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MASTER, MATE, AND PILOT OF STEAM PILOT, FISHING, PORTO RICAN, AND HAWAIIAN VESSELS.

33. Any applicant for original license to act as master of steam pilot boats, or of steamers navigating the waters of the whaling grounds in the Alaskan seas, or of steamers engaged exclusively in the business of whale fishing, or of steamers engaged in the Atlantic, Pacific, or Gulf coast fisheries, or of steam or sail vessels navigating between ports of the Hawaiian Islands, or between ports of the island of Porto Rico, shall have had at least three years' experience in the deck department of such steamers, which fact shall be verified by documentary evidence; and such applicant shall only be subjected to such examination as shall satisfy the inspectors that the applicant is capable of navigating such vessels: It is provided, That any person who has had at least five years' experience on sail vessels licensed in the fisheries of the United States, two years of which have been as master or mate of such sailing vessels, may be examined for license as master or mate of steam fishing vessels to be employed and exclusively in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coast fisheries. The license issued under this section shall state in the body thereof "for coastwise only," Pacific or Atlantic coast, as the case may be, and between what ports on either of said coasts.

It is further provided, That any applicant for original license who has had three years' experience in the deck department on steam pilot boats, or who has had two years' experience in the deck department on steam pilot boats and one year's experience on sail pilot boats, shall be eligible for examination for license as mate of steam pilot boats.

It is further provided, That said master's or mate's license may be indorsed as pilot on such inland waters on the abovenamed coasts as the local inspectors at the various ports may find the holder qualified to act on as pilot, after examination by the local inspectors, such examination to be in writing and preserved in the files of the inspectors' office. (Secs. 4439, 4440, 4442, R. S.)

PUGSLEY'S TIDES

PRICE $2.00

AN EXAMINATION SPECIALTY

Prepared expressly for those wishing to be examined for a United States Local Inspectors License

as master of ocean steamers.

The only work ever published containing a proper collection of examples worked out and explained in detail.

For Sale by All Dealers, or Will Be Mailed Post Paid to Any Address Upon Receipt of Two Dollars, by

R. M. PUGSLEY

17 SOUTH STREET

NEW YORK

Capt. R. M. Pugsley's

Transparent Storm Cards

Price, $1.00

BOTH HEMISPHERES

FOR SALE BY ALL DEALERS

This instrument is transparent and represents the
rotary storm

Instructions for the Use of

CAPT. R. M. PUGSLEY'S STORM CARDS

Having acquired a general knowledge of the subject from the accompanying matter, from Bowditch, place the center of the Storm Card for the proper hemisphere on the storm track, so that it will correspond with the magnetic compass. Then locate the ship on the card, and follow the directions given.

Sent to any address on receipt of price, by

CAPT. R. M. PUGSLEY

17 South Street

New York City

Examples:

NORTHERN HEMISPHERE.-Storm track N. E. and the wind S. E. Then the ship is on the storm track and the STORM CARD gives the following directions:

If the wind changes to the southward, heave to on the starboard tack. If the wind changes to the eastward, run N. N. W. or heave to on the port tack.

SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.-Storm track S. E. and the wind N. E. Then the ship is on the storm track and the STORM CARD gives the following directions:

If the wind changes to the northward, heave to_on_the_port tack. If the wind changes to the eastward, run S. S. W. or heave to on the starboard tack.

If in either case the wind does not change, run on the course indicated on the proper card.

WINDS.

The term Variabie has been defined in its general sense, or as compared to the terms Constant and Periodical. But, in Navigation, it is used in a special sense, that is, in designating_and recording certain winds in the columns of the Log-Book. It is often misapplied, by seamen, to denote an unsteady wind, which, during the period of observation, may have veered and hauled through several points. In such cases the direction of the wind should be averaged to the nearest whole point. The term Variable should not only be used to designate very light airs flying all round the compass.

It was remarked by Lord Bacon and other writers, both in Europe and America, that the wind more frequently veers with the sun's motion, or passes round the compass in the direction of N., N. E., E., S. E., S., S. W., W., and N. W., to N. This follows in consequence of the influence of the earth's rotation in changing the direction of the wind. Dové has the merit of having, from Hadley's principle, propounded the law of rotation of the wind, and proved that the whole system of atmospheric currents, the permanent, periodical, and variable winds, obey the influence of the earth's rotation.

An important characteristic of winds is their quality, being dry or humid, warm or cold, according to their direction, and the nature of the earth's surface over which they have passed. Thus, in the northern hemisphere southerly winds are warm and moist, while northerly winds are cold and dry; and in the southern hemisphere vice versa. In Europe westerly winds are

moist and easterly winds are dry, while in North America northeasterly are cold and humid and northwesterly winds cold and dry.

MISCELLANEOUS.

HOT WINDS OF DESERTS.-On the deserts of Africa and Arabia there sometimes prevails a wind extremely dry and intensely hot, which raises clouds of sand and transports it to a great distance. This wind is known in the desert of Africa and Western Asia as Simoon or Simoun (from the Arabic samma, signifying hot, poisonous, or anything disagreeable or dangerous), while in Egypt it is called Khamsin (Arabic for fifty), because it generally blows for 50 days, from the end of April to the time of the inundation of the Nile. This hot, dusty wind is felt in neighboring regions where it is known under different names. In Sicily, South Italy, and adjoining districts it is called the Sirocco. This wind is the plague of the Two Sicilies, and sometimes extends to the shores of the Black and Caspian Seas and to the steppes beyond the Volga. It is called the Samiel in Turkey, from its reputed poisonous qualities. The Solano of Spain is a southeast wind, which prevails at certain seasons in the plains of Mancha and Andalusia, particularly at Seville and Cadiz. This wind produces dizziness and heats the blood to an unusual degree. The Harmattan of Guinea and Senegambia belongs to the same class of winds. It is a periodical wind, blowing from the dry desert of Africa to the Atlantic, from latitude 15° north to latitude 1° south, during December, January, and February. It may be said of all these winds that their destructive effects on animal and vegetable life are due rather to their parching dryness, glowheat, and choking dust than to any really poisonous qualities.

PECULIARITIES OF WINDS FROM MOUNTAINS.-The winds proceeding from mountains present many interesting phases, a few of which will be described. The Pampero is a wind which blows chiefly in the summer season from the Andes, across the pampas of Buenos Ayres to the sea coast. It is thus a northwest wind, or part of the anti-trade of the southern hemisphere. It is a dry wind, frequently darkening the sky with clouds of dust, drying up the vegetation of the pampas, and often extending to a considerable distance seaward. Some competent authorities assert that the dust which is brought to the shores of Southern Europe comes not from Africa but from South America. They arrived at this conclusion by making_microscopic examinations of the sand or dust, in which were found certain organisms and dried infusoria which are known to exist only in South America.

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