Paraphrenitis is an inflammation of the diaphragm. The symptoms are a violent fever, a most exquisite pain increased upon inspiration, by which it is distinguished from a pleurisy, in which the greatest pain is in expiration. Arbuthnot.

PARAPHYMO'SIS disorders. See MEDICINE and SURGERY.

PARARA, an Anglo-American word, used in the Northern United States, for what is called in the Southern States a savannah, i. e. an extensive rich plain, without trees, but covered with grass. Some of these are forty miles broad, and several hundred miles long; and exhibit fine prospects.

PAR'ASANG, n. s. Barb. Lat. parasanga. A Persian measure of length.

Since the mind is not able to frame an idea of any space without parts, instead thereof it makes use of the common measures, which, by familiar use, in each country, have imprinted themselves on the memory; as inches and feet, or cubits and parasangs.

Locke.

The PARASANG is an ancient measure, differing at different times, and in different places; being usually thirty, sometimes forty, and sometimes fifty stadia, or furlongs. The word, according to Littleton, has its rise from parasch angarias, q. d. the space a postınan rides from one station, angaria, to another.

PARASCENIUM, in the Grecian and Roman theatres, was a place behind the scenes whither the actors withdrew to dress and undress themselves. The Romans more frequently called it Postcenium. See THEATRE.

PARASELENE, in natural philosophy, a mock moon; a meteor or phenomenon encompassing or adjacent to the moon, in form of a luminous ring; wherein are observed sometimes one and sometimes two or more images of the

Not bred 'mongst clods, and clod-polls here on earth.
I muse; the mystery was not made a science,
It is so liberally profest.
Ben Jonson.
Some parasitick preachers have dared to call those
martyrs, who died fighting against me.

King Charles.
The bishop received small thanks for his parasitich
presentation.
Hakewell on Providence.
Thou, with trembling fear,

Or like a fawning parasite, obeyed;
Then to thyself ascribest the truth foretold.
Milton.

The people sweat not for their king's delight,
T' enrich a pimp, or raise a parasite. Dryden.

They

PARASITE, among the ancient Greeks, was originally a very reputable title; the parasites being a kind of priests, at least ministers, of the gods, in the same manner as the epulones were at Rome. They took care of the sacred corn, or the corn destined for the service of the temples and the gods, viz. sacrifices, feasts, &c. had even the intendance over sacrifices; and took care that they were duly performed. At Athens there was a kind of college of twelve parasites; each people of Attica furnishing one, who was always chosen out of the best families. Polybius adds, that a parasite was also an honorable title among the ancient Gauls, and was given to their poets.

A small canopy or umFr. parasol (from sol, the head, to shelter from rain

PARASOL, n. s. sun); Ital. parrasole. brella carried over the and the heat of the sun.

ed on a stick, and opened or shut at pleasure, by It is made of leather, taffety, oil cloth, &c., mountmeans of pieces of whalebone that sustain it. The East Indians never stir without a parasol.

PAR'BOIL, v. a. boil; boil in part.

Dr. A. Rees.

Fr. parbouiller. To half

Parboil two large capons upon a soft fire, by the space of an hour, till, in effect, all the blood be gone. Bacon.

From the sea into the ship we turn,
Like parboiled wretches, on the coals to burn.

Donne.

PAR'BREAK, v. n. & n. s. Belg. breckeri Teut. verbrecke. To vomit. Obsolete.

Her filthy parbreak all the place defiled has.

Spenser. PARBUNCLE, in a ship, a rope almost like a pair of slings; it is seized both ends together, and then put almost double about any heavy thing that is to be hoisted in or out of the ship; having the hook of the runner hitched into it, to hoist it up by.

PARCE, in heathen mythology, goddesses who were supposed to preside over the accidents and events, and to determine the date or period of human life. The Parca were three, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. They spun the thread of men's lives; Clotho held the distaff and drew the thread; Lachesis twirled the spindle, and spun it; and Atropos cut it. The ancients represent the Parcæ divers ways: Lucian, in the shape of three poor old women, having large locks of wool, mixed with daffodils on their heads. Others represent Clotho in a long robe of divers colors, wearing a crown upon her head adorned with seven stars; Lachesis in a robe

beset with stars; and Atropos clad in black. The ancients imagined that the Parcæ used white wool for a long and happy life, and black for a short and unfortunate one.

PARCEL, n. s. & v. a. Fr. parcelle; Barb. Lat. particula. A small bundle; small part of a whole; any small quantity: to parcel is, to divide out into parts or portions; also (obsolete) to make up into a mass.

And they set themselves in the midst of that parcel, and delivered it, and slew the Philistines. 1 Chron. xi. 14. This youthful parcel

Of noble batchelors stand at my bestowing.

Shakspeare. What a wounding shame, that mine own servant should parcel the sum of my disgraces by addition of his envy! Id.

Women, Silvius, had they marked him
In parcels, as I did, would have gone near

To fall in love with him.

Id.

An inventory thus importing The several parcels of his plate, his treasure, Rich stuffs and ornaments of household. Id. This is to drive a wholesome trade, when all other petty merchants deal but for parcels.

Decay of Piety. Those ghostly kings would parcel out my power, And all the fatness of my land devour. Dryden. They came to this conclusion; that unless they could, by a parcel of fair words and pretences, engage them into a confederacy, there was no good to be done. L'Estrange.

With what face could such a great man have begged such a parcel of the crown lands, one a vast sum of money, another the forfeited estate?

Davenant.

What can be rationally conceived in so transparent a substance as water for the production of these colours, besides the various sizes of its fluid and globular parcels?

Newton.

The same experiments succeed on two purcels of the white of an egg, only it grows somewhat thicker upon mixing with an acid. Arbuthnot.

I have known pensions given to particular persons, any one of which, if divided into smaller parcels, and distributed to those who distinguish themselves by wit or learning, would answer the end. Swift.

PARCELLES (John), PARCELLES (Julius), two eminent Flemish painters of the seventeenth century, father and son, who excelled in painting sea-pieces.

PAR CENER, n. s. Į In common law. PARCENARY. When one dies possessed of an estate, and having issue only daughters, or his sisters be his heirs; so that the lands descend to those daughters or sisters; these are called parceners, and are but as one heir: hence parcenary, from Fr. parsonier, is holding or occupying of land by more persons pro indiviso, or by joint tenants, otherwise called co-parceners; for if they refuse to divide their common inheritance, and choose rather to hold it jointly, they are said to hold in parcinarie.

PARCH, v. a. From Gr. εpikate, says Junius; from percoquo (Skinner), perhaps, adds Dr. Johnson, from perustus, burnt, or from

water.

A man distressed with thirst in the parched places of the wilderness, searches every pit, but finds no Rogers. The skin grows parched and dry, and the whole body lean and meagre. Blackmore.

PARCHMENT, n. s. Fr. parchemin; Latin Pergamena, charta. Skins dressed for writing. The skins of sheep are, in particular, called parchment; those of calves vellum.

not bi parchemyn and enke, for I hope I schal come I have mo thingis to write to you, and I wolde to you and speke mouth to mouth that youre ioie be ful. Wielif. 2 Jon. Is not this a lamentable thing, that the skin of an innocent lamb should be made parchment ; that parchment being scribbled over, should undo a man? Shakspeare. Henry VI.

In the coffin, that had the books, they were found ment, and covered with watch candles of wax. as fresh as if newly written, being written in parch

PARCHMENT, the skins of sheep and goats prepared for writing upon, covering books, &c. The word comes from the Latin Pergamena, the ancient name of this manufacture, which is said to have been taken from the city of Pergamos, to Eumenes, the king of which, its invention is usually ascribed; though, in reality, that prince appears rather to have been the improver than the inventor of parchment. For the Persians of old, according to Diodorus, wrote all their records on skins; and the ancient Ionians, as we are told by Herodotus, made use of sheep skins and goat skins in writing. The manufacture of parchment is begun by the skinner, and finished by the parchment-maker. The skin being stripped of its wool and placed in the lime-pit,

:

the skinner stretches it on a frame, and pares off the flesh with an iron instrument; this done, it is moistened with a rag; and powdered chalk being spread over it, the skinner takes a large pumicestone, flat at bottom, and rubs over the skin, and thus scours off the flesh; he then goes over it again with the iron instrument, moistens it as before, and rubs it again with the pumice-stone without any chalk underneath this smooths and softens the flesh-side very considerably. He then drains it again, by passing over it the iron instrument as before. The flesh-side being thus drained, by scraping off the moisture, he in the same manner passes the iron over the wool or hair-side then stretches it tight on a frame, and scrapes the flesh-side again: this finishes its draining; and the more it is drained the whiter it becomes. The skinner now throws on more chalk, sweeping it over with a piece of lambskin that has the wool on; and this smooths it still farther. It is now left to dry, and when dried, taken off the same frame by cutting it all round. The skin, thus far prepared by the skinner, is taken out of his hands by the parchment maker, who first, while it is dry, pares it on a summer (which is a calf skin stretched in a frame), with a sharper instrument than that used by the skinner; and, working with the arm from the top to the bottom of the skin, takes away about one-half of its thickness. The skin, thus equally pared on the flesh side, is again rendered smooth by being rubbed with the pumice-stone, on a bench covered with a sack stuffed with flocks; which leaves the parchment in a condition fit for writing upon. The parings, thus taken off the leather, are used in making GLUE, SIZE, &c. See these articles. What is called vellum is only parchment made of skins of abortives, or at most sucking calves. This has a much finer grain, and is whiter and smoother than parchment; but is prepared in the same manner, except its not being passed through the lime-pit.

PARCIEUX (Anthony de), an eminent French mathematician, born at Uzes in 1703. He was

Shakspeare.

Ten brace of grey-hounds, snowy fair, And tall as stags, ran loose, and coursed around his chair,

A match for pards in flight, in grappling for the bear. Dryden.

PARDIES (Ignatius Gaston), an ingenious and learned French Jesuit, born at Paris in 1636. He was professor of rhetoric, and taught polite literature for several years. He also wrote several pieces in prose and verse. At length he devoted himself entirely to mathematics and natural philosophy. He died in 1673, of an in

fectious disorder contracted by preaching to the prisoners in the Bicetre during the Easter holidays. His Elements of Geometry are well known. A translation of them has gone through several editions. In 1672 he had a dispute with Sir Isaac Newton respecting his Theory of Light and Colors.-See Philosophical Transactions, 1672.

PARDO, a town of Spain in New Castile. PARDO, RIO, a river of Brasil, which enters the Anhaudery, and finally the Parana, in lat. 21° S. It is an insignificant stream, but of importance on account of the diamonds found in its bed, reputed to be the most valuable in Brasil. It is also the name of two other rivers in Brasil, one of them in the province of Cuyaba, which enters the Parana. PARDON, v. a. & n. s. PAR DONABLE, adj.

Fr. pardonner; Latin perdono. To

PAR DONABLENESS, n. s. forgive a crime or
PAR DONABLY, adv. offence; excuse an
PARDONER, n. s.
offender; remit the

penalty of a crime: pardon, as a noun substantive, is the act or instance of forgiveness or "emission; forgiveness received; warrant or instrument of forgiveness or remission: pardonable is, excusable; venial; that may be forgiven; the noun substantive following and adverb corresponding: a pardoner, is one who forgives; and, in ecclesiastical history, one of the retailers of papal indulgences.

pardon thee thy life before thou ask it. Shakspeare. Sir, pardon me, it is a letter from my brother. Id. The battle done, and they within our power, Shall never see his pardon. Id. King Lear. This is his pardon, purchased by such sin, For which the pardoner himself is in. Shakspeare. A slight pamphlet, about the elements of architecture, hath been entertained with some pardon among my friends.

That thou mayest see the difference of our spirit,

Wotton.

Saint John's word is, all sin is transgression of the law; St. Paul's, the wages of sin is death: put these two together, and this conceit of the natural pardonableness of sin vanishes away.

Hall.

Milton.

In a place called The Chappel of the Holy Cross of Seven Romans, are promised four score and ten thousand years of pardon from deadly sin. Jer. Taylor. But infinite in pardon is my judge. There might you see Indulgences, dispenses, pardons, bulls, The sport of winds.

Forgivenness to the injured does belong, But they ne'er pardon who commit the wrong.

Id.

Dryden.

troubler of our peace be so far pared and reduced, as that we may be under no apprehensions. Atterbury. "Twere well if she would pare her nails. Pope.

Id.

To his guest, tho' no way sparing, He eat himself the rind and paring. PARE (Ambrose), an eminent French surgeon of the sixteenth century, born at Laval in Maine. He was surgeon to several kings of France. Being a Protestant he would have been involved in the massacre of St. Bartholemew's day, had not Charles IX. himself shut him up in his chamber, saying, 'a man so useful to all the world ought not to perish in such a manner.' He died at an advanced age, in 1590.

PARE, or PARENS (David), D. D., a celebrated Protestant divine, born in 1548, at Francolstein, in Silesia. He studied at Hermsburg under the learned Christopher Schilling; afterwards at Heidelberg, under Zach. Ursin. He was much patronised by Albert Kindler, and prince Casimir; was admitted minister of Schlettenbach in 1571; afterwards of Hemsbach, in Worms, where, in 1574, he married the sister of John Stibelius; in 1577 he became minister of Ogersheim; and in 1584 professor in the college of Heidelburg. In 1591 he was admitted D. D., and in 1602 succeeded Tossanus as professor of divinity. He published, 1. The German Bible, with notes, at Neustadt, in 1589; 2. A Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans; 3. Several tracts against Bellarmin and the Jesuits : with other polemical pieces; and died at Pareanum in 1622.

PARE (Philip), son of the preceding, was born at Hemsbach in 1576; studied at Neustadt and Heidelberg; became eminent for grammatical erudition; and, under the patronage of the elector palatine, visited the universities of Basil in 1599, and Geneva in 1600. He became rector of Neustadt College in 1612; principal of that of Hanau in 1645; published his father's life and exegetical works in 1647; several tracts on grammar; with commentaries on the Scriptures, and other theological works.

PARE (Daniel), son of Philip, was also eminent for classical learning, and particularly for his skill in the Greek language. He published many learned pieces; particularly Museus's Hero and Leander, with notes; Mellificium Atticum, a selection from Greek Authors, &c. He was murdered by robbers in 1645.

PAREJA (John), an eminent painter, born in the West Indies, and originally a slave to Diego Velasquez, a celebrated painter. He acquired the art by studying it privately, without his master's knowledge. Philip IV. one day visiting Velasquez's museum, discovered his merit and gave him his liberty; yet his attachment to Velasquez was so strong that he continued with him till his death. His portraits are equal to those of Velasquez. He died in 1670, aged sixty.

PAREIRA FRAVA, in the materia medica, a kind of oblong and large root brought from Brasil.---It is a diuretic of no mean character, and has done great service in nephritic cases. In pleurisies and quinsies it has been attended with more success than almost any medicine we know of singly.

PARELCON, in grammar, a figure by which a word or syllable is added to the end of another. PAREMBOLE, in rhetoric, a figure wherein something relating to the subject is inserted in the middle of a period. All the difference between the parembole and the parenthesis, according to Vossius, is, that the former relates to the subject in hand, whereas the latter is foreign

to it.

PARENCHYM'ATOUS, or From parenPARENCHYMOUS, adj. Schyma. Greek aрεуxvμa, a spongy or porous substance; in physic, a part through which the blood is strained: relating to the parenchyma; spongy.

Ten thousand seeds of the plant hart's-tongue, hardly make the bulk of a pepper-corn. Now the covers and true body of each seed, the parenchyma• tous and ligneous parts of both moderately multiplied, afford an hundred thousand millions of formed atoms in the space of a pepper-corn. Those parts, formerly reckoned parenchymatous, are now found to be bundles of exceedingly small threads. Cheyne.

Grew.

PARENCHYMA, in anatomy, is a term introduced by Erisistratus signifying all that substance which is contained in the interstices betwixt the bloodvessels of the viscera, which he imagined to be extravasated and concreted blood.

PARENCHYMA OF PLANTS. Grew applies this term to the pith or pulp, or that inner part of a fruit or plant through which the juice is supposed to be distributed.

PARENT (Anthony), as Dr. Watkins calls him, or Unsoine, according to others, a mathematician, born at Paris in 1666. He showed an early propensity to mathematics. At fourteen he was put under a master, who taught rhetoric at Chartres. Here he saw a dodecahedron upon every face of which, except the lowest, was delineated a sun-dial. Struck with the curiosity of these dials, he attempted drawing one himself. He then undertook to write a Treatise upon Gnomonics, and book of Geometry. His friends then sent for him to Paris to study the law; but these studies were no sooner finished than he returned to mathematics. He then took pupils; and, fortification having attracted particular notice, he turned his attention to it, and made two campaigns with the marquis of Aligre, by which he instructed himself in viewing fortified places; of which he drew a number of plans. M. de Billettes, being admitted in the Academy of Sciences at Paris in 1699, as their mechanician, nominated, for his disciple, Parent, who excelled chiefly in this branch. Though his abilities were acknowledged, yet his impetuosity of temper provoked opposition; and he rose no higher than assistant member for geometry. He enjoyed this promotion but a short time; for he was taked off by the small pox the same year, 1716, aged fifty. He was author of many pieces, chiefly on mechanics and geometry.

PARENT, n. s. Fr. parent; Lat. parens. PARENTAGE, A father or mother: paPARENTAL, adj. S rentage is birth; extraction; condition by birth: parental, pertaining to, or becoming a parent.

All true virtues are to honour true religion as their parent, and all well ordered commonweales to love her as their chiefest stay.