nation, arising from the judiciously planted masses of trees, and the sight of the cattle caught by the eye at different points through the intermediate foliage.

In the latter description of park another principle must be proposed and followed. Here that style of distribution and planting denominated the forest style is in place. Long avenues; open glades stretching out in ample proportions; broken ground, set with trees, shrubs, underwood, furze, fern, &c., is admissible, and indeed desirable. The grazing animals, in a domain of this order, should be deer or horses, intermixed with a few wild cattle. It has been suggested that, as parks form the prominent features of many capital residences, were the appearance of wildness and forest scenery just alluded to given to them, the effect would be most grand and imposing, not only as regarded the actual domain of which they formed a part, but viewed with reference to the whole surrounding country. As it is, the seats of our principal men of rank and fortune possess many very noble specimens of enclosures of this kind-among which we will enumerate, by the way, those of Blenheim, Knole, Stowe, Donnington, Bow Wood, &c. &c. Among the royal demesnes, Windsor Park stands proudly pre-eminent, and is, indeed, one of the noblest in Europe, and every way worthy to encircle the castle of an English monarch.

In the metropolis there are several attached to the crown, but which are become, by prescription, almost the common property of the nation, contributing inestimably, not merely to the amusement and relaxation, but to the health and comfort of the immense population of the capital. Caroline, the queen of George II., once enquired of the first Mr. Pitt how much it would cost her to shut the parks. He replied, 'Three crowns, your majesty,' and she took the hint. To Hyde Park, St. James's Park, and the Green Park, there has, within these few years, been most munificently added the Regent's Park. Thus a vast space, close by the metropolis, is not only preserved from the encroachment of mean buildings, but laid out with groves, lakes, and villas, with their separate pleasure grounds, while through the whole place there is a winding road, which commands at every turn some fresh features of an extensive country prospect. This is indeed a desirable appendage to so vast a town as London, more especially as the rage for building fills every pleasant outlet with bricks, mortar, rubbish, and eternal scaffold-poles, which, whether you walk east, west, north, or south, seem to be running after you.

The noble appropriation of the district of which we are now speaking is not so much a change as a restoration. It was formerly a park, and had a royal palace in it, where, we believe, queen Elizabeth occasionally resided. It was disparked by Oliver Cromwell, who settled it on colonel Thomas Harrison's regiment of dragoons for their pay; but, at the restoration of Charles II., it passed into the hands of other possessors, from which time it has descended through different proprietors, till, at length, it has reverted to the crown, by whose public spirit a magnificent park is secured to the inhabitants of Lon

don. The expense of its planting, &c., have been enormous; but money cannot be better laid out than on purposes of this lasting benefit and national ornament.

The plan and size of the park are in every respect worthy of the nation. It is larger than Hyde Park, St. James's, and the Green Park together; and the trees planted in it about ten years ago are already becoming umbrageous. The water is very extensive. As you are rowed on it, the variety of views you come upon is admirable: sometimes you are in a narrow stream, closely overhung by the branches of trees; presently you open upon a wide sheet of water, like a lake, with swans sunning themselves on its bosom; by and by your boat floats near the edge of a smooth lawn fronting one of the villas; and then again you catch the perspective of a range of superb edifices, the elevation of which is contrived to have the effect of one palace. The park, in fact, is to be belted with groups of these mansions, entirely excluding all sight of the streets. Many of them are finished, and give a satisfactory earnest of the splendid spirit in which the whole is to be accomplished. There will be nothing like it in Europe. The villas in the interior of the park are planted out from the view of each other, so that the inhabitant of each seems, in his prospect, to be the sole lord of the surrounding picturesque scenery.'

No man can erect a park without license under the broad seal; for the common law does not encourage matter of pleasure which brings no profit to the commonwealth. But there may be a park in reputation erected without any lawful warrant; and the owner may bring his action against persons killing his deer. To a park, three things are required:-1. A grant thereof. 2. Enclosures by pale, wall, or hedge. 3. Beasts of a park; such as the buck, doe, &c. And, where all the deer are destroyed, it shall no more be counted a park; for a park consists of vert, venison, and enclosure: and, if it is determined in any of them, it is a total disparking. Parks, as well as chases, are subject to the common law, and are not governed by the forest law. See FOREST.

PARK OF ARTILLERY. See ARTILLERY. PARK OF PROVISIONS, in military affairs, the place where the sutlers pitch their tent in the rear, and sell their provisions to the soldiers. Likewise that place where the bread-waggons are drawn up, and where the troops receive their ammunition-bread, being the store of the army.

PARK (Mungo), the celebrated traveller, was born at Fowlshiels, in the county of Selkirk, on the 10th of September, 1771. His father was a respectable yeoman, and held a farm under the duke of Buccleuch. At the grammar school of Selkirk, where he was educated, the son is said to have shown extraordinary application to study, and was always at the head of his class. This inspired his father with the design of educating him for the church; he himself, however, made choice of the medical profession; and, at the age of fifteen, was bound apprentice to Mr. Thomas Anderson, a surgeon of Selkirk, with whom he spent three years. In 1789 he removed to Edinburgh, and attended three successive sessions the lectures delivered

any thing; they have a great many things with them, and we have received nothing from them; and this Amadi Fatcuma now before you is a bad man, and has likewise made a fool of you both.' The king immediately ordered me to be put in irons; which was accordingly done; and every thing I had taken from me; some were for killing me, and some for preserving my life. The next morning early, the king sent an army to a village called Boussa, near the river side. There is before this village a rock across the whole breadth of the river. One part of the rock is very high; there is a large opening in that rock in the form of a door, which is the only passage for the water to pass through; the tide current is here very strong. This army went and took possession of the top of this opening. Mr. Park came thither after the army had posted itself; he nevertheless attempted to pass. The people began to attack him, throwing lances, pikes, arrows, and stones. Mr. Park defended himself for a long time; two of his slaves at the stern of the canoe were killed; they threw every thing they had in the canoe into the river, and kept firing; but being overpowered by numbers and fatigue, and unable to keep up the canoe against the current, and there being no probability of escaping, Mr. Park 'took hold of one of the white men, and jumped into the water; Martyn did the same, and they were drowned in the stream in attempting to escape. The only slave remaining in the boat, seeing the natives persist in throwing weapons at the canoe, without ceasing, stood up and said to them, Stop throwing now; you see nothing in the canoe, and nobody but myself; therefore cease. Take me and the canoe, but don't kill me.' They took possession of the canoe and the man, and carried them to the king. I was kept in irons three months; the king released me and gave me a slave (woman). I immediately went to the slave taken in the canoe, who told me in what manner Mr. Park and all of them had died, and what I have related above. I asked him if he was sure nothing had been found in the canoe after its capture; he said that nothing remained in the canoe but himself and a sword-belt. I asked him where the sword-belt was; he said the king took it, and had made a girth for his horse with it.' Serious doubts have been raised concerning the authenticity of this narrative; but no reasonable hope can now be entertained that Mr. Park has not, in some way or other, perished in his voyage down the Niger. An account of his second journey, so far as his own narrative extended, with a memoir of his life, by Mr. Wishaw, was published in 1815.

PARKER (Henry), lord Morley, a noble author, who flourished in the reign of Henry VIII., and wrote several works, a list of which may be scen in Mr. Walpole's Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors, vol. i. He was one of the barons who signed the memorable letter to pope Clement VII., threatening him with the loss of his supremacy in England, unless he proceeded to despatch the king's divorce against queen Catha

rine.

PARKER (Matthew), the second protestant archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Norwich

in 1504, in the reign of Henry VII. His father died when he was twelve years old; but his mother, at the age of seventeen, sent him to Corpus-Christi College in Cambridge, where, in 1523, he took his degree of A. B. In 1527 he was ordained, created A. M., and chosen fellow. In 1533 or 1534 he was made chaplain to queen Anne Boleyn, who obtained for him the deanery of Stoke-Clare in Suffolk, where he founded a grammar school. After her death Henry made him his own chaplain, and in 1541 prebend of Ely. In 1544 he was elected master of CorpusChristi College; and, in 1555, vice-chancellor of the university. In 1547 he lost the deanery of Stoke, by the dissolution of the college; and married the daughter of Robert Harlestone, a Norfolk gentleman. In 1552 he was nominated by Edward VI. dean of Lincoln, which enabled him to live in great affluence: but Mary I. was hardly seated on the throne before he was deprived of every thing, and obliged to live in obscurity, often changing his place of abode to avoid the fate of the other reformers. Queen Elizabeth succeeded in 1558; and in 1559 Dr. Parker, from indigence and obscurity, was at once raised to the see of Canterbury; an honor which he neither solicited nor desired. He was consecrated December 17th, 1559, by the four surviving reformed bishops. In this high station he acted with spirit and propriety. He visited his cathedral and diocese in 1560, 1565, 1570, and 1573. He repaired and beautified his palaces at Lambeth and Canterbury, at an expense of above £1400 sterling, which is at least equal to ten times the sum now. He founded several scholarships in Corpus-Christi College in Cambridge, and gave large presents of plate to that and other colleges in this university. He gave 100 volumes to the public library. lie likewise founded a free-school at Rochdale in Lancashire. lle took care to have the sees filled with pious and learned men; and, considering the great want of Bibles in many places, he, with the assistance of other learned men, improved the English translation, had it printed on a large paper, and dispersed through the kingdom. This worthy prelate died in 1575, aged seventytwo, and was buried in his own chapel at Lambeth. He was pious without affectation or austerity, cheerful and contented in the midst of adversity, and beneficent beyond example. He . wrote several works; and published those of four of our best historians; Matthew of Westminster, Matthew Paris. Asser's Life of King Alfred, and Thomas Walsingham. He also translated the Psalter. This version was printed, but without a name, which led the learned Wood to attribute it to an obscure poet of the name of Keeper.

PARKER (John), an eminent lawyer of the seventeenth century, who practised at Northampton about 1640. He was educated in the Temple; and, joining the party of the parliament, was made a member of the high court of justice in 1649, where he gave sentence against the three lords, Capel, Holland, and Hamilton, who were beheaded. During Cromwell's usurpation he was made an assistant committee-man for his county. In 1630 he published a book in.

defence of the new government, as a commonwealth, without a king or house of lords. In June 1655, when Cromwell was declared protector, he was appointed a commissioner for removing obstructions at Worcester House in the Strand, and was sworn serjeant at law next day. In January 1659 he was appointed one of the barons of the exchequer by the rump parliament; but, upon a complaint, was displaced. However, he was again regularly made serjeant at law, on the recommendation of chancellor Hyde, after the Restoration.

PARKER (Samuel), D. D., an English clergyman, son of the preceding, who became bishop of Oxford. He was born September 1640, at Northampton, and educated among the puritans in Northampton; whence, being fit for the university, he was sent to Wadham College in Oxford, and admitted in 1659 under a presbyterian tutor. Here he led a strict and religious life, and took the degree of A. B. February 28th, 1660. Upon the Restoration he hesitated which party to join; but, continuing publicly to speak against episcopacy, he was discountenanced by the new warden Dr. Blandford, who had been appointed to that office upon the dawn of the Restoration in 1659. Upon this he removed to Trinity College, where, by the advice of Dr. Ralph Ruthwell, then a senior fellow of that society, he was rescued from the prejudices of his education,' which he publicly avowed in print. He then became a zealous Anti-puritan, and for many years acted the part of what was then called a true son of the church. In this temper, having taken the degree of M. A. in 1663, he entered into holy orders, went to London, and became chaplain to a nobleman, continuing to display his talents at the expense of his old friends the Presbyterians, Independents, &c. In 1665 he published some philosophical essays, and was elected F.R.S. These essays he dedicated to Sheldon, archbishop of Canterbury, who became his patron; and, in 1667, made him his chaplain. He now left Oxford, and resided at Lambeth with his patron; who, in 1670, made him archdeacon of Canterbury. In November 1670 he joined the train of William prince of Orange, who visited Cambridge, and had the degree of D.D. conferred upon him there. In November 1672 he was installed a prebendary of Canterbury; and was made rector of Ickham and Chatham in Kent by the archbishop. He was very obsequious to the court during the reign of Charles II.; and, upon the accession of James II., he continued the same servile complaisance; and soon reaped the fruits of it in the bishopric of Oxford, to which he was appointed by James II. in 1686, being allowed to hold the archdeaconry of Canterbury in commendam. He was likewise made a privy counsellor; and, by a royal mandamus, president of Magdalen College in Oxford. He died in Magdalen College, March 20th, 1687. He sent a Discourse to James, persuading him to embrace the Protestant religion, with a letter to the same purpose, which was printed in London in 1690, 4to.

PARKER (Richard), an English sailor, the leader of a dangerous mutiny which took place on board the squadron of lord Bridport, in the eventful

spring of 1797. He was born at Exeter about 1760, and, having received a decent education, entered into the navy, and served during the American war. On peace taking place he mar ried a woman with some property, which he dissipated, and was imprisoned for debt at Edinburgh. Being at length released, he entered on board the royal fleet at the Nore, as a common sailor, where he soon diplayed a spirit of insubordination; but acquired the confidence of the men, and, on the mutiny arising, was appointed their admiral.' When the revolt was suppressed, through the prudent management of lord Howe, Parker was put in confinement, and, being tried by a court martial at Sheerness, was hanged on board the Sandwich, to which ship he had belonged. His body was afterwards exposed on the coast of the isle of Sheppey. He suffered June 30th, 1795, displaying great calmness of mind.

PARKES (Samuel), a late ingenious professor of chemistry, was born at Stourbridge, in Worcestershire, in 1759, and educated under Dr. Addington at Market Harborough. In 1806 he first published his Chemical Catechism; of which many editions have appeared, and was long eminent as a practical chemist. This work was followed in 1808 by an Essay on the Utility of Chemistry in the Arts and Manufactures; and in 1809 by Rudiments of Chemistry, illustrated by examples; an abridgment of his first treatise, which he was induced to publish, on account of an attempt to pirate the work. His last production was, Chemical Essays, principally relating to the Arts and Manufactures of the British dominions, printed in 1815, in eight vols. 8vo. Mr. Parkes was a fellow of the Society of Arts, and of various other literary and philosophical associations. He died at his house in Mecklenburg Square, London, December 23d,

1815.

PARKHURST (John), a learned divine and lexicographer, born at London; and educated at Clare-Hall, Cambridge; of which he was admitted fellow in 1751, and took his degrees of B. A. and M. A. He settled at Epsom in Surry, was the intimate friend of bishop Horne, and adopted the opinions of Hutchinson. He published, 1. A Greek and English Lexicon, 4to. ; 2. A Hebrew and English Lexicon, 4to.; both of which are very useful; 3. An Answer to Dr. Priestley on the pre-existence of Christ. He died in 1797.

PARKINSON (John), an eminent English botanist, born in 1567. He was the first who described and figured the subjects of the flower garden singly. His Theatrum Botanicum contained a more copious history of medicinal plants than any former publication.

PARKINSŎNIA, so called in honor of the above botanist; a genus of the monogynia order and decandria class of plants: natural order thirty-third, lomentace: CAL. quinquefid: petals five, all oval except the lowest, which is reniform; style none; the legumen moniliform. We know but one species, which is very common in the Spanish West Indies, and has lately been introduced into the English settlements, for the beauty and sweetness of its flowers. In the

countries where it grows naturally it rises to a tree of twenty or more feet high, and bears long slender bunches of yellow flowers, which have a most agreeable sweet scent. PARLE, n. s. Fr. parler. ConverPARLEY, v. a. & n. s. ) sation; negociation; talk; oral treaty (obsolete): to parley is to treat or discuss a thing orally as a substantive it is a modern word for parle.

sword.

Seek rather by parley to recover them than by the Sidney. A Turk desired the captain to send some, with whom they might more conveniently parley. Knolles's History.

Of all the gentlemen,

That every day with parle encounter me,
In thy opinion, which is worthiest love?

Shakspeare.
Our trumpet called you to this general parle.

Id. Summon a parley, we will talk with him. Id. The bishop, by a parle, is, with a show Of combination, cunningly betrayed. Daniel. Parley and holding intelligence with guilt in the most trivial things, he pronounced as treason to ourselves, as well as unto God. Fell.

No gentle means could be essayed; 'Twas beyond parley when the siege was laid. Dryden.

Force never yet a generous heart did gain; We yield on purley, but are stormed in vain. Id. Why meet we thus like wrangling advocates, To urge the justice of our cause with words? I hate this purle; 'tis tame: if we must meet. Give me my arms. Rowe's Ambitious Step-mother. Yet when some better fated youth Shall with his am'rous parley move thee, Reflect one moment on his truth,

Who, dying thus, persists to love thee. Prior. Let us resolve never to have any parley with our Justs, but to make some considerable progress in our repentance. Calamy.

He parleys with her awhile, as imagining she would advise him to proceed.

Broome.

Strange is thy form, but more thy words are strange

Fearful it seems to hold this parley with thee.
Tell me thy race and country.

Maturin.

PARLEY, in war, is a conference with an enemy. Hence to beat or sound a parley, is to give a signal for holding such a conference by beat of drum, or sound of trumpet. PARLIAMENT, n. s. & adj. Į Fr. parlePARLIAMENTARY. Sment; Ital. & Span. parlamento; Barb. Lat. parliamentum; ' à parlare la mente, says Minsheu, after Coke, to speak judiciously his mind! A high court of debate and appeal on public affairs; in the United Kingdom it signifies the assembly of king, lords, and commons, the court of all others the highest, and of greatest authority': parliamentary is, enacted by, pertaining to, or customary in, parliament.

and conquest, were added two more; the authorities parliamentary and papal.

Id.

I thought the right way of parliaments the most safe for my crown, as best pleasing to my people. King Charles.

Many things, that obtain as common law, had their original by parliamentary acts or constitutions, made in writings by the king, lords, and commons. Hale.

These are mob readers: if Virgil and Martial stood for parliament men, we know who would carry it. Dryden. Credit to run ten millions in debt, without parliamentary security, I think to be dangerous and illegal. Swift.

We assemble parliaments and councils, to have the benefit of their collected wisdom; but we necessarily have, at the same time, the inconveniencies of their collected passions, prejudices, and private inFranklin.

terests.

The PARLIAMENT is the grand assembly of the three states of this kingdom, summoned together by the king's authority, to consider of matters relating to the public welfare, particularly to enact and repeal laws. The original or first institution of parliament lies so far hidden in the dark ages of antiquity, that the tracing of it out is equally difficult and uncertain. The word parliament is, comparatively, of modern date; derived from the French parler, and signifying the place where they met and spoke, or conferred together. It was first applied to general assemblies of the states under Louis VII. in France, about the middle of the twelfth century. But it is certain that long before the Norman conquest all matters of importance were debated and settled in the great councils of the realm; a practice which seems to have been universal among the northern nations, particularly the Germans, and carried by them into all the countries of Europe, which they over-ran at the dissolution of the Roman empire. Relics of this constitution, under various modifications and changes, are still to be met with in the diets of Poland, Germany, and Sweden, and formerly in the assembly of the states in France; for what was there lately called the parliament was only the supreme court of justice, consisting of the peers, certain dignified ecclesiastics, and judges ; which was neither in practice, nor supposed to be in theory, a general council of the realm.

It was also

In England, this general council hath been held immemorially, under the several names of michel synoth, or great council; michel gemote, or great meeting; and more frequently wittena gemote, or the meeting of wise men. styled in Latin, commune concilium regni, magnum concilium regis, curia magna, conventus magnatum vel procerum, assisa generalis, and sometimes communitas regni Anglia. We have instances of its meeting to order the affairs of the kingdom, to make new laws, and to amend the old; or, as Fleta expresses it, novis injuriis emersis nova constituere remedia, so early as the reign of Ina, king of the West Saxons; Ossa, king of the Mercians; and Ethelbert, king of Kent, in the several kingdoms of the heptarchy.