to Cape Bojador, does not afford a single harbour, and only two roads for shipping. The consequence is that European vessels, when driven upon these shores, have repeatedly suffered dreadful shipwreck. The character of the inhabitants is that of the most cruel barbarians: they not only seize the property of a vessel, but treat the mariners as slaves. Jackson calculates them at 300,000.

NUN'CHION, n. s. From Noox, which see, and Teut. essin, food, says Mr. Thomson. A portion of food taken between meals.

Laying by their swords and trunchions, They took their breakfasts or their nunchions.

Hudibras.

NUN'CIO, n. s. 7 Ital. nuncio; Lat. nunNUNCIATURE, n. s. § cius. A messenger or ambassador; and particularly an envoy from the pope: nunciature is his office.

She will attend it better in thy youth, Than in a nuncio of more grave aspect. Shakspeare. They honoured the nuncios of the spring; and the Rhodians had a solemn song to welcome in the

swallow.

Browne. This man was honoured with the character of nuncio to the Venetians.

Atterbury. NUNCIO, or NUNTIO, an ambassador from the pope to some Catholic prince, state, or congress. The word nuncio has the same import with ambassador; but is restrained in its use to the ambassadors of the papal see alone, as that of internuncio is to their envoys extraordinary.

NUNDYDROOG, a celebrated fortress and country of Hindostan, in the province of Mysore. The former is built on the summit of a rock, about 1700 feet high, three-fourths of its circumference being inaccessible. Our forces took it by storm in 1791, after a three weeks' siege. It stands in long. 77° 53′E., and lat. 13° 22' N.

NUNIA, a village of Irak, Arabia, distinguished as being on the site of the ancient Nineveh. Its history after it ceased to be the seat of empire is almost unknown; and in the time of Adrian it was completely destroyed. A city was afterwards erected on the spot, bearing the name of Ninus; and in Mr. Kinneir's opinion it is the ruins of that city, and not of the ancient Nineveh, that are now visible. They consist of a rampart and fosse, forming an oblong square, not exceed ing four miles in compass. The wall is on an average twenty feet high; but there is no appearance of stones or rubbish of any kind.

NUNJENGODE, a town of the south of India, in the Mysore, and standing on the south bank of the Cubany River. It is inhabited chiefly by brahmins, who are supported by a celebrated and handsome pagoda, to which immense numbers resort to make their annual offering. This temple is very ancient, and kept in good repair. Long. 76° 50′ E., lat. 12° 1' N. NUPTIAL, adj. Į Fr. nuptial; Lat. nuptiaNUPTIALS, n. s. lis, nuptia. Pertaining or relating to marriage; constituting or performed in marriage: nuptials is a word used only in the plural (except by Shakspeare) for the marriage ceremony.

Confirm that amity

With nuptial knot, if thou vouchsafe to grant Bona to England's king. Shakspeare.

NUREMBURG, the former capital of Franconia, and once a free city of the German empire, is now a large and handsome town, included in the Bavarian dominions. It is distinguished by its manufactures of maps, prints, mathematical and musical instruments, curious clock-work, and several articles in iron, steel, ivory, wood, and alabaster: there is also a celebrated school for painting. Here gun powder is said to have been first invented, by Berthold Schwartz, a monk. Martin Behem, to whom the discovery of America has been ascribed, was also born here; and Albert Durer, the famous engraver on wood.

Nuremburg is included in the province or circle of Rezat, and stands in a wide, sandy, but well-cultivated plain, on the river Pegnitz, a large but not navigable stream, which, flowing from east to west, divides it into two nearly equal parts. That on the north of the river is called the Sebald side; the other, on the south, the Laurence side: each deriving its name from a principal church. The town is surrounded with an old weak wall and ditch, with round towers: it is entered by eight gates, and its circumference is full three miles. The form of the town is nearly a square; and several of the streets are wide, but for the most part they are both crooked and irregular. The houses are generally of stone.

Of the public edifices the chief are the fort called Reichsfeste, the occasional residence of the emperors of the middle ages, but now used as a granary: the council-house, built in 1619, a fine old structure; and the church of St. Sebald. The public library is remarkable for its MSS. and early editions of books. The church of St. Ægidius, rebuilt in 1718, has elegant columns, and a beautiful altar-piece by Van Dyke. The regalia and imperial jewels of a remote age were long preserved in a church adjoining the river. Nuremburg has also public warehouses for merchandise, and public fountains. In former times it was noted for the extent of its funds, for the relief of the poor and for education. It has still an alms-office, foundling hospital, and house of correction.

The establishment of the burgrave of Nuremburg took place in 1060; and the purchase of the city rights by the inhabitants from the emperors in 1427. Its trade soon received from Venice a strong impulse; and it shared with Augs

burg the exchange of the spiceries, silks, drugs, and other articles of the south, in return for the bulky commodities of the north. But its chief traffic and grand consequence lay at this early period in its manufactures, this having been four centuries ago a noted place for all kinds of fine hardware. Paper was also made here at an early date; and it has long been famous for its extensive bookselling and printing establishments. It is fifty-eight miles E. S. E. of Wurzburg, and 100 north by west of Munich. NURSE, n. s. & v. a. Fr. nourrice, nourrir. NUR'SER, n. s. One who nourishes; NURSERY, one who has the care of a child or a sick person; hence, an old woman; state of being nursed to nurse is to nourish or bring up a child; to feed; maintain; tend or cherish in sickness or weakness; pamper; fondle : : nursery is the act, office, or place of nursing, and is also applied to a place appropriated to the rearing of young trees: a nursling is one under or just come from a nurse's care; a fondling.

NUR'SLING.

:

Put into your breeding pond three melters for one spawner; but if into a nurse pond or feeding pond, then no care is to be taken. Walton. A nursery erects its head, Where queens are formed and future heroes bred; Where unfledged actors learn to laugh and cry. Dryden.

In their tender nonage, while they spread Their springing leaves and lift their infant head, Indulge their chilhood, and the nursling spare. Id. Him in Egerian grove Aricia bore,

And nursed his youth along the marshy shore.

Burns.

But I wi' my sweet nurslings here,
Nae mate to help, nae mate to cheer,
Pass widowed nights and joyless days,
While Willie's far frae Logan braes.
In cities vice is hidden with most ease,
Or seen with least reproach; and virtue, taught
By frequent lapse, can hope no triumph there
Beyond the achievement of successful flight.

I do confess them nurseries of the arts,
In which they flourish most; where in the beams
Of warm encouragement, and in the eye
Of public note, they reach their perfect size.

Cowper.

Philosophy, as thou shalt hear, when she Shall have her praise, her praise and censure too, Did much, refining and exalting man; But could not nurse a single plant that bore True happiness.

Pollok.

NURSE, military, a person, generally a female, whose sole business it is to attend the sick

in the general or regimental hospital. She is under the immediate direction of the surgeon, and receives at the rate of one shilling per diem. Her duty is to prepare the slops and comforts for the sick, and occasionally to assist in administering medicines, cooking the victua's, washing, &c.; and for every ten men confine to bed by fever an additional nurse and orderl-man should be allowed. All the patients, who are able, are every morning and evening to assist in cleaning and airing the hospital, carrying away

F

dirt, &c., and by every means to assist the helpless. The additional allowance to the serjeants, orderly-men, and nurse, in regiments of the line, is to be made by the paymaster; and,

in regiments of militia and fencibles, the surgeons are to pay them out of their allowances.

NURTINGEN, a town of Wirtemberg, on the Neckar, fourteen miles south-east of Stutgard. Its inhabitants, about 3400, are employed in agriculture, and manufactures of mother of pearl, musical instruments, &c. It has a good school, and had formerly a well endowed hospital. Long. 9° 20′ E., lat. 48° 37′ 36′′ N. NURTURE, n. s. & v. a. NUTRICA'TION, n.s. NUTRIMENT, NUTRIMENTAL, adj.

NUTRITION, n. s. NUTRITIOUS, adj. NUTRITIVE,

diet; nance;

Fr. nourriture; Ital. nutrire, nutricere ; Span. nutrir; Lat. nutrire, nutritio, nutricatio. Food; mainteNUTRITURE, n. s. education to educate; train; feed; maintain : nutrication is the manner of being fed: nutriment, aliment; food; that which nourishes: nutrimental, alimental; nourishing: nutrition, the act or quality of nourishing or supporting strength or growth; also that which nourishes: nutritious and nutritive are synonymous of nutrimental, and nutriture is an obsolete word for the power of nourishing.

Has my lord's meat in him,
Why should it thrive and turn to nutriment?

Shakspeare.

He was nurtured where he had been born in his first rudiments, till the years of ten.

Wotton.

Never make a meal of flesh alone, have some other meat with it of less nutriture.

For this did the angel twice descend? Ordained thy nurture holy, as of a plant Select and sacred.

Harvey.

Milton's Agonistes. Besides the teeth, the tongue of this animal is a second argument to overthrow this airy nutrication.

They suppose mother earth to be a great animal, and to have nurtured up her young offspring with a conscious tenderness. Bentley.

Fixed like a plant on his peculiar spot,
To draw nutrition, propagate and rot.
Does not the body thrive and grow,
By food of twenty years ago?
And is not virtue in mankind,
The nutriment that feeds the mind?

Pope.

Swift's Miscellanies.
Now tell me, dignified and sapient sir,
My man of morals, nurtured in the shades
Of Academus-is this false or true?
Is Chrsit the abler teacher, or the schools?

Cowper.
Inveterate habits choke the' unfruitful heart,
Their fibres penetrate its tenderest part,
And, draining its nutritious powers to feed
Their noxious growth, starve every better seed. Id.
NUT, n. s.
NUT BROWN, adj.
NUT-CRACKERS, n. s.
NUT GALL,
NUT-PATCH,
NUT-JOBBER, Or
NUT-PICKER,
NUT-HOOK,

NUT MEG, NUT-SHELL,

NUT-TREE.

Sax. pnur; Belg. noot; Swed. not; Fr. noir; Lat. nux. A fruit of certain trees; a knotted excrescence, either of trees or animal bodies; a small mechanical body (probably so named from its shape), having cogs : nut-brown is brown

New parts are added to our substance to supply our continual decayings; nor can we give a certain account how the aliment is so prepared for nutrition, or by what mechanism it is so regularly distributed. Glanville's Scepsis.,

Philips.

O may'st thou often see Thy furrows whitened by the woolly rain Nutritious! secret nitre lurks within. When an insolent despiser of discipline, nurtured into impudence, shall appear before a church governour, severity and resolution are that governour s virtues.

South.

bigger than the sin, and dishonours him by the dis
proportion.
Jer. Taylor.
This faculty may be more conveniently used by the
multiplication of several wheels, together with nuts
belonging unto each, that are used for the roasting
of meat.
Wilkins.

Young and old come forth to play,
Till the live-long day-light fail,
Then to the spicy nut-brown ale.

Milton's Poems.
When this nut-brown sword was out,
With stomach huge he laid about. Hudibras.
In vegetable excretions, maggots terminate in flies
of constant shapes, as in the nutgalls of the outland-

ish oak.

Browne.

The second integument, a dry and flosculous coat, commonly called mace; the fourth a kernel included in the shell, which lieth under the mace, is the same we call nutmeg. Id.

Like beating nut-trees make a larger crop.

Dryden. Two milk-white kids ran frisking by her side, For which the nutbroun lass, Erithasis, Full often offered many a savoury kiss.

Id.

persons, the cuticle is every where constantly desquamating, and again renewing; and in the same manner, the parts rubbed off, or otherwise separated from the fleshy parts of the body, are soon supplied with new flesh; a wound heals, and an emaciated person grows plump and fat. Buffon, to account for nutrition, supposes the body of an animal or vegetable to be a kind of mould, in which the matter necessary to its nutrition is modelled and assimilated to the whole. As to the nature of this matter, he supposes that there exists in nature an infinite number of living organical parts, and that all organised bodies consist of such organical parts; that their existence is constant and invariable; so that the matter which the animal or vegetable assimilates to its substance is an organical matter of the same nature with that of the animal or vegetable, which consequently may augment its volume, without changing its form or altering the quality of the substance in the mould. As to the power that communicates it, there exist,' says

L'Estrange.

It seems as easy to me, to have the idea of space empty of body, as to think of the hollow of a nutshell without a kernel. Locke.

Clocks and jacks, though the screws and teeth of the wheels and nuts be never so smooth, yet if they be not oiled, will hardly move. King Hardicanute, 'midst Danes and Saxons

stout,

Caroused in nut-brown ale, and dined on grout.

Ray.

King. He cast every human feature out of his countenance, and became a pair of nut-crackers.

Addison's Spectator. Nuts are hard of digestion, yet possess some good medicinal qualities. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

The nutmeg is a kernel of a large fruit not unlike the peach, and separated from that and from its investient coat, the mace, before it is sent over to us; except that the whole fruit is sometimes sent over in preserve, by way of sweet-meat, or as a curiosity. There are two kinds of nutmeg; the male, which is long and cylindrical, but it has less of the fine aromatick flavour than the female, which is of the shape of an olive. Hill.

NUT, BLADDER. See STAPHYLÆA.
NUT, CASHEW. See ANACARDIUM.
NUT, COCOA. See Cocos.

NUT, EARTH. See BUNIUM.
NUT, FAUSEL. See ARECA.
NUT, HAZEL. See CORYLUS.
NUT, PIG. See BUNIUM.
NUTMEG. See MYRISTICA.

NUTRITION, in the animal economy, is the repairing, by food, the continual loss which the different parts of the body undergo. The motion of the parts of the body, the friction of these parts with each other, and especially the action of the air, would destroy the body entirely, if the loss was not repaired by a proper diet, containing nutritive juices; which being digested in the stomach, and afterwards converted into chyle, mix with the blood, and are distributed through the whole body for its nutrition. In young persons, the nutritive juices not only serve to repair the parts that are damaged, but also to increase them, which is called growth. In grown

that have no affinity with the external qualities of the body, but act upon the most intimate parts, and penetrate them throughout, and which can never fall under the observation of our senses.' itself is reproduced, not only by a similar power, And, lastly, he supposes that the internal mould but that it is the very same power that causes the unfolding and reproduction thereof; for it is sufficient,' proceeds he, that in an organised body that unfolds itself there be some part similar to the whole, in order that this part may one day become itself an organised body, altogether like that of which it is actually a part. See ALIMENT and PHYSIOLOGY.

NUX VOMICA, a flat, compressed, round, and poisonous fruit, about the breadth of a shilling, brought from the East Indies. Its surface is not much corrugated; and its texture is firm like horn, and of a pale grayish-brown color. It is said to be used as a specific against the bite of a species of water-snake. It is considerably bitter and deleterious; and has been used in doses from five to ten grains twice a-day or so, in intermittents, particularly quartans, and in contagious dysentery. The strychnus Ignatii is a tree of the same kind, producing a gourd-like fruit, the seeds of which are improperly called St. Ignatius's beans. These, as also the woods or roots of some such trees, called lignum colubrinum, or snakewood; are very narcotic bitters, like the nux vomica.

To NUZZLE, v. a. Corrupted from nursle; but some writers have supposed it to come from nozzle or nose, and in that sense used it. To nurse; to foster; thrust forward the nose.

Old men long nozzled in corruption, scorning them that would seek reformation. Sidney.

He charged through an army of lawyers, sometimes with sword in hand, at other times nuzzling like

an eel in the mud.

Arbuthnot. Sir Roger shook his ears, and nuzzled along, well satisfied that he was doing a charitable work.

Arbuthnot's John Bull.

The blessed benefit, not there confined, Drops to the third who nuzzles close behind.

Pope.

NYCHTHEMERON, among the ancients signified the whole natural day, or day and night,

consisting of twenty-four hours, or twenty-four equal parts. See DAY. Before the Jews had introduced the Greek language into their discourse, they used to signify this space of time by the simple expression of a night and a day. It is proper here to observe that all the eastern countries reckoned any part of a day of twentyfour hours for a whole day; and say a thing that was done on the third or seventh day, &c., from that last mentioned, was one after three or seven days. And the Hebrews having no word which exactly answers to the Greek Nuxenuɛpov, signifying a natural day of twenty-four hours,' use night and day, or day and night, for it. So that to say a thing happened after three days and three nights, was, with them, the same as to say it happened on the third day. This explains what is meant by the Son of Man's being three days and three nights in the heart of the earth.'

NYCTANTHES, Arabian jasmine, a genus of the monogynia order, and diandria class of plants; natural order forty-fourth, sapiariæ: COR. CAL. octofid: perianth. dicoccous: CAPS. two-celled: SEEDS Solitary: species one only.

N. arbor tristis, the melancholy or sorrowful tree. This shrub, the pariatacu of the Bramins, grows naturally in sandy places in India, particularly in Ceylon and Java, where it is produced in great abundance, and attains the height of eighteen or twenty feet. It rises with a four-cornered stem, bearing leaves that are oval, and taper to a point. They stand opposite on short foot-stalks: are of a shining brownish-green on the upper side, a more vivid green on the under, and of a taste that is astringent and somewhat bitter. From the middle rib, on the under surface of the leaves, proceed on both sides a number of costula or smaller ribs, which run nearly to the margin, and mark the surface with the impression of their arched furrows. The flowers, which are white and highly odoriferous, having a sweet smell, consist of one petal deeply divided into eight parts, which are narrower towards the stalk, and dilated towards the summit. They stand upon foot-stalks, which emerge from the origin of the leaves; are rigid, obliquely raised towards the top, grow opposite in pairs, and are divided into three short lesser branches, which each support five flowers placed close together, without partial foot-stalks. The fruit is dry, capsular, membranaceous, and compressed. It is generally asserted of this plant, that the flowers open in the evening, and fall off the succeeding day. Fabricius and Paludanus, however, affirm, from actual observation, that this effect takes place only in such flowers as are immediately under the influence of the solar rays. Grimmius remarks, in his Laboratorium Ceylonicum, that the flowers of this tree afford a fragrant water, which is cordial, refreshing, and often employed with success in inflammations of the eyes. The tube of the flower, when dried, has the smell of saffron; and, being pounded and mixed with sanders wood, is used by the natives of the Malabar coast for imparting a grateful fragrancy to their bodies, which they rub or anoint with the mixture.

NYCTASTRATEGI, among the ancients, were officers appointed to prevent fires in the

night, or to give alarm and call assistance when a fire broke out. At Rome they had the command of the watch, and were called nocturni triumviri, from their office and number.

NYCTEUS, in fabulous history, a son of Neptune, by Celene, king of Lesbos, or Thebes; who married Amalthea, by whom he had Nyctimene and Antiope, the mother of Amphion and Zethus. He was mortally wounded in battle by Epopeus, who had carried off Antiope.

NYCTIMENE, a daughter of Nyctéus, who, having committed incest with her father by means of her nurse, was changed into an owl by Minerva.

NYE (Philip), an English nonconformist, a native of Sussex, was born about 1596. After attending at a grammar school, he was sent to Oxford, and entered a commoner of Brazennose College, in 1615, whence he removed to Magdalen Hall. He was admitted A. B. and A. M. in 1619 and 1622, about which time he entered into orders, and was, in 1620, curate of St. Michael's church in Cornhill, London. Resolving, however, to reject the constitution of the Church of England, he became obnoxious to all the censures of the episcopal court; to avoid which he went to Holland, in 1633. He continued at Arnheim till 1640; when, the power of the parliament beginning to prevail over the king, he returned home, and was soon after made minister of Kimbolton in Huntingdonshire, by Edward lord Kimbolton, then earl of Manchester. In 1643 he was appointed one of the assembly of divines at Westminster, and became a great champion of the Presbyterians, and of the solemn league and covenant; and, having married the daughter of Stephen Marshall, was sent with his father-in-law into Scotland the same year, to expedite the taking of the covenant. After his return both houses of parliament took the covenant the same year; when he preached a sermon in defence of it, showing its warrant from Scripture, and was, rewarded with the rectory of Acton near London, in the room of Dr. Daniel Featley, who was ejected. Not long after, however, Nye disagreed with the assembly, and opposed their plan of discipline, joining the Independents. In December, 1647, he was sent with Stephen Marshall, to the king at Carisbrook Castle, in attendance upon the commissioners then appointed. Nye was also employed about that time to obtain subscriptions from the apprentices in London, &c., against a personal treaty with the king, while the citizens of that metropolis were petitioning for one. April, 1648, he was employed, as well as Marshall and Joseph Caryl, by the Independents, to invite the secured and secluded members to sit in the house again, but without success. In 1653 he was appointed one of the triers for the approbation of public preachers; in which office he not only procured his son to be clerk, but, with the assistance of his father-in-law, obtained for himself a living of £400 a-year. In 1654 he was joined with Dr. Lazarus Šeaman, Samuel Clark, Richard Vines, Obadiah Sedgwick, Joseph Caryl, &c., as an assistant to the commissioners appointed by parliament to eject such as were then called scandalous and ignorant minis

In