its roots throw to the right and left a great number of small fibres, which support the plants against the violence of the wind. Formerly it used to grow in immense quantities. The Egyptians made of this plant paper fit for writing, which the Greeks called BiẞXog or philuria, and also Kaprns; hence the Latin charta; for in general charta is used for the paper of Egypt. ancient botanists placed the papyrus among the graminous plants or dog-grass; ignorant of the particular kind to which it belonged, they were contented to specify it under the name of papyrus, of which there were two kinds, that of Egypt, and that of Sicily. Modern botanists have endeavoured to show that these two plants are one and the same species of cyperus, found in the catalogues and descriptions of plants published since the edition of Morrison's work, where the papyrus is called cyperus Niloticus, vel Syriacus maximus papyraceus.

The

The papyrus of Sicily is a plant resembling the Egyptian papyrus, in Italy called papero, and, according to Casalpin, pipero. This papyrus of Sicily has been cultivated in the garden of Pisa; and Cæsalpin, who himself examined the plant, says it is different from the papyrus of Egypt. The papyrus, says he, which is commonly called pipero in Sicily, has a longer and thicker stem than the plant cyperus. It rises sometimes to four cubits; the angles are obtuse, and the stem at the base is surrounded with leaves growing from the root; there are no leaves on the stem even when the plant is at the greatest perfection, but it carries at the top a large plume, which resembles a great tuft of dishevelled hairs; this is composed of a great number of triangular pedicles, in the form of reeds; at the extremity of which are placed the flowers, between two small leaves of a reddish color like the cyperus. The roots are woody, about the thickness of reeds, jointed, and they throw out a great number of branches, which extend themselves in an oblique direction. These are scented somewhat like the cyperus, but their color is a lighter brown: from the lower part issue many smail fibres, and from the higher a number of stems shoot up, which, in proportion as they are tender, contain a sweet juice. The plume of the papyrus of Sicily is pretty well described in a short account of it in the second part of the Museum de Boccone. This plume is a tuft or assemblage of a great number of long slender pedicles, which grow from the same point of division, are disposed in the manner of a parasol, and which carry at the top three long and narrow leaves. from which issue other pedicles, shorter than the former, and terminating in several knots_of flowers. Micheli, in his Nova Plantarum Ge

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