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war in Candia, the Venetians destroyed the olive plantations, which were still a source of prosperity to the islanders; and finally the Russians, who declared themselves the liberators of Greece, laid waste whatever the barbarous Turks and Venetians had spared. There are not more than about 2000 inhabitants in the whole island, which number certainly would not have been sufficient at one time for the single city of Paros. This city has now only the appearance of a village; its name has been changed into that of Parecchia; but the numerous fragments of ancient sculpture employed for common purposes, and various ancient inscriptions, remind one of what it once was. Clarke has published a great number of these inscriptions; but the most important piece of sculpture, in the opinion of all, that has been found in Paros, was brought to England at the commencement of the seventeenth century by the earl of Arundel, and is now preserved in the university of Oxford, under the name of the Arundel marble. It contains a chronological table very useful in illustrating the history of Greece. At the castle of Parecchia there are several antique fragments built into the walls, among others some pieces of columns laid horizontally.

On leaving Parecchia, and crossing some olive plantations, you come to Mount Capresso, where there is a quarry, once worked by the ancients for its beautiful white marble. These ancient quarries, abandoned since the fall of Greece, are partly stopped up; the galleries, which are still open, remain in the same state in which the ancient miners left them. You may discern by the engravings, which have been made on the rock near the entrance of the quarries, the famous bas relief, or rather sketch of bas relief, representing the festival of Silenus. It appears that by a singular lusus naturæ the head of this grotesque companion of Bacchus was found represented on the stone, and Onyses took occasion from this to surround it with a group of figures, and thus composed a beautiful picture. Paros has a magnificent port, called Naussa, capable of containing a whole fleet. The island produces pretty good wine.

PAROTID, adj. Į Fr. parotide; Gr. wapoPAʼROTIS, n. s. rig, of rapa and wra, the ears. Salivary, so named because near the ears: parotis is a tumor in the glandules behind and about the ears.

Beasts and birds, having one common use of spittle, are furnished with the parotid glands, which help to supply the mouth with it. Grew.

PAROTID GLANDS, or the PAROTIDS. See ANATOMY.

PAROXYSM, n. s. Fr. paroxysme; Gr. πα povoμos. A fit; periodical exacerbation of a disease.

Amorous girls, through the fury of an hysterick

paroxysm, are cast into a trance for an hour.

Harvey.

fit, attack, or exacerbation of a disease that occurs at intervals, or has decided remissions or intermissions. It is applicable to all febrile, spasmodic, convulsive, painful, or otherwise violent diseases, whether the periods of remission be regular or irregular. Thus we speak of a paroxysm of ague, of gout, of colic, of epilepsy, of insanity, &c.

PARR (Catherine), was the eldest daughter of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendall. She was first married to John Nevil, ford Latimer; after whose death she so captivated king Henry VIII. that he raised her to the throne. The royal nup tials were solemnised at Hampton Court on the 12th of July, 1534. Being religiously disposed, she was, in the early part of her life, a zealous observer of the Romish rites and ceremonies; but, in the dawning of the Reformation, she became as zealous a promoter of the Lutheran doctrine; yet with such prudence and circumspection as her perilous situation required. In such danger was she at one time, that the king had actually signed a warrant for committing her to the tower. She had, however, art enough to restore herself to his good graces. The king died in January 1547, just three years and a half after his marriage with his third Catharine; who, in a short time, was again espoused to Sir Thomas Seymour, lord-admiral of England: but in September, 1548, she died in childbed. The historians of this period generally insinuate that she was poisoned by her husband, to make way for his marriage with the lady Elizabeth. She wrote, 1. Queen Catharine Parr's Lamentation of a Sinner, bewailing the ignorance of her blind life; London, 8vo. 1548, 1563; 2. Prayers or Meditations, wherein the mynd is stirred patiently to suffre all afflictions here, to set at nought the vain prosperitee of this world, and always to long for the everlastynge felicitee. Collected out of holy workes, by the most virtuous and gracious princesse, Katharine queene of Englande, France, and Irelande. Printed by J. Wayland, 1543, 4to.,-1561, 12mo.; 3. Other Meditations, Prayers, Letters, &c., unpublished.

PARR (Thomas), or Old Parr, a remarkable Englishman, who lived in the reigns of ten kings and queens. He was the son of John Parr, a husbandman of Winnington, in the parish of Alderbury, Salop. Following the profession of his father, he labored hard, and lived on coarse fare. Being taken up to London by the earl of Arundel, the journey proved fatal to him. Owing to the alteration in his diet, to the change of the air, and his general mode of life, he lived but a very short time; though one Robert Samber says, in his work entitled Long Livers, that Parr lived sixteen years after his presentation to Charles II. He was buried in Westminster

Abbey. Though he had not the use of his eyes, nor much of his memory several years before he died, yet he had his hearing and apprehension very well; and was able, even to the 130th year of his age, to do any husbandman's work, even threshing of corn. The following summary of his life is from Oldys's MS. notes on Fuller's Worthies: Old Parr was born 1483; lived at PAROXYSM, 7α00žvouoc, in medicine, is the home until 1500, æt. seventeen, when he went

I fancied to myself a kind of ease, in the change of the paroxysm. Dryden. The greater distance of time there is between the paroxysms, the fever is less dangerous, but more obstinate. Arbuthnot.

out to service. 1518, æt. thirty-five, returned home from his master. 1522, æt. thirty-nine, spent four years on the remainder of his father's lease. 1543, æt. sixty, ended the first lease he renewed of Mr. Lewis Porter. 1563, æt. eighty, married Jane, daughter of John Taylor, a maiden; by whom he had a son and a daughter, who both died very young. 1564, æt. eighty-one, ended the second lease which he renewed of Mr. John Porter. 1585, æt. 102, ended the third lease he had renewed of Mr. Hugh Porter. 1588, æt. 105, did penance in Alderbury church for lying with Katharine Milton, and getting her with child. 1595, æt. 112, he buried his wife Jane, after they had lived thirty-two years together. 1605, æt. 122, having lived ten years a widower, he married Jane, widow of Anthony Adda, daughter of John Loyd of Gilsells, in Montgomeryshire, who survived him. 1635, æt. 152 and nine months, he died; after they had lived together thirty years, and after fifty years possession of his last lease.' PARR (Samuel), LL. D., a late learned critic, was the son of an apothecary of Harrow in Middlesex, where he was born January 15th, 1747. Admitted into the school of his native place, at the age of six, he was at its head in his fourteenth year, and was soon after called upon, much against his inclination, to assist his father in his business. He was subsequently induced, however, to send him to Emmanuel College, Cambridge; but, unable to support a continuance of the expense, our young critic accepted the situation of an usher at Harrow under Dr. Sumner. In 1769 he entered into deacon's orders, and those of priest in 1777. In 1771 he was created A. M. at Cambridge, by royal mandate, for the purpose of qualifying him to succeed Dr. Sumner in the mastership of Harrow; but, not succeeding, he opened a school at Stanmore, where he was followed by no less than forty-five of his old pupils. At this time he married Miss Maulevrier, a Yorkshire lady, by whom he had three sons and three daughters. In 1776, the establishment at Stanmore failing, he became master of the grammar-school at Colchester, whence, in 1778, he removed to a similar establishment at Norwich. In 1780 he was presented to the rectory of Asterly in Lincolnshire, and in 1781 received the degree of LL. D. He obtained in 1783 the perpetual curacy of Hatton in Warwickshire, where he ever afterwards resided, and was about the same time presented by bishop Lowth to a prebend in St. Paul's. In 1802 Sir Francis Burdett presented him, unsolicited, to the valuable living of Graff ham in the county of Huntingdon. The death of this distinguished scholar took place at Hatton, March 26th, 1825, in his seventy-ninth year. Dr. Parr's career as an author began in 1760, by the publication of Two Sermons on Education; he in the following year printed A Discourse on the late Fast, which excited great attention. In 1787 he assisted his friend the Rev. Henry Homer in a new edition of the learned Bellendenus, which he inscribed to Messrs. Fox, Burke, and lord North, the character of whose oratory he drew with uncommon felicity. Having now put an end to all hopes of preferment from government,

a subscription was made for him by the Whig club, which secured him an annuity of £300 per annum. In 1789 he republished Tracts by Warburton and a Warburtonian, which he prefaced with severe strictures on bishop Hurd. In 1790 he was engaged in the controversy respecting the authorship of White's Bampton Lectures, from which it appeared that he had a considerable share in them. In 1791, his residence having been in danger of destruction from the Birmingham rioters, in consequence of his intimacy with Dr. Priestley, he published an eloquent tract, entitled A Letter from Irenopolis to the Inhabitants of Eleutheropolis. Easter Tuesday, 1800, he preached his celebrated Spital sermon, which he soon after published, with a great number of notes; and on the death of Mr. Fox his Characters of the late Right Hon. Charles James Fox, selected and in part written by Philopatris Varvicensis. In 1819 he reprinted Speeches by Roger Long, and John Taylor, of Cambridge, with a Critical Essay and Memoirs of the Authors; and, towards the close of life, composed a pamphlet, which did not appear until after his death, defending bishop Halifax from the charge of having become a convert to the church of Rome. Like Dr. Johnson, Parr is said to have been astonishingly powerful in conversation, and, though possessed of much of the warmth of a political partizan, he was of disinterested and independent feelings, speaking generally: yet we cannot reconcile with strict integrity his final continuance in a church from some of whose principal doctrines he for many years dissented. Of all his family, two daughters survived him, and he left a widow, whom he married in an advanced period of life.

PARRA, in ornithology, a genus of birds belonging to the order of gralla; the characters of which are: the bill is tapering and a little obtuse; the nostrils are oval, and situated in the middle of the bill; the forehead is covered with fleshy caruncles which are lobated; the wings are small and spinous. There are sixteen species:--

1. P. chavaria is about the size of a dung-hill cock, and stands a foot and a half from the ground. The bill is of a dirty white color; the upper mandible similar to that in a dung-hill cock; the nostrils are oblong, pervious: on both sides, at the base of the bill, is a red membrane, which extends to the temples. The irides are brown. On the hind head are about twelve blackish feathers, three inches long, forming a crest, and hanging downwards. The rest of the neck is covered with a thick black down. The body is brown, and the wings and tail inclined to black. On the bend of the wings are two or three spurs half an inch long. The belly is a light black. The thighs are half bare of feathers. The legs are very long, and of a yellow-red color. The toes are so long as to entangle one another in walking. This species,' says Latham, inhabits the lakes, &c., near the river Cinu, about thirty leagues from Carthagena, in South America, and feeds on vegetables. Its gait is solemn and siow; but it flies easily and swiftly. It cannot run, unless assisted by the wings at the same time. When any part of the

skin is touched by the hand, a crackling is felt, though it is very downy beneath the feathers; and, indeed, this down adheres so closely as to enable the bird at times to swim. The voice is clear and loud, but far from agreeable. The natives, who keep poultry in great numbers, have one of these tame, which goes along with the flock about the neighbourhood to feed during the day, when this faithful shepherd defends them against birds of prey; being able, by means of the spurs on the wings, to drive off birds as big as the carrion vulture, and even that bird itself. It is so far of the greatest use, as it never deserts the charge committed to its care, bringing them all home safe at night. It is so tame as to suffer itself to be handled by a grown person, but will not permit children to attempt the same.' For the above account we are indebted to Linné, who seems to be the only one who has given any account of this wonderful

bird.

2. P. Dominica, is about the size of the lapwing. The bill is yellow, as are also the head and upper parts; the under are of a yellowish white, bordering on rose color. The legs are also yellow. This species inhabits several of the warmer parts of America and St. Domingo.

3. P. jacana, the spur-winged water-hen, is about the size of the water rail. The bill is in length about an inch and a quarter, of an orange color; and on the forehead is a membranous flap, half an inch long, and nearly as broad. On each side of the head also is another of the same, about a quarter of an inch broad, and both together they surround the base of the bill. The head, throat, neck, breast, and under parts, are black; and sometimes the belly is mixed with white, &c. This species inhabit Brasil, Guiana, and Surinam; but are equally common at St. Domingo, where they frequent the marshy places, sides of ponds, and streams, and wade quite up to the thighs in the water. They are also generally seen in pairs; and, when separated, call each other continually till they join again. They are very shy, and most common in the rainy seasons in May and November. They are at all times very noisy; their cry sharp and shrill, and may be heard a great way off. This is called by the French chirurgien. The flesh is accounted pretty good.

4. P. Senegalla, is about the same size with the Dominica. Its bill is also yellow, tipped with black; the forehead is covered with a yellow skin; the chin and throat are black; the head and upper parts of the body and lesser wing covers the gray-brown. The lower part of the belly, and the upper and under tail coverts, are dirty white. At the bend of the wing is a black spur. It inhabits Senegal, and thence derives its name. The negroes call them uett uett, the French the squallers, because, when they see a man, they scream and fly off. They generally fly in pairs.

5. P. variabilis, the spur-winged water-hen, is about nine inches long. The bill is about fourteen inches in length, and in color orange-yellow. On the forehead is a flap of red skin; the crown of the head is brown, marked with spots of a darker color; the hind part of the neck is much

the same, but of a deeper dye. The sides of the head, throat, fore part of the neck, breast, belly, thighs, and under tail-coverts, are white, with a few red spots on the sides of the belly and base of the thighs. On the fore part of the wing is a yellow spur, &c. The legs are furnished with long toes, as in all the others, the color of which is bluish ash. Latham says that one which came under his inspection from Cayenne was rather smaller. It had the upper parts much paler; over the eye was a streak of white passing no further, and unaccompanied by a black one. The hind part of the neck was dusky black. It had only the rudiment of a spur; and the red caruncle on the forehead was less, and laid back on the forehead. From these differences, this learned ornithologist conceives it to have differed either in sex or age from the other. This species inhabits Brasil, and is said to be pretty common about Carthagena and in South America.

PARRELS, in a ship. are frames made of trunks, ribs, and ropes, which, having both their ends fastened to the yards, are so contrived as to go round about the mast, that the yards by their means may go up and down upon the mast. These also, with the breast-ropes, fasten the yards to the masts.

PARRET, or PEDRED, a river of Somersetshire, which rises in the south part of that county, on the borders of Dorsetshire. Near Langport it is joined by the Ordered, augmented by the Ivel; and, about four miles from this junction, it is joined by the Tone or Thone, a pretty large river, rising among the hills in the western parts of this county. About two miles below the junction of the Tone, the Parret receives another considerable stream; and, thus augmented, it passes by the town of Bridgewater, and falls into the Bristol Channel in Bridgewater Bay.

PARRHASIUS, a famous ancient painter of Ephesus, or, as some say, of Athens: he flourished about the time of Socrates, according to Xenophon. It is said that he was excelled by Timanthes, but excelled Zeuxis. His subjects were very licentiou

PARRHASIUS (Janus), a famous grammarian in Italy, who was born at Cosenza, in Naples, in 1470. He was intended for the law, the profession of his ancestors; but he preferred classical learning. His real name was John Paul Parisius; but, according to the humor of the grammarians of that age, he called himself Janus Parrhasius. He taught at Milan with much reputation, being admired for a graceful delivery, in which he chiefly excelled other professors. He went to Rome when Alexander VI. was pope; but left it when in danger of being involved in the misfortunes of Cajetan and Savello, with whom he had some correspondence. Soon after, he was appointed professor of rhetoric at Milan; but, presuming to censure the teachers there, they accused him of a criminal converse with his scholars, which obliged him to leave Milan. He went to Vicenza, where he obtained a larger salary; and he held this professorship till the Venetian states were laid waste by the troops of the League; upon which he returned to his native country. By the recommendation of John

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He is now paid in his own way, the parricidious animal, and punishment of murtherers is upon him. Browne.

Morat was always bloody, now he's base; And has so far in usurpation gone,

He will by parricide secure the throne. Dryden. PARRICIDE is the murder of one's parents or children. By the Roman law it was punished in a severer manner than any other kind of homicide. After being scourged, the delinquents were sewed up in a leathern sack, with a live dog, a cock, a viper, and an ape, and thus cast into the

sea.

Solon, it is true, in his laws, made none against parricide; apprehending it impossible that one should be guilty of so unnatural a barbarity. And the Persians, according to Herodotus, entertained the same notion, when they adjudged all persons who killed their reputed parents to be bastards. Thus the English law treats it no otherwise than as simple murder, unless the child was also the servant of the parent. For, though the breach of natural relation is unobserved, yet the breach of civil or ecclesiastic connexions, when coupled with murder, denominates it a new offence; no less than a species of treason, called parva proditio, or petit treason; which, however, is nothing else but an aggravated degree of murder; although, on account of the violation of private allegiance, it is stigmatised as an inferior species of treason. And thus, in the ancient Gothic constitution, we find the breach, both of natural and civil relations, ranked in the same class with crimes against the state and sovereign.

PARROCEL, the name of three eminent French painters, of whom Joseph was born at Brignoles, in 1648; studied at Paris, and in Italy under Bourguignon; became eminent for painting battles, though he had never seen an army; was elected a member of the academy of painting; and died in Paris in 1704. Charles, his son and pupil, became also so eminent that he was appointed to paint the conquests of Louis XV. He died in Paris in 1752, aged sixty-tnree. Peter, born at Avignon, nephew to Joseph, was also his pupil, and performed many beautiful works at St. Germain, &c. His chief piece is at Marseilles. He died in 1739, aged seventy-five.

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PARRY (Richard), D.D., a learned English divine, educated at Oxford, where he graduated in 1757. Ile was rector of Wichampton, and minister of Market Harborough, where he died in 1780. He wrote many useful religious treatises.

PARRY (Caleb Hillier), M. D., F.R.S., an ingenious physician and natural historian of Bath, father of the celebrated captain Parry. Dr. Parry is known as the author of A Treatise on Wool, containing the result of a series of experiments on this staple commodity to whicn his attention was originally directed by the circumstance of king George III. presenting two Merino rams to the Bath and West of England Society. But his principal work is the Elements of Pathology, printed in 1816. He died March 9th, 1822, having been deprived of the use of his faculties by palsy in 1816.

PARSE, v. a. Lat. pars, a part. To resolve a sentence into its elements or parts of speech. Let him construe the letter into English, and parse over perfectly. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

Let scholars reduce the words to their original, to the first case of nouns, or first tense of verbs, and give an account of their formations and changes their syntax and dependencies, which is called pars ing.

Watts on the Mind.

The nature of the subject, as well as the adaptation of it to learners, requires that it should be divided into two parts, viz. parsing, as it respects etymology alone; and parsing, as it respects both etymology and syntax. Murray.

PARSHORE, a town of Worcestershire, seven miles from Worcester, and 102 from London, on the north side of the Avon, near its junction with the Bow, being a considerable thoroughfare in the lower road from Worcester to London. A religious house was founded here in 604, a small part of which now remains, and is used as the parish church of Holy Cross, the whole of which contained above ten acres. The abbey church was 250 feet long, and 120 broad. The parish of Parshore is of great extent, and has within its limits many manors and chapelries. At present it has two parishes,

Holy Cross and st. Andrew. In Holy Cross
church are several very antique monuments. Its
chief manufacture is stockings. Markets on
Tuesday and Saturday.
PARSIMONIOUS, adj.
Lat. parsimonia,
PARSIMONIOUSLY, adv. à parco, to save.
PARSIMONIOUSNESS, n. s. Frugal; saving;
PAR'SIMONY.
sparing: hence co-
vetous: the adverb and noun substantive follow
these senses: parsimony is frugality; disposition
to save or spare; niggardliness; covetousness.
A prodigal king is nearer a tyrant, than a parsimo-
nious: for store at home draweth not his contempla-
tions abroad, but want supplieth itself of what is

next.

Bacon. The ways to enrich are many; parsimony is one of the best, and yet it is not innocent; for it withholdeth men from works of liberality.

Id.

Rowe.

Parsimonious age and rigid wisdom. Extraordinary funds for one campaign may spare us the expense of many years, whereas a long parsimonious war will drain us of more men and money.

Addison.

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Locke.

PARSLEY, in botany. See APIUM.
PARSLEY, BASTARD. See CAUCALIS.
PARSLEY, FOOL's. See THUSA.
PARSLEY, MOUNTAIN. See ATHAMANTA.
PARS'NEP, n. s. Lat. pastinaca. A plant.
November is drawn in a garment of changeable
green, and bunches of parsneps and turneps in his
right hand.
Peucham.

PARSNEP, in botany. See PASTINACA.
PARSNEP, Cow's. See HERACLEUM.

n. s. From Lat. persona, bePARSON;}cause the patson omnium personam in ecclesia sustinet.' The priest or clergyman of a parish; one that has a parochial charge of souls; also applied to the teachers of the Presbyterians and Dissenters; and often in banter to all these parties.

Sometimes comes she with a tithe-pig's tail, Tickling the parson as he lies asleep; Then dreams he of another benefice. Shakspeare. Abbot was preferred by king James to the bishoprick of Coventry and Litchfield, before he had been parson, vicar, or curate of any parish church. Clarendon.

A PARSON is one that has full possession of all the rights of a parochial church. He is called parson, persona, because by his person the church is represented; and he is in himself a body corporate, to protect and defend the rights of the church (which he personates) by a perpetual succession. He is sometimes called the rector or governor of the church; but the appellation of parson is the most legal and most honorable title that a parish priest can enjoy ; because such a one (Sir Edward Coke observes). and he only, is said vicem seu personam ecclesia gerere. A parson has, during his life, the freehold in himself of the parsonage house, the glebe, the tithes, and other dues. But these are sometimes appropriated; that is, the benefice is perpetually annexed to some spiritual corporation, either sole or aggregate, being the patron of the living; whom the law esteems equally capable of providing for the service of the church as any single private clergyman. The appropriating corporations, or religious houses, were wont to depute one of their own body to perform divine service, and administer the sacraments in those parishes of which the society was thus the parson. This officiating minister was in reality no more than a curate, deputy, or vicegerent, of the appropriator. and therefore called vicarius, vicar. His stipend was at the discretion of the appropriator, who was, however, bound of common right to find somebody, qui illi de temporalibus, episcopo de spiritualibus, debeat respondere. But this was done in so scandalous a manner, and the parishes suffered so much by the neglect of the appropriators, that the legislature was forced to interpose: and accordingly it is enacted, by statute 15 Rich. II. c. 6, that in all appropriations of churches the diocesan bishop shall ordain (in proportion to the value of the church) a competent sum to be distributed among the poor parishioners annually; and that the vicarage shall be sufficiently endowed. The parish frequently suffered, not only by the want of divine service, but also by withholding those alms for which, among other purposes, the payment of tithes was originally imposed: and therefore in this act a pension is directed to be distributed among the poor parochians, as well as a sufficient stipend to the vicar. But he, being liable to be removed at the pleasure of the appropriator, was not likely to insist too rigidly on the legal sufficiency of the stipend; and therefore, by statute 4 Hen. IV. c. 12, it is ordained that the vicar shall be a secular person, not a member of any religious house; that he shall be vicar perpetual, not removeable at the caprice of the he should be canonically

monastery; an intacted, and be suficiently endowed, at the discretion of the ordinary, for these three express purposes, to do divine service, to inform the people, and to keep hospitality. The endowments, in consequence of these statutes, have usually been by a portion of the glebe or land belonging to the parsonage, and a particular share of the tithes, which the appro priators found it most troublesome to collect, and which are therefore generally called petty or small tithes; the greater, or prædial tithes, being still reserved to their own use. But one and

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