the distance of low-water mark from the cliff-there is now a deposit of firm, hard sand, 21⁄2 ft. above the present low-water mark, 64 ft. further on. The accumulation in this instance, between October, 1898, and April, 1899, was calculated at 2 846 tons per 100 ft. of coast line. Attention is here called to the form of the stepped esplanade wall, Fig. 3, designed by the late Mr. Edward Case and his successors, Messrs. Case and Gray, This wall is light and inexpensive, and is peculiarly well adapted for use in conjunction with the Case system of groyning.

At Sheringham and Beeston, also on the Norfolk Coast, are to be found instructive examples of the treatment of three foreshores, lying side by side, two of them having been treated successfully by the Case system, while the third is at present in a neglected and unsatisfactory condition. The foreshore to the west is the property of a private gentleman (Mr. Upcher); then comes the town foreshore, in the middle; and then the Beeston foreshore, to the east. Mr. Upcher's and the Beeston shores have been and are protected by accumulations brought up by the Case groynes, but the town foreshore is unprotected, and the sea is continually encroaching all along the new sea-wall.

In July, 1900, there was a depth of 6 ft. of water at ordinary spring tides opposite the Crown Hotel. Careful observations and measurements show that in a period of 10 months Mr. Upcher's foreshore had accumulated 1 050 tons per 100 ft. of frontage, and that of Beeston had, in the same time and over the same frontage, gained to the extent of 1 149 tons. All this time the unprotected portion had gone on wasting away at the rate of about 380 tons per 100 ft. of frontage. It

is also shown that high-water mark has been driven back at Mr. Upcher's and at the Beeston shores, and has as steadily gained on the land opposite the town.

At Cromer, also on the Norfolk Coast (see Figs. 1 and 2, Plate XXIX), remarkable results have followed the application of the system.

Fig. 1, Plate XXIX shows an extensive swale at Cromer on October 29th, 1897; and Fig. 2, Plate XXIX, is a view of the same place taken two months later, showing the obliteration of the swale as a result of the action of groynes.

The deep scour on the lee side of high timber groynes at Cromer and at Overstrand is shown in Figs. 1 and 2, Plate XXX.

It is a strange and regrettable fact that there are still to be found those who persist in upholding and applying worn-out or obsolete systems, long after the superiority of newly discovered methods has been incontestably demonstrated. Even among engineers in the old country there yet exists a tinge of sentiment in which the unreasoning "follow-my-leader" spirit predominates. Oblivious of the fact that the one great aim of their profession is to utilize and guide the forces of Nature to the greatest advantage for the good of mankind, they, with a truly pathetic reverence for the antiquated, continue to work on lines altogether unsuited to modern requirements.

Becoming stereotyped in their ideas, they are prevented from using freely their intelligence, and marching with the times. Their admiration for some old name or some old school blunts and fossilizes their senses to such an extent that they become incapable of learning. Fortunately, such specimens are rare; and their attempt to stand still in a world of advancement can only lead to their being trampled under the feet of the thousands in search of progress and improvement.

With stick-in-the-mud principles we should have no sympathy, and nothing in common. When the superiority of a repeating rifle over a flint-lock, as a weapon of destruction, has been proved, we no longer go to war armed with the latter weapon; nor do we clamor for the rough-and-ready surgery of the Dark Ages when we know we have better science and appliances at hand. Every scientific manipulation of matter which brings increased efficiency at less cost should meet with attention and support; every step in the right direction should be hailed with delight.

It was pointed out in the writer's paper before the Institution of