PELOPIDAS, the son of Hippoclus, a celebrated general of Thebes, in Boeotia. He was descended of an illustrious family, and had immense riches, which he distributed with uncommon liberality among the poor citizens. He was the intimate friend of Epaminondas; and these two patriots, by their valor and public spirit, raised their country to a degree of importance and glory, that it never enjoyed before or after them. Thebes had been for some time under the government of Spartan tyrants, who exiled Pelopidas and the other friends of Theban independence; but Pelopidas returned from Athens, with a chosen band of twelve other exiled Thebans, who killed the Spartan tyrants, and restored liberty to their country. The Thebans then elected him governor of Baotia, and associated Epaminondas with him; and these two great men immortalised their names by the decisive victory at Leuctra. In a war which the Thebans afterwards carried on against Alexander, tyrant of Pheræ, Pelopidas was appointed commander, but had nearly lost his life, by trusting himself unarmed in the tyrant's camp. Though in the character of an ambassador, he was seized as a prisoner, but rescued by Epaminondas. He was afterwards killed in a battle with the same tyrant, though his troops obtained the victory, A.A.C. 364; but his death was amply revenged by the Thebans, who took Phera, and killed the tyrant. Statues of brass were erected, and every other mark of respect paid to the memory of Pelopidas; and his children were endowed with a large territory of land.Xenoph. Plut. C. Nep. Diod. Polyb.

PELOPONNESIAN WAR, Peloponnesiacum bellum, a famous war, which lasted twenty-seven years between the Athenians and the inhabitants of Peloponnesus, with their respective allies, and which ended in the overthrow of the Athenian republic, and its subjection to thirty, tyrants. It is the most interesting of all the wars which happened among the inhabitants of ancient Greece. See ATTICA.

PELOPONNESUS, a large peninsula in the south of Greece; so called, from Pelopis veros, or insula, though properly not an island, but a peninsula; yet wanting but little to be one, viz. the isthmus of Corinth, ending in a point.Dionysius. It was anciently called Apia and Pelasgia; and is situated between the gean and Ionian Seas, and resembles a plantain leaf, by its angular recesses or bays.-Plin, Strabo, Mela. Strabo adds, from Homer, that one of its ancient names was Argos, with the epithet Achaicum, to distinguish it from Thessaly, called Pelasgium. It was divided into six parts; viz. Argolis, Laconica, Messenia, Elis, Achaia, and Arcadia.-Mela. It is now called the Morea. It comprehended the most southern parts of Greece; and was 200 miles long, and 140 broad.

PELOPS, in fabulous history, the son of Tantalus king of Phrygia. In his infancy he was murdered by his father, cut in pieces, and served up as a feast to the gods, to try their divine omniscience. None of them however eat of him, but Ceres, who eat one of his shoulders. Jupiter restored him to life, and gave him an

ivory shoulder, which had the miraculous power of healing all diseases by its touch; and he punished the impiety of Tantalus, by condemning him to eternal hunger and thirst, in the view of excellent food and drink in hell. Pelops afterwards went into Elis, where he became a suitor of Hippodamia, the daughter of Oenomaus, king of Pisa, who, being warned by an oracle that he would perish by the hands of his son-in-law, and being himself an excellent charioteer, refused to marry her to any person but the man who should overcome him in a chariot race. The previous condition being that those whom he defeated were to forfeit their lives, thirteen young princes had already perished. Pelops, however, ventured to compete with him, and having previously bribed Myrtilus, his charioteer, to mount him on an insufficient chariot, Oenomaus was killed in the course, but, with his last breath, requested Pelops to avenge him on Myrtilus; which he accordingly did, by throwing him into the sea, from him named Myrtoum Mare. Pelops then married Hippodamia, by whom he had Atreus, Thyestes, Pittheus, Troezen, &c. He afterwards became so powerful that all the territory of Greece beyond the isthmus of Corinth was from him named Peloponnesus. After his death he received divine honors, and was revered above all the other heroes of Greece. He had a temple at Olympia, erected by Hercules near that of Jupiter.

PELORIAS, PELORIS, or PELORUS, in ancient geography, one of the three capes of Sicily, now called Faro. It is said to have been so named from Pelorus, the pilot of the ship which carried Hannibal out of Italy, whom that general, when he found the tide driving the vessel into the straits of Charybdis, killed, on the supposition that he was going to betray him to the Romans; and therefore, to gratify his name, he named the cape after him.

PELT, n. s. Teut. peltze; Lat. pellis. Skin;

hide.

The camel's hair is taken for the skin or pelt with the hair upon it. Browne's Vulgar Errours. A scabby tetter on their pelts will stick, When the raw rain has pierced them to the quick. Dryden.

PELT, v. a.

Fr. peloter; from German

PELTING, adj. S poltern. Skinner. More probably as Lye suggests contracted from PELLET. To throw at; strike with something thrown; hence to annoy : pelting, therefore, is used by Shakspeare for paltry annoyance.

Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'er you are, That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm! How shall your houseless heads and unfed sides, Your looped and windowed raggedness defend you? Shakspeare.

Do but stand upon the foaming shore, The chiding billows seem to pelt the clouds. Id. Could great men thunder, Jove could ne'er be quiet; For every pelting petty officer Would use his heaven for thunder.

Fogs, falling in the land,

Id.

called the mountains; and the people distinguish the country with reference to the hills, the north side being called above the mountains, and the south side below. A considerable tract, consisting of the country which lies west of Milford Haven, and between that bay and St. George's Channel, is called by the Welsh Rhos, which signifies a green field. In this district a colony of Flemings settled, by the permission of Henry I., at the time when the sea had broke through the dykes of their own country, and had done incredible damage. This district was, in Camden's time, called Little England beyond Wales. Giraldus, speaking of the Flemish settled here, says, they are a stout resolute nation, very offensive to the Welsh by their frequent skirmishes: and observes that they were much inured to the clothing trade, and to merchandise; and ready to increase their stock by any labor and hazard, both by sea and land. The Flemings' Way or Road, a work performed by them, may be still seen extending through a long tract of ground. The Welsh, who were not well pleased with this colony, frequently attempted to drive them out by ravaging and spoiling their borders, but without success. The annotator upon Camde informs us, that all Wales with their united force have several times invaded their country, but the Flemings maintained their ground; and Rhos is still inhabited by their descendants, who may yet be distinguished by their speech and customs. Mr. Malkin observes that Pembrokeshire has a very great extent of coast; and indeed it seems almost as if it were appended to the main land on the eastern side. The instances of longevity are numerous and remarkable, so that persons living to the age of ninety are by no means of rare occurrence. The country is much subject to rain, in which nature seems kindly to have provided for the dryness of the soil. Snow in ordinary seasons is seldom known to lie longer than a day near the coast. The mountains, however, in the north of the county have their full share. It is a circumstance which has been often noticed, but may be worth repeating, how curiously the woods, exposed to the south and west, are shorn by the winds from the sea. With the exception of a small tract towards the north, this is the most level part of Wales, and seems to bear a resemblance to the general face of English country, as close as the affinity of its inhabitants to the English people; so that it has been called Little England beyond Wales, as before observed. The practice of using surnames always prevailed here as in England; at least in the southern hundreds. The style of building in the towns is little if at all superior to that of Wales in general; but the cottages are good and comfortable. Animal food is much more in use than among the common people in the neighbouring counties, who live very much on the produce of the dairy. The churches of the English or Flemish hundreds afford a very pleasing contrast to those whose external meanness and internal deformity has been so frequently noticed here they are never seen without tower or spire, and are in general well kept, and adorned with decent monuments. In the places near the coast the defalcation from the simplicity of the Welsh

character is very apparent; and indeed there are few parts of the country where more dissolute manners seem to_prevail_than_about Fisgard, Newport, and St. Dogmaels.

The great division of the county is into English and Welsh. There are about 144 parishe of these seventy-four are inhabited by the English, and sixty-four by the Welsh. The rest speak both languages, or rather neither. The country west of Kilgernow, Remais, and Dewis Land hundreds, is esteemed equal in purity to that of any other district. The English hundreds, four out of the seven, are those of Ross, CastleMartin, Narberth, and Dangleddy. In these two last, and in the western and northern parts of Ross hundred, the English and Welsh are mixed. It is far from being the fact that these two descriptions of people are so estranged from each other as never to intermarry. In all the English towns and villages of Pembrokeshire we find instances enough of English husbands and Welsh wives, or the reverse, to contradict at least the universality of a separation, in itself so highly unnatural. It is one of those strange tales which, having once gone abroad, is inadvertently bandied about by the very people of whom it is told. In former ages, when great animosities prevailed between the old and new settlers, they might probably stand aloof from each other; but after the tranquillity of centuries, that so unaccountable a reserve should continue among the inhabitants of a little district, not exceeding a square of thirty miles, under the same government and laws, frequenting the same weekly markets for the sale of their agricultural produce, and united by the same interests, is in itself improbable, and will be found to be a mistake, to the extent in which it is asserted. This mistaken idea derives its origin from Giraldus, when these puny rivals were continually at war. No doubt it was then true: and from this source the notion was scattered abroad in popular opinions and tales, which still keep their ground; while the original facts and circumstances that occasioned them have been vanishing gradually away. The result of more recent inquiries into the actual state of the two parties is, that though doubtless the subsisting diversity of language prevents that unrestrained intercourse which would otherwise be natural to near neighbours, and tends to perpetuate the recollection of national rivalship, the accounts of absolute and unconquerable alienation, contained in many writers, are by far too highly colored. A similar but equally mistaken idea prevails respecting the difference of language in North and South Wales. It has been said that those who speak one dialect cannot understand the other. In truth they differ not so much from each other as the vulgar English dialects of Kent and Somersetshire. Their principal repugnance consists in the different idiomatic acceptations of words, referable to common roots. The same literary dialect is used by all writers, and is equally understood in all parts of Wales.

The principal rivers of this county are the Teify, Cleddy, and Dougledge: the less considerable ones are the Gwain, Biran, Nefren, and Rudford. The Teify rises at Llyn Teife, in the

north-east part of Cardiganshire; and, running south-west, passes the towns of Tregaron, Llambeter, and Newcastle-in-Emlin; at the latter town, turning north-west, it soon afterwards enters this county at Maen, or Defy, and, forming its boundary on the north, passes the town of Cardigan, and unites with St. George's Channel at Kemmaes Head. The Cleddy rises in the north part of the county, in the Prescles Mountains, near Monachlogdu, and, running nearly south, passes within a short distance of Narberth; and, gently winding to the S. S. W., meets the West Cleddy at Llandshipping, and both united flow into Milford Haven, near Lawrenny. The Dougledge River rises in the west part of the county, to the north of Walwy's Castle, and running east is augmented by the waters of the Hiog, about a mile below Haverfordwest; here it turns to the south-east, and unites with the Cleddy opposite Llandshipping.

The sea coast is in general hilly, with steep or perpendicular cliffs. On tracing it from its north-east point, at the mouth of the Teify, the most remarkable place is Aberkibor Bay, formed by Cammaes Head on the north, and Pendrowry Head on the south, having in its centre the small fishing town of Penyrallt. Next succeeds Newport Bay, near which are the town of Newport and fishing-village of Eglwys Dinas. Fishguard Bay, formning a much better harbour than either of the above, next presents itself, which has near its centre the town of Fishguard, noted for its trade in herrings. Hence the coast running south-west winds round Stumble Head to that of St. David's, off which lies Ramsey Island, with a group of rocks called the Bishop and his Clerks, which are frequented in the breeding season by vast multitudes of sea-fowl, many of which are unknown in every other part of the island. The large bay of St. Bride's succeeds, forming a safe retreat for vessels in all winds but the west and south-west; and beyond some islands on its south side is the entrance to the celebrated Milford Haven and its branches. This justly admired harbour, indenting deeply the southern coast of this county, occupies a large space' of it with its great basin and the various curving branches that contribute to form it, which are fed by some inconsiderable streams from the interior of the country. Few of these are dignified with any certain appellation, except the Hiog, though most of them suddenly become great estuaries from mere rivulets, united with the main basin as the claws are with the body of a crab, and equally sinuous. The Hiog rises near the village of St. Catherine, in the northwestern part of the county, not far from Fishguard, passing through the centre of the county, and forming a romantic dell for many miles before it reaches the capital town of Haverfordwest in its way to the south. It then becomes navigable, and, widening in its course, meets another branch of the Haven at Llandshipping Ferry, which, fed also by its creative stream, descends from the north-east beneath the groves of Slebatch and Picton Castle. A long winding course succeeds, till a third branch from Loveston in the north-east, and a fourth from the noble ruin of Carew Castle in the south-east, unite beneath VOL. XVI.

the elevated mansion, fine park, and rich woods of Lourenny, and form a second junction with this great body of water beneath their impending shades. Swelling into various bays, and studded with sails, this increased estuary inclines towards the west, being soon afterwards joined by a fifth branch, flowing from the ancient town and majestic bastions of Pembroke Castle. Here the grand basin opens, inclining chiefly to the west, but turning abruptly southward near its mouth, and appearing perfectly land-locked when viewed from within. The ports of Hubberston, Haikin, and Milford, occupy one of the many bays near the centre of this great sheet of water, which undoubtedly constitutes the most spacious harbour in the British Island.

The chief manufactures of this county consist of a cotton-mill, near Haverfordwest, which employs about 150 persons; an iron forge at Blackpool; and some iron and tin works on the Teify. This county sends three members to the imperial parliament, viz. óne for the shire, one for the town of Pembroke, and one for the town of Haverfordwest. Pembroke, the county town, gives the title of earl to the family of Herbert: Haverfordwest the title of baron to the family of Dela-Poer-Beresford and Castle Martin the title of baron to the family of Campbell. PEN, v. a. & n. s. (pret. and part. pass. pent). Sax. pennan and pindan. To incage: a fenced or shut up place. Away with her, and pen her up.

coop; shut

up;

Shakspeare.

Id.

Id.

My heavy son Private in his chamber pens himself. My father stole two geese out of a pen. The plaister alone would pen the humour already contained in the part, and forbid new humour.

Bacon.

The prevention of mischief is prescribed by the Jewish custom; they pen up their daughters, and permit them to be acquainted with none. Harvey. Their armour helped their harm, crushed in and bruised

Into their substance pent.

Milton.

Id.

Whom hunger drives to seek new haunts for prey,
As when a prowling wolf,
Watching where shepherds pen their flocks at eve
In hurdled cotes, amid the field secure,
Leaps o'er the fence with ease into the fold.
The glass, wherein it is penned up, hinders it to
deliver itself by an expansion of its parts. Boyle.
Ah! that your business had been mine,
Το pen the sheep.
Dryden.
She in pens his flocks will fold. Id. Horace.
The cook was ordered to dress capons for supper,
and take the best in the pen.
L'Estrange.

Lat. penna.

Ducks in thy ponds, and chickens in thy pens, And be thy turkeys numerous as thy hens. King. An instrument of writing: to write: the knife used for making penmen, those who write, or

PEN, n. s. & v. a. PEN'-KNIFE, PEN'-MEN. largely use the pen. or mending pens:

I hadde many thingis to write to thee, but I wolde not write to thee bi enke and penne, for I hope soone to see thee. Wielif Jon. iii.

No longer might he in this wise endure,
But prively a penner gan he borwe,
And in a lettre wrote he all his sorwe.

Chaucer. Cant. Tales.
3 B

Milton's Paradise Lost.

A PEN is usually formed of a goose's quill. Pens are also sometimes made of silver, brass, or iron. Dutch pens are made of quills that have passed through hot ashes, to take off the grosser fat and moisture, and render them more transparent.

PEN, or PENSTOCK. See PENSTOCK.

PEN, FOUNTAIN, is a pen made of silver, brass, &c., which has been contrived to contain a considerable quantity of ink, and let it flow out by gentle degrees, so as to supply the writer a long time without being under the necessity of taking fresh ink.

PEN, GEOMETRIC, an instrument in which, by a circular motion, a right line, a circle, an ellipse, and other mathematical figures, may be described. It was first invented and explained by John Baptist 'Suardi, in a work entitled Nouvo Istromenti per la Descrizzione di diverse Curve Antichi e Moderne, &c. Several writers had observed the curves arising from the compound motion of two circles, one moving round the other; but Suardi first realised the principle, and first reduced it to practice. It has been lately introduced with success into the steamengine by Watt and Bolton.

PEN, SEA. See PENNATULA.

PENEA, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and tetrandria class of plants; and in the natural method ranking with those of which the order is doubtful; CAL. diphyllous; cor. campanulated; the style quadrangular; CAPS. tetragonal, quadrilocular, and octospermous.

PENAL, adj. I Fr. penal, from Lat. pæna. PENALTY, n. s. Denouncing, or enacting, or used for, punishment: penalty is the punishment incurred or denounced.

Lend this money, not as to thy friend,

till he had done.

Eternal deities!

Fell.

Milton.

Who, if he break, thou mayest with better face Exact the penalty. Shakspeare. Merchant of Venice. Adamantine chains and penal fires. Many of the ancients denied the Antipodes, and some unto the penalty of contrary affirmations; but the experience of navigations can now assert them beyond all dubitation. Browne.

Political power is a right of making, laws with penalties of death, and consequently all less penalties, for preserving property, and employing the force of the community in the execution of laws. Locke.

Gratitude plants such generosity in the heart of man as shall more effectually incline him to what is brave and becoming than the terror of any penal law. South.

Beneath her footstool science groans in chains, And wit dreads exile, penalties, and pains.

PEN'ANCE, or
PEN'NANCE.

cipline for sin.

Dunciad.

Old Fr. penence. Public S or private infliction or dis

And bitter pennance, with an iron whip, Was wont him once to disciple every day.

Mew her up,

Spenser.

And make her bear the pennance of her tongue. Shakspeare.

No penitentiary, though he had enjoined him never so straight pennance to expiate his first of fence, would have counselled him to have given over the pursuit of his right. Bacon.