James. cember 13. 1542, in the 35th year of his age. This was the first prince of his family who died a natural death, fince its elevation to the throne. He died, however, of a broken heart, occafioned by differences with his barons. He was formed by nature to be the ornament of a throne and a bleffing to his people; but his excellent endowments were rendered in a great measure ineffectual by an improper education. Like most of his predeceffors, he was born with a vigorous, graceful perfon, which, in the early part of his reign, was improved by all the manly exercifes then in ufe. This prince was the author of a humourous compofition in poetry, which goes by the name of the Gaber

lunzie Man.

JAMES VI. king of Scotland in 1567, and of England in 1603, was fon of Mary queen of Scots; whom he fucceeded in Scotland, as he did Elizabeth in England. Strongly attached to the Proteftant religion, he fignalized himself in its fupport; which gave rife to the horrid confpiracy of the Papifts to deftroy him and all the English nobility by the Gunpowder Plot, dif covered November 5. 1605. The following year, a political teft of loyalty was required, which fecured the king's perfon, by clearing the kingdom of those difaffected Roman-Catholic fubjects who would not fubmit to it. The chief glory of this king's reign confifted in the establishment of new colonies, and the introduction of fome manufactures. The nation enjoy. ed peace, and commerce flourished during his reign. Yet his adminiftration was defpifed both at home and abroad: for, being the head of the Proteftant caufe in Europe, he did not fupport it in that great crifis, the war of Bohemia; abandoning his fon-in-law the elector Palatine; negotiating when he fhould have fought, deceived at the fame time by the courts of Vienna and Madrid; continually fending illuftrious ambassadors to foreign powers, but never making a fingle ally. He valued himself much upon his polemical writings; and fo fond was he of theological difputations, that to keep them alive, he founded, for this exprefs purpose, Chelfea-college; which was converted to a much better ufe by Charles II. His Bafilicon Doron, Commentary on the Revelation, writings againft Bellarmine, and his Demonologia, or doctrine of witchcraft, are fufficiently known. There is a collection of his writings and fpeeches in one folio volume. Several other pieces of his are extant; fome of them in the Caballa, others in manufcript in the British Museum, and others in Howard's collection. He died in 1625, in the 59th year of his age, and 23d of his reign.

JAMES II. king of England, Scotland, &c. 1685, grandfon of James I. fucceeded his brother Char. II. It is remarkable, that this prince wanted neither courage nor political abilities whilft he was duke of York; on the contrary, he was eminent for both but when he afcended the throne, he was no longer the fame man. A bigot from his infancy to the Romish religion and to its hierarchy, he facrificed every thing to eftablish them, in direct contradiction to the experience he had acquired, during the long reign of his brother, of the genius and character of the people he was to govern. Guided by the Jefuit Peters his confeffor, and the infamous chancellor Jeffries, he violated every law enacted for the fecurity of the Proteftant religion; and then, unable to face the refentment of his

injured fubjects, he fled like a coward, inftead of dif James. arming their rage by a difmiffion of his Popish minifters and pricfts. He rather chose to live and die a bigot, or, as he believed, a faint, than to fupport the dignity of his ancestors, or perish beneath the ruins of his throne. The confequence was the revolution in 1689. James II. died in France in 1710, aged 68. He wrote Memoirs of his own life and campaigns to the reftoration; the original of which is preferved in the Scotch college at Paris. This piece is printed at the end of Ramfay's life of Marshal Turenne. 2. Memoirs of the English affairs, chiefly naval, from the year 1660 to 1673. 3. The royal fufferer, king James II. confifting of meditations, foliloquies, vowe, &c. faid to be compofed by his majesty at St Germains. 4. Three letters; which were published by William Fuller, gent. in 1702, with other papers relating to the court of St Germains, and are faid in the title-page to be printed by command.

JAMES (Thomas), a learned English critic and divine, born about the year 1571. He recommended himfelf to the office of keeper of the public library at Oxford, by the arduous undertaking of publishing a catalogue of the MSS in each college library at both universities. He was elected to this office in 1602, and held it 18 years, when he refigned it to profecute his ftudies with more freedom. In the convocation held with the parliament at Oxford in 1625, of which he was a member, he moved to have proper commiffioners appointed to collate the MSS of the fathers in all the libraries in England, with the Popish editions, in order to detect the forgeries in the latter; but this propofal not meeting with the defired encouragement, he engaged in the laborious task himself, which he continued until his death in 1629. He left behind him a great number of learned works.

JAMES (Richard), nephew of the former, entered into orders in 1615: but, being a man of humour, of three fermons preached before the univerfity, one concerning the obfervation of Lent was without a text, according to the most ancient manner; another against the text; and the third befide it. About the year 1619, he travelled through Wales, Scotland, Shetland, into Greenland and Ruffia, of which he wrote obfervations. He affifted Selden in compofing his Marmora Arundeliana; and was very ferviceable to Sir Robert Cotton, and his fon Sir Thomas, in dif pofing and fettling their noble library. He died in 1638; and has an extraordinary character given him by Wood for learning and abilities.

JAMES (Dr Robert), an English phyfician of great eminence, and particularly diftinguifhed by the prepa ration of a moft excellent fever-powder, was born at Kinverfton in Staffordshire, A. D. 1703: his father a major in the army, his mother a fifter of Sir Robert Clarke. He was of St John's-college in Oxford, where he took the degree of A. B. and afterwards practifed phyfic at Sheffield, Lichfield, and Birming ham fucceffively. Then he removed to London, and became a licentiate in the college of phyficians; but in what years we cannot fay. At London he applied himfelf to writing as well as practifing phyfic; and in 1743, published a Medicinal Dictionary, 3 vols folio. Soon after he published an English translation, with a Supplement by himself, of Ramazzini de morbis artifiH 2

cum;

Powder.

Janies's cum; to which he alfo prefixed a piece of Frederic Hoffman upon Endemial Distempers, 8vo. In 1746, The Practice of Phyfic, 2 vols 8vo; in 1760, On Canine Madness, 8vo; in 1764, A Dispensatory, 8vo. June 25. 1755, when the king was at Cambridge, James was admitted by mandamus to the doctorship of phyfic. In 1778, were publifhed, A Differtation upon Fevers, and A Vindication of the Fever-Powder, 8vo; with A fhort Treatife on the Disorders of Children, and a very good print of Dr James. This was the 8th edition of the Differtation, of which the firft was printed in 1751; and the purpose of it was, to fet forth the fuccefs of this powder, as well as to defcribe more particularly the manner of adminiftering it. The Vindication was pofthumous and unfinished: for he died March 23. 1776, while he was employed upon it. Dr James was married, and left feveral fons and daughters.

JAMES'S Powder, a medicine prepared by the late Dr Robert James, of which the bafis has been long known to chemists, though the particular receipt for making it lay concealed in Chancery till made public by Dr Monro in his Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry †. The following (Dr Monro informs us) is a copy of the receipt, extracted from the Records of Chancery; the inventor, when he took out a patent for felling his powder, having fworn, in the mott folemn manner, that it was the true and genuine receipt for preparing it: Take antimony, calcine it with a continued protracted heat, in a flat, unglazed, earthen veffel, add ing to it from time to time a fufficient quantity of any animal oil and falt, well dephlegmated; then boil it in melted nitre for a confiderable time, and feparate the powder from the nitre, by diffolving it in water.'

This extract Dr Monro accompanies with the fol"When the Doctor first admilowing obfervations. niftered his powder, he used to join one grain of the following mercurial preparation to thirty grains of his antimonial powder; but in the latter part of his life he often declared that he had long laid afide the addition of the mercurial. His mercurial, which he called a pill, appears by the records of chancery to have been made in the following manner: Purify quickfilver, by diftilling it nine times from an amalgam, made with martial regulus of antimony, and a proportional quantity of fal ammoniac; diffolve this purified quickfilver in fpirit of nitre, evaporate to drynefs, calcine the powder till it becomes of a gold colour; burn fpirits of wine upon it, and keep it for ufe.' Dr James, at the end of the receipt given into chancery, fays, The dose of these medicines is uncertain; but in general thirty grains of the antimonial and one grain of the mercurial is a moderate dofe. Signed and fworn to, by Robert James.'

"I have frequently directed this powder to be given, and have often feen Dr James himself as well as other practitioners administer it, in fevers and in other complaints. Like other active preparations of antimony, it fometimes operates with great violence, even when given in small dofes; at other times a large dofe produces very little vifible effects. I have feen three grains operate briskly, both upwards and downwards; and I was once called to a patient to whom Dr James had himself given five grains of it, and it purged and

"Where patients are strong, and a free evacuation is wanted, this is a useful remedy; and it may be given. in fmall repeated dofes as an alterative in many cases; but where patients are weakly and in low fevers, it of ten acts with too great violence; and I have myself feen inftances, and have heard of others from other practitioners, where patients have been hurried to their graves by the use of this powder in a very short time.

"It has been called Dr James's Fever Powder; and many have believed it to be a certain remedy for fevers, and that Dr James had cured most of the patients whom he attended, and who recovered, by the use of this powder. But the bark, and not the antimonial powder, was the remedy which Dr James almoft always trufted to for the cure of fevers: he gave his powders only to clear the ftomach and bowels; and after he had effected that, he poured in the bark as freely as the patient could fwallow it. The Doctor believed all fevers to be more or lefs of the intermitting kind; and that if there was a poffibility of curing a fever, the bark was the remedy to effectuate the cure; for if the fever did not yield to that, he was fure that it woull yield to no other remedy whatever, as he has more than once declared to me when I have attended patients in fevers along with him.”

JAMES Town, a borough and fair-town of Ireland, in the county of Leitrim, and province of Connaught;. fituated 5 miles north-west of Carrick, on Shannon, and 73 north-weft of Dublin, in north lat. 53. 44. west. long. 8. 15. It has a barrack for a company of foot,. and returns two members to parliament; patronage in the family of King.-It has three fairs.

St JAMES Day, a feftival of the Chriftian church,. obferved on the 25th of July, in honour of St James the greater, fon of Zebedee.

Epiftle of St FAMES, a canonical book of the New Teftament, being the firft of the catholic or general^ epiftles; which are fo called, as not being written toone but to feveral Chriftian churches.

This general epiftle is addreffed partly to the believing and partly to the infidel Jews; and is defigned to correct the errors, foften the ungoverned zeal, and reform the indecent behaviour of the latter; and to comfort the former under the great hardships they then did, or fhortly were to fuffer, for the fake of Chrif tianity.

JAMESONE (George), an excellent painter, juftly termed the Vandyck of Scotland, was the son of Andrew Jamefone, an architect; and was born at Aberdeen, in 1586. He ftudied under Rubens, at Antwerp; and, after his return, applied with indefatigable industry to portraits in oil, though he fometimes practifed in miniature, and alfo in hiftory and landfcapes. His largest portraits were fomewhat less than life. His carliest works are chiefly on board, afterwards on a fine linen cloth smoothly primed with a

proper

Jameione.

Jamyn, proper tone to help the harmony of his fhadows. His Jane excellence is faid to confit in delicacy and foftnefs, with a clear and beautiful colouring; his fhades not charged, but helped by varnish, with little appearance of the pencil. When king Charles I. vifited Scotland in 1633, the magiftrates of Edinburgh, knowing his majefty's tafte, employed this artift to make drawings of the Scottish monarchs; with which the king was fo pleafed, that, inquiring for the painter, he fat to him, and rewarded him with a diamond-ring from his own finger. It is obfervable, that Jamefone always drew himfelf with his hat on, either in imitation of his mafter Rubens, or on having been indulged in that liberty by the king when he fat to him. Many of Jamefone's works are in both the colleges of Aberdeen; and the Sybils there he is faid to have drawn from living beauties in that city. His beft works are from the year 1630 to his death, which happened at Edinburgh in 1644.

JAMYN (Amadis), a celebrated French poet in the 16th century. He is efteemed the rival of Ronfard, who was his cotemporary and friend. He was fecretary and chamber-reader in ordinary to Char. IX. and died about 1585. He wrote, 1. Poetical works, 2 vols. 2. Philofophical difcourfes to Paficharis and Rodanthe, with feven academical difcourfes. 3. A tranflation of the Iliad of Homer, begun by Hugh Sabel, and finished by Jamyn; with a tranflation into French verfe of the three first books of the Odyffey. JANE of FLANDERS, a remarkable lady, who feems to have poffeffed in her own perfon all the excellent qualities of both fexes, was the wife of John de Mountfort, a competitor for the dukedom of Brittany upon the death of John III. This duke, dying without iffue, left his dominions to his niece Jane, married to Charles de Blois nephew to the king of France; but John de Mountfrt, brother to the late duke though by a fecond marriage, claimed the duchy, and was received as fucceffor by the people of Nantes. The greatest part of the nobility fwore fealty to Charles de Blois, thinking him beft fupported. This dispute occafioned a civil war; in the course of which John was taken prifoner, and fent to Paris. This misfortune would have entire ly ruined his party, had not his intereft been fupported by the extraordinary abilities of his wife, Jane of Flanders. Bold, daring, and intrepid, fhe fought like a warrior in the field; fhrewd, fenfible, and fagacious, fhe spoke like a politician in the council; and endowed with the moft amiable manners, and winning addrefs, she was able to move the minds of her fubjects by the force of her eloquence, and mould them exactly according to her pleasure. She happened to be at Rennes when the received the news of her husband's captivity; but that difafter, inftead of depreffing her fpirits, ferved only to roufe her native courage and fortitude. She forthwith affembled the citizens; and, holding in her, arms her infant fon, recommended him to their care and protection in the most pathetic terms, as the male heir of their ancient dukes, who had always governed them with lenity and indulgence, and to whom they had ever profeffed the moft zealous attachment. She declared herself willing to run all hazards with them in fo just a caufe; pointed out the refources that ftill remained in the alliance of England; earnestly befeeching them to make one vigorous effort against an ufur

per, who being forced upon them by the intrigues of Jane France, would, as a mark of his gratitude, facrifice the liberties of Brittany to his protector. The people, Janizares. moved by the affecting appearance, and animated by the noble conduct of the princefs, vowed to live and die with her in defending the rights of her family; and their example was followed by almoft all the Bretons. The conntels went from place to place, encouraging the garrifons of the feveral fortreffes, and providing them with every thing neceffary for their fubfiftence: after which the fhut herself up with her fon in Hennebon, where she resolved to wait for the fuccours which the king of England (Edward III.) had promised to fend to her affittance. Charles de Blois, accompanied by the Dukes of Burgundy and Bourbon, and many other noblemen, took the field with a numerous army, and having reduced Rennes, laid fiege to Hennebon, which was defended by the countefs in perfon. This heroine repulfed the affailants in all their attacks with the most undaunted courage, and obferving one day that their whole army had left the camp to join in a general ftorm, fhe rushed forth at a pottern-gate, with three hundred horfe, fet fire to their tents and baggage, killed their futlers and fervants, and raised such a terror and confternation through all their quarters, that the enemy gave over their affault, and getting betwixt her and the walls, endeavoured to cut off her retreat tothe city. Thus intercepted, the put the fpurs to her horfe, and, without halting, galloped directly to Breft, which lay at the distance of two and twenty miles from the scene of action. There being fupplied with a body of five hundred horfe, fhe immediately returned, and fighting her way through one part of the French camp, was received into Hennebon, amidst the acclamations of the people. Soon after this the English fuccours appeared, and obliged the enemy to raife the fiege.

JANEIRO, a province of Brafil in South America, feated between the tropic of Capricorn and 22° of S. Lat. It is bounded on the north by the province of Spirito Sancto, on the caft and fouth by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the weft by the mountains which feparate it from Guiara, in Spanish America. This is the most valuable province which the Portuguese are mafters of; for they import from thence yearly great quantities of gold and precious ftones, which they find in the mountains, to a prodigious value.

JANICULUM, or JANICULARIS, a hill of ancient Rome, added by Ancus Martius; the burial place of Numa, and of Statius Cæcilius the poet : to the east and fouth, having the Tiber; to the weft, the fields; to the north, a part of the Vatican. So called, either from an ancient city, (Virgil); or because it was a janua, or gate, from which to iffue out and make incurfions on the Tufcans, (Verrius Flaccus.) Now called Mons Aureus corruptly Montorius, from its fparkling fands. From this hill, on account of its height, is the moft. extenfive profpect of Rome: but it is lefs inhabited, becaufe of its grofs air; neither is it reckoned among the feven hills. Hither the people retired, and were hence afterwards recalled by Q, Hortenfius the dictator, (Pliny.)

JANIZARIES, an order of infantry in the Turkish armies; reputed the grand feignior's foot-guards... Voffius derives the word from genizers, which in the

Turkish

Janizarica, Turkish language fignifies novi homines or milites. D' Herbelot tells us, that jenitcheri fignifies a new band, or troop; and that the name was first given by Amurath I called the Conqueror, who choofing on one fifth part of the Chriftian prifoners whom he had taken from the Greeks, and inftructing them in the difcipline of war and the doctrines of their religion, sent them to Hagi Bektasche (a perfon whofe pretended piety rendered him extremely revered among the Turks), to the end that he might confer his bleffing on them, and at the fame time give them fome mark to diftinguish them from the rest of the troops.-Bektafche, after bleffing them in his manner, cut off one of the fleeves of the fur-gown which he had on, and put it on the head of the leader of this new militia; from which time, viz. the year of Chrift 1361, they have ftill retained the name jenitcheri, and the fur-cap.

As, in the Turkish army, the European troops are distinguished from those of Afia; the janizaries are also distinguished into janizaries of Conftantinople, and of Damafcus. Their pay is from two afpers to twelve per diem; for when they have a child, or do any fig. nal piece of fervice, their pay is augmented. Their drefs confifts of a dolyman, or long gown, with fhort fleeves, which is given them annually by the grand feignior on the first day of Ramazan. They wear no turbeau; but, in lieu of that, a kind of cap, which they call zarcola, and a long hood of the fame ftuff hanging on their shoulders. Ön folemn days they are adorned with feathers, which are stuck in a little cafe on the fore-part of the bonnet.-Their arms, in Europe, in time of war, are a sabre, a carabine or mufket, and a cartouch box hanging on the left fide. At Conftantinople, in time of peace, they wear only a long ftaff in their hand. In Afia, where powder and fire. arms are more uncommon, they wear a bow and arrows, with a poingard, which they call haniare. Though the janizaries are not prohibited marriage, yet they rarely marry, nor then but with the confent of their officers; as imagining a married man to make a worse foldier than a bachelor.-It was Ofman, or Ottoman, or, as others will have it, Amurath, who firft inftituted the order of janizaries. They were at firft called jaja, that is, footmen, to diftinguish them from the other Turks, the troops whereof confifted moftly of cavalry. The number of janizaries is gene rally above 40,000; divided into 162 companies or chambers called odas, in which they live together at Conftantinople as in a convent. They are of a fuperior rank to all other foldiers, and are alfo more arrogant and factious, and it is by them that the public tranquillity is moftly difturbed. The government may therefore be faid to be in the hands of the janizaries. They have, however, fome good qualities: they are employed to efcort travellers, and especially ambaffadors and perfons of high rank, on the road; in which cafe, they behave with the utmoft zeal and fidelity.

JANIZARIES, at Rome, are officers or penfioners of the pope, called alfo participantes, on account of certain rites or duties which they enjoy in the annates, bulls, or expeditions, and the Roman chancery.-Moft authors are mistaken in the nature of their office : the truth is, they are officers of the third bench or college of the Roman chancery. The firft bench confifts of writers, the second of abbreviators, and the

third of janizaries; who are a kind of correctors and Janfer, revifors of the pope's bulls. Janfenifts.

JANSEN (Cornelius), bishop of Ypres, one of the most learned divines of the 17th century, and principal of the fect called from his name Janfenifts. He was born in Holland of Catholic parents, and ftudied at Louvain. Being fent to tranfact fome bufinefs of confequence relating to the univerfity, into Spain, the Catholic king, viewing with a jealous eye the intriguing policy of France, engaged him to write a book to expofe the French to the pope as no good Catholics, fince they made no fcruple of forming alliances with Proteftant ftates. Jansen performed this task in his Mars Gallicus; and was rewarded with a mitre, being promoted to the fee of Ypres in 1635. He had, among other writings, before this, maintained a controversy against the Proteftants upon the points of grace and predeftination; but his Auguftinus was the principal labour of his life, on which he spent above 20 years. See the next article.

JANSENISTS, in church-history, a fect of the Roman Catholics in France, who followed the opinions of Janfenius, bishop of Ypres, and doctor of divinity of the universities of Louvain and Douay, in relation to grace and predeftination.

In the year 1640, the two universities just mentioned, and particularly father Molina and father Leonard Celius, thought fit to condemn the opinions of the Je fuits on grace and free-will. This having fet the controverfy on foot, Janfenius oppofed to the doctrine of the Jefuits the fentiments of St Auguftine; and wrote a treatife on grace, which he intitled Auguftinus. This treatife was attacked by the Jefuits, who accufed Janfenius of maintaining dangerous and heretical opinions; and afterwards, in 1642, obtained of pope Urban VIII. a formal condemnation of the treatise wrote

by Janfenius: when the partifans of Janfenius gave out that this bull was fpurious, and compofed by a perfon entirely devoted to the Jefuits. After the death of Urban VIII. the affair of Janfenism began to be more warmly controverted, and gave birth to an infinite number of polemical writings concerning grace. And what occafioned fome mirth, was the titles which each party gave to their writings: one writer published The torch of St Augufline, another found Snuffers for St Augufline's torch, and father Veron formed gag for the Fanfenifts, &c. In the year 1650, 68 bishops of France fubfcribed a letter to pope Innocent X to obtain an inquiry into and condemnation of the five following propofitions, extracted from Janfenius's Auguftinus: 1. Some of God's commandments are impoffible to be obferved by the righteous, even though they endeavour with all their power to accomplish them. 2. In the ftate of corrupted nature, we are incapable of refifting inward grace. 3. Merit and demerit, in a state of corrupted nature, does not depend on a liberty which excludes neceffity, but on a liberty which excludes conftraint. 4. The Semipelagians admitted the neceflity of an inward preventing grace for the performance of each particular act, even for the beginning of faith; but they were heretics in maintaining that this grace was of fuch a nature, that the will of man was able either to refift or obey it. It is Semipelagianifm to fay, that Jefus Chrift died, or shed his blood, for all mankind in general.

In

In the year 1652, the pope appointed a congregation for examining into the difpute in relation to grace. In this congregation Janfenius was condemned; and the bull of condemnation, published in May 1653, filled all the pulpits in Paris with violent outcries and alarms against the herefy of the Janfenifts. In the year 1656, pope Alexander VII. iffued out another bull, in which he condemned the five propofitions of Janfenius. However, the Janfenifts affirm, that these propofitions are not to be found in this book; but that fome of his enemies having caufed them to be printed on a fheet, inferted them in the book, and thereby deceived the pope. At laft Clement XI. put an end to the difpute by his conftitution of July 17. 1705; in which, after having recited the conftitutions of his predeceffors in relation to this affair, he declares, "That in order to pay a proper obedience to the papal conftitutions concerning the prefent queftion, it is necessary to receive them with a respectful filence." The clergy of Paris, the fame year, approved and accepted this bull, and none dared to oppofe it.

This is the famous bull Unigenitus, fo called from its beginning with the words Unigenitus Dei Filius, &c. which has occafioned fo much confufion in France.

JANSSENS(Abraham), history-painter, was born at Antwerp in 1569. He was cotemporary with Rubens, and alfo his competitor, and in many of the finest parts of the art was accounted not inferior to that celebrated It is reported, that having wafted his time and his fubftance by a life of diffipation and pleasure, and falling into neceffitous circumftances, which he imputed more to ill fortune than to his own neglect of his business, he grew envious at the grandeur in which Rubens appeared, and impatient at his merit and fuccefs; and with peevish infolence challenged him to paint a picture with him only for fame, which he was willing to fubmit to impartial judges. But Rubens rejected the propofal, answering with modefty, that he freely fubmitted to him, and the world would certainly do juftice to them both.

Sandrart, who had feen feveral of his works, affures us, that he not only gave a fine roundness and relief to his figures, but also fuch a warmth and clearness to the carnations, that they had all the look of real flesh; and his colouring was as durable as it was beautiful, retaining its original luftre for a number of years. His moft capital performance is said to be a refurrection of Lazarus, which is in the cabinet of the elector Palatine, and is an object of admiration to all who behold it.

JANSSENS (Victor Honorius), hiftory-painter, was born at Bruffels in 1664, and was a difciple of one Volders, under whofe direction he continued for feven years; in which time he gave many proofs of a genius far fuperior to thofe who were inftructed in the fame school. He afterwards went to Rome, where he attended particularly to the works of Raphael; he defigned after the antiques, and sketched the beautiful scenes around that city; and in a fhort time his paintings rofe in efteem, and the principal nobility of Rome were defirous to employ him. He affociated with Tempefta, the celebrated landfcape painter, for feveral years, and painted the figures in the works of that great mafter as long as they refided together.

Janffens compofed hiftorical fubje&s, both in a fmall Janfiens, and a large fize; but he found the demand for his Januarius. fmall pictures fo confiderable, that he was induced to paint moft frequently in that fize. During 11 years he continued at Rome, which barely fufficed for his finishing thofe pictures for which he was engaged; nor could he have been even then at his liberty, had he not limited himself to a number, and determined not to undertake more.-Returning to Bruffels, his performances were as much admired there as they had before been in Italy; but having married, and gradually become the father of II children, he was compelled to change his manner of painting in small, and to undertake only thofe of the large kind, as being more lucrative, more expeditious, and alfo more agreeable to his genius and inclination. He adorned most of the churches and palaces of his own country with his compofitions. -The invention of this artift was fruitful; he defigned correctly, his colouring is natural and pleafing, his pencil free, and the airs of his heads have beauty and elegance. As to the difference between his large and fmall paintings, it is observed, that in correctness and tafte they had an equal degree of merit; but the colouring of the former appears more raw and cold than the colouring of the latter; and it is agreed, that for fmall hiftorical pictures, he was preferable to all the painters of his time.

JANSSEN (Cornelius), called Johnson, an eminent painter of portraits, was born at Amfterdam (though in the Chronological tables, and in Sandrart, it is improperly afferted, that he was born in London), and he refided in England for feveral years; where he was engaged in the fervice of king James I. and painted feveral excellent portraits of that monarch, as alfo of his children and of the principal nobility of his court. He had not the freedom of hand, nor the grace of Vandyck; but in other refpects he was accounted his equal, and in the finishing his pictures fuperior. His paintings are easily distinguished by their smooth, clear, and delicate tints, and by that character of truth and nature with which they are ftrongly marked. He generally painted on board; and, for the most part, his draperies are black; probably because the oppofition of that tint made his flesh colours appear more beautifully bright, especially in his female figures. It is faid that he ufed a quantity of ultra marine in the black colours, as well as in his carnations; which may be one great caufe of their preferving their original luftre even to this day. Frequently he painted in a small fize in oil, and often copied his own works in that manner. His fame began to be somewhat obfcured, on the arrival of Vandyck in England; and the civil war breaking out some time after, induced him to return to his own country, where his paintings were in the higheft efteem. He died in 1685.

ST JANUARIUS, the patron-faint of Naples, where his head is occafionally carried in proceffion, in order to ftay the eruption of Vefuvius. The liquefaction of his blood is a famous miracle at Naples. The faint fuffered martyrdom about the end of the third century. When he was beheaded, a pious lady of Naples caught about an ounce of his blood, which has been carefully preferved in a bottle ever fince, without having loft a fingle grain of its weight. This of itself, were it equally demonftrable, might be con

fidered