Julian Spanheimius gave a fine edition in folio in 1696. His molt famous work was that compofed against the Christians, of which the are fome fragments in Cy

ril's refutation of it.

JULIAN Perind, in chronology, a period fo called, as being adapted to the Julian year.

It is made to commence before the creation of the world. Its principal advantage lies here, that the fame years of the cycles of the fun, moon, and indiction, of which three cycles it was made to confift by Jofeph Scaliger in 1580, belonging to any year of this period, will never fall together again till after the expiration of 7980 years. There is taken for the firft year of this period that which hath the firft of the cycle of the fun, the first of the cycle of the moon, and the first of the indiction cycle, and fo reckoning on.

The first year of the Chriftian era is always, in our fytems of chronology, the 4714th of the Julian period.

To find what year of the Julian period any given year of Chrift answers to: To the given year of Christ add 4713, because fo many years of the Julian period were expired A. D. 1; and the fum gives the year of the Julian period fought.

On the contrary, having the year of the Julian period given, to find what year of Chrift anfwers thereto : From the year of the Julian period given fubtract 4713, and the remainder will be the year fought.

JULIAN (St), a harbour on the fouth of Patagonia, in South America, where ships usually touch that are bound to the fouth feas. S. Lat. 48. 15.

JULIERS, a duchy in the circle of Weftphalia, in Germany, feated between the rivers Maefe and Rhine, and bounded by Pruffian Guelderland on the north, by the electorate of Triers on the fourth, by the elec. torate of Cologne on the caft, and by the Netherlands on the west. It is about 60 miles long, and 30 broad; and is a very plentiful country, abounding in cattle, corn, and fine meadows, and is well fupplied with wood; but it is moft remarkable for a fine breed of horses, and woad for dying, which is gathered here in abundance. The chief towns are Juliers, Aix-laChapelle, Duren, Munster-Eifel, Bedbur, Wetinburgh, and Lasteren. It is fubject to the elector Palatine, with the confent of the kings of Pruffia and Poland.

JULIERS, a city, capital of the duchy of Juliers in Weftphalia; fome think this city was founded by Julius Cæfar or Julia Agrippina; but this is much que. ftioned by others, because it is not mentioned before Antoninus's Itinerary and Theodofius's Tables. The town is fmall but well fortified, and neatly built; the boufes are of brick, and the streets broad and regular. The citadel is large and very ftrong, containing a palace of the ancient dukes, and a fpacious piazza. In the fuburbs there is a monattery of Carthufians, nobly endowed by feveral dukes of Juliers. The town is but poorly inhabited, though they have a fine woollen manufactory in this country, and likewife another of linen. It was taken by prince Maurice of Naffau in 1610, and by the Spaniards in 1622. It is feated on the river Roer, in E. Long. 6. 35. N. Lat. 50. 55. JULIO ROMANƏ. See ROMANO..

2

JULIUS CAESAR. See CÆSAR.

JULIUS II. (Julian de la Rovere), pope, remarkable for his warlike difpofition, and his political negociations: by the latter, he engaged the principal powers of Europe to league with him against the republic of Venice, called the league of Cambray, fignified in 1508. The Venetians having purchafed peace by the ceflion of part of Romania, Julius turned his arms againft Louis XII. king of France, and appeared in perfon, armed cap a-pee, at the fiege of Mirandola; which place he took by affault in 1511. But proceed. ing to excommunicate Louis, the king wifely turned his own weapons againft him, by calling a general council at Pifa: at which the pope refufing to appear, was declared to be fufpended from the holy fee; and Louis, in his turn, excommunicated the pope, who died foon after in 1512. He built the famous church of St Peter at Rome, and was a patron of the polite arts.

JULIUS Vicus (anc. geog.), a town of the Nemetes in Gallia Belgica; fituated between the Tres Tabernae and Noviomagus. Now Germersheim, a town of the Lower Palatinate, on the weft fide of the Rhine. E. Long. 8. 15. Lat. 49. 12.

JULIUS Pollux.

See POLLUX.

ÏULUS, a fon of Afcanius, born in Lavinium. In the fucceffion to the kingdom of Alba, Æneas Sylvius, the fon of Æneas and Lavinia, was preferred to him. He was, however, made chief priest.

IULUS, in zoology; a genus of infects of the order aptera. The feet are very numerous, being on each fide twice as many as the fegments of the body; the antennæ are moniliform; there are two articulated palpi; and the body is of a femicylindrical form. 1. The terreftris is a small species, having on each fide 100 very fhort closely fet feet. The body is cylindrically round, confifting of fifty fegments, each of which gives rife to two pair of feet; by which means the feet ftand two and two by the fide of each other, fo that between every two there is a little more fpace. Its colour is blackish, and the animal is very fmooth. It is met with under ftones, and in the earth. 2. The fabulofus is of an afhen-colour, fmooth, and fometimes has two longitudinal bands of a duncolour upon its back. The body is compofed of about fixty fegments, which appear double; one part of the fegment being quite fmooth, the other charged with longitudinal ftriæ very clofe-fet together, which caufes the cylindric body of the infect to appear interfected alternately with fmooth and ftriated fegments. Each fegment gives rife to two pair of feet, which makes 240, or 120 feet on each fide. These feet are flender, fhort, and white. The antennæ are very short, and confift of five rings. The infect, when touched, rolls itself up into a fpiral; fo that its feet are inwards, but yet turned towards the ground. It is found together with the preceding one, to which it bears a refemblance, though it is much larger. There are 10 › other species.

JULY, the feventh month of the years during which the fun enters the fign Leo. The word is derived from the Latin Julius, the furname of C. Cæfar the dictator, who was born in it. Mark Antony first gave this month the name July, which before was called Quintilius, as being the fifth month of the year in

thesc

Plate

CCLI

July

Juncus.

the Maefe, where they ometimes arrive at the height June of four feet and upwards.

the old Roman kalendar eftablished by Romulus, which began in the month of March. For the fame reafon, Auguft was called Sextilis; and September, October, November, and December, ftill retain the name of their first rank.

Quæ fequitur, numero turba notata fun. OVID. Faft. On the 19th day of this month the dog-days are commonly fuppofed to begin; when, according to Hippocrates and Pliny, the fea boils, wine turns four, dogs go mad, the bile is increafed and irritated, and all animals decline and languish.

Juir-Flovers. See DIANTHUS. JUMIEGE, a town of Normandy in France, and in the territory of Caux, with a celebrated Benedictine abbey. It is feated on the river Seine, in E. Long. 55. N. Lat. 49. 25.

JUNCI LAPIDEI, in natural hiftory, the name given by authors to a fpecies of foffile coral, of the tubularia kind, and compofed of a congeries of small tubules, which are ufully round and ftriated within. See Plate CC.

JUNCTURE, any joint or clofing of two bodies. See JOINT.

JUNCTURE, in cratory, is a part of compofition, particularly recommended by Quintilian, and denotes fuch an attention to the nature of the vowels, confonants, and fyllables, in the connection of words, with regard to their found, as will render the pronunciation moft eafy and pleafant, and best promote the harmony of the fentence. Thus the coalition of two vowels, occafioning an hollow and obfcure found, and like. wife of fome confonants, rendering it harsh and rough, fhould be avoided: nor fhould the fame fyllable be repeated at the beginning and end of words, becaufe the found becomes hereby harsh and unpleasant. The following verfe in Virgil's Æneid is an example of jun&ture.

Arma virumque cano, Troja qui primus ab oris. JUNCUS, the RUSH, in botany: A genus of the monogynia order belonging to the hexandria clafs of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the 5th order, Tripelatoidea. The calyx is hexaphyllous; there is no corolla; the capfule is unilocular. There are many fpecies which are univerfally known, be ing very troublesome weeds, and difficult to be eradicated. The pith of two kinds, called the conglomeratus and effufus, or round-headed and foft ruthes are See Rub- ufed for wicks to lamps and rush-lights*. The congloLights. meratus, and aculus or marine rufh, are planted with great care on the banks of the fea in Holland. in order to prevent the water from washing away the earth; which would otherwise be removed every tide, if it were not for the roots of those rushes, which fasten very deep in the ground, and mat themfelves near the furface in fuch a manner as to hold the earth clofely together. Therefore, whenever the inhabitants perceive that the roots of these rushes are destroyed, they are very affiduous in repairing them. In the fummer time when the ruthes are fully grown, they are cut and tied up in bundles, which are dried, and afterwards carried into the larger towns and cities, where they are wrought into baskets, and feveral other ufeful things, which are frequently fent into England These forts do not grow fo itrong in this country as on

N° 170.

A fpecies of rush termed juncus odoratus, "fweet Juniperus rush, or camel's hay," is fometimes brought to us from Turkey and Arabia, tied up in bundles about a foot long. The ftalk, in fhape and colour, fomewhat refembles a barley-ftraw; it is full of fungous pith like that of our common rushes: the leaves are like thofe of wheat, and furround the ftalk with feveral coats, as in the reed. The flowers are of a carnation colour, ftriped with a lighter purple. The whole plant, when in perfection, has a hot, bitterifh, not unpleafant, aromatic tafte, and a very fragrant fmell: by long keeping it lofes greatly its aromatic fla vour. Diftilled with water, it yields a confiderable quantity of an effential oil. It was formerly often ufed in medicine as an aromatic, and in obftructions of the vifcera, &c. but is very little employed at prefent.

JUNE, the fixth month of the year, during which the fun enters the fign of Cancer. The word comes from the Latin Junius, which fome derive à Junone. Ovid, in the 6th of his Fafli, makes the goddels fay,

Junius à noftro nomine nomen habet. Others rather derive it à junioribus, this being for young people as the month of May was for old ones.

Junius eft juvenum; qui fuit antè fenum. In this mouth is the fummer folftice.

JUNGERMANNIA, in botany: A genus of the natural order of alge, belonging to the cryptogamia clafs of plants. The male flower is pedunculated, and naked; the anthera quadrivalved: the female flower is feffile, naked, with roundish feeds. There are 29 fpecies, all natives of Britain, growing in woods, fhady places, by the fides of ditches, &c. Many of them are beautiful objects for the microscope.

JUNGIA, in botany: A genus of the polygamia fegregatæ order, belonging to the fyngenelia clafs of plants; the common receptacle is chaffy; the perianthium three-flowered; the florets tubular, two-lipped; the exterior lip ligulate; the interior one bipartite.

JUNIPERUS, the JUNIPER TREE: A genus of the monodelphia order, belonging to the monocia class of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the 51ft order, Conifere. The male amentum is a calyx of fcales; there is no corolla; three ftamina: the female calyx tripartite; there are three petals; and as many ftyles; the berry is trifpermous, and equal by means of three tubercles of the indurated calyx adhering to it.

Species. 1. The communis, or common juniper, grows naturally in many parts of Britain upon dry barren commons, where it feldom rifes above the height of a low fhrub. Mr Evelyn affures us, that "the juniper, though naturally of the growth of England, is very little known in many parts of the country: for it grows naturally only in dry, chalky, or fandy land; and, where the foil is oppofite to this, the plant is rarely found. Those who have been used to fee it in its wild state, on fandy barren commons, &c. will have little inducement to plant it; as there they will fee-it procumbent, feldom fhowing a tendency to afpire: but when planted in a good foil, it will rife to the height of 15 or 16 feet, and produce numerous branches from

the

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