Bucks-capable of propagating at the age of one year;
one buck sufficient for a hundred and fifty goats,; be-
comes old before his seventh year; hunting the buck
and the stag performed in the same manner in England;
number of names invented by hunters for this animal;
does not change his layer like the stag; manner of hunt
ing him much the same as that of stag-hunting, 275, &c.
Buffalo-of the varieties of the cow kind; only two
are really distinct-the cow and the buffalo; they bear
an antipathy to each other; they do not breed among
each other, and no animals are more distinct; in abund-
ance in Guinea and Malabar; it is a great swimmer;
description of it; the veal of the young is not better
eating than the beef of the old; they are natives of the
warmer climates, yet are bred in several parts of Europe,
particularly in Italy; the female produces one at a time;
continues pregnant for twelve months; is afraid of fire;
leather made of its hide is well known for thickness,
softness, and impenetrability; guided by a ring thrust
through the nose; milk of the female not so good as
of the cow; two buffaloes yoked draw more than four
strong horses; its flesh hard and blackish, disagreeable
to taste and smell; this animal wild in many parts
of India, and dangerous; manner of hunting them;
when tamed no animal more patient or humble; inferior
in size only to the elephant, the rhinoceros, or hippo-
potamos; the cameleopard, or camel, if taller, neither
so long nor so corpulent; is fond of the water, and
crosses the largest rivers without difficulty; has an
aversion to red colours that resemble flame; in those
countries where they are in plenty no person dresses in
scarlet; they make most use of their feet in combat, and
rather tread their enemies to death than gore them, 254.
Bug-their habits; described; are often found coupling
tail to tail; manner of destroying them; they destroy
fleas, and devour each other, 808, 809.

Bustard-is much larger than the turkey, the male
generally weighing from twenty-five to twenty-seven
pounds; its description; places where frequently seen
in flocks of fifty or more; its food; they change their
mates at the season of incubation, about the latter end
of summer; in parts of Switzerland they are found frozen
in the fields in severe weather; when taken to a warm
place they again recover; usually live fifteen years, and
are incapable of being propagated in a domestic state,
535, 536.

Butcher-bird-its description, with its habits; leads
a life of continual combat; intrepidity of these little
creatures in going to war with the pie, the crow, and
the kestril, all above four times bigger than itself; some-
times the combat ends with the destruction of the assail-
ant and also of the defender; the most redoubtable
birds of prey respect them, and they fly in their company
without fearing their power or avoiding their resent
ment; small birds its usual food; the smaller red
butcher-bird migrates; the places where they are to be
found; their nests, and the number of their eggs; dif-
ferent kinds of this bird, 517 to 519.

Butterfly-one of the principal ornaments of oriental
poetry; in those countries the insect is larger and more
beautiful than with us; easily distinguished from flies
of every kind by their wings; Linnæus has reckoned
up above seven hundred and sixty different kinds, yet
the catalogue is incomplete; number and beautiful
colours of its wings; description of the head, corselet,
and body; the eyes have not all the same form; the
outward coat has a lustre, in which may be discovered
all the colours of the rainbow; when examined closely
it has the appearance of a multiplying-glass; the use
of their horns and feelers are yet unknown; use of their
trunks; difference between butterflies and moths; it has
no organs for smelling; the female is larger than the
male; if disturbed while united the female flies off with
the male on her back; after junction they deposit their
eggs and die; all females of this tribe are impregnated

by the male by one aperture, and lay their eggs by ano-
ther; how they keep their eggs warm, and also entirely
concealed; many of them do not lay till the winter
warns them of their approaching end; some continue
the whole winter in hollows of trees, and do not provide
for posterity until the beginning of April, 842 to 847.
Buzzard-a sluggish inactive bird; often remains
perched whole days upon the same bough; lives more
upon frogs, mice, and insects than upon birds more
troublesome to seize; its manuer of living in summer;
so little capable of instruction, that it is a proverb to
call one obstinately ignorant a buzzard; the honey-
buzzard, the moor-buzzard, and the hen-harrier are
of this stupid tribe, and differ chiefly in their size, 517.
C

CACHALOT a fish said to pursue a shoal of herrings,
and to swallow thousands at a gulp; has generally gone
under the name of the spermaceti whale till Mr. Pen-
nant made the distinction, borrowing its name from the
French; seven distinctions in this tribe; description;
the throat of this animal very formidable; with ease it
could swallow an ox; it terrifies the dolphins and por-
poises so much as often to drive them on shore; it con-
tains two precious drugs-spermaceti and ambergris;
the oil of this fish is easily convertible into spermaceti
by boiling it with a ley of pot-ash, and hardening it in
the manuer of soap; candles are now made of it; the
balls of ambergris not found in all fishes of this kind,
but chiefly in the oldest and strongest, 667, 668.

Camel-camel and dromedary not two distinct kinds,
only a variety of the same, which has subsisted time
immemorial; the only sensible difference between these
two races; they produce with each other, and the mixed
breed is considered the best; of the two the dromedary
is far the most numerous; countries where the camel
and dromedary are found; neither can subsist or propa-
gate in the climates towards the north; Arabia the most
adapted to the support and production of this animal;
the camel the most temperate of all animals; it can con-
tinue to travel several days without drinking, and is
often six or seven days without any sustenance; its feet
formed to travel upon sand, and utterly unfit for moist
or marshy places: many vain efforts tried to propagate
the camel in Spain; they have been transported to
America, but have multiplied in neither; uses to which
this animal is put among the Arabians; its education;
it has a fifth stomach, has a reservoir, to hold a greater
quantity of water than immediately wanted; when the
camel finds itself pressed with thirst it throws up a
quantity of this water by a simple contraction of the
muscles into the other stomachs; travellers when
straightened for water often kill their camels for what
they expect to find within them; countries where com-
merce is carried on by means of camels; journeys in
caravans; their food; pursue their way when their
guides are utterly astray; its patience and docility when
loaded; in what manner the female receives the male;
one male left to wait on ten females, the rest castrated;
they live from forty to fifty years; every part of this
animal converted to some useful purpose; its very ex-
crements are not useless; their burthen, 460 to 463.

Cameleon-its dimensions and appetites; has a power
of driving the air it breathes over every part of the
body; changes of its colour; it is an error that it
assumes the colour of the object it approaches; descrip-
tion of it by Le Bruyn; it often moves one eye when
the other is at rest; sometimes one eye seems to look
directly forward while the other looks backward, and one
looks upward while the other regards the earth, 788
to 771.

Camel-leopard-described; dimensions of a young
one; inhabits the deserts of Africa; no animal from
its disposition or formation less fitted for a state of
hostility; it lives entirely upon vegetables, and when

grazing spreads its fore-legs forward to reach the pas-
ture; known to the ancients, but seldom seen in Europe;
often tame at Grand Cairo, in Egypt; Pompey exhibited
at one time ten upon the stage, 459, 460.

Canary-bird-taught to pick up the letters of the
alphabet at the word of command, to spell any person's
name in company; by the name, originally from the
Canary Islands; comes to us from Germany, where they
are bred in numbers; at what period brought into
Europe is not known; about a century ago they were
sold at very high prices, and kept only for the amuse-
ment of the great; in its native islands it is of a dusky-
grey colour, and so different from those seen in Europe,
as to raise a doubt about its species; rules and instruc-
tions for breeding them in a domestic state; apparatus
for breeding in Germany; food the old ones must be
supplied with when the young ones are excluded; so
prolific are these birds sometimes, that the female will
be ready to hatch a second brood before the first is able
to quit the nest; this bird kept in company with the
linnet or goldfinch pairs and produces a mixed breed,
most like the canary-bird, and resembling it in its song,
583 to 585.

Cancerous-breasts cured by the sucking of the rubeth
or land-toad, 754.

Cantharides well known in the shops by the name
of Spanish-flies, and for their use in blisters; their
description, with the differences from each other; the
countries where and trees on which they are seen; their
bad smell is a guide for those who catch them; they
smell so disagreeable as to be perceived at a great dis-
tance; they yield a deal of volatile caustic salt; their
qualities; the effects fall principally upon the urinary
passages; in what manner they are killed, 875.

Cape de Verde Islands—a south wind prevails in them
during the mouth of July, 107.

Cape of Good Hope-a north-west wind blows there
during the month of September; at the Cape of Good
Hope it is customary to hunt the elephant for its teeth;
in what manner; account of an unhappy huntsman,
107. 454, &c.

Capibara, or Cabiai-an animal resembing a hog
of about two years old; its description; some naturalists
have called it the water-hog, and why; a native of South
America, and chiefly frequenting the borders of lakes
and rivers; its cry resembles the braying of an ass more
than the grunting of a hog, and why; its only place
of safety is the water, into which it plunges when pur-
sued, and keeps so long at the bottom that the hunter can
have no hope of taking it there; when young is easily
tamed; its flesh has a fishy taste, but its head is said to
be excellent, 304.

Capons-taught to clutch a fresh brood of chickens
throughout the year, 527.

Carnivorous animals-there is one class that pursue
in a pack, and encourage each other by their mutual
cries; support a state of famine for several weeks
together; milk in those animals is more sparing than
in others, 307 to 352.

Carp an experiment made with this fish in a large
vase of water under an air pump; one found by Buffon
not less than a hundred years old, 653.

Carriers-pigeons used to carry letters, 563.
Carrion-crow-resemble the raven in its appetites, its
saying, and manner of bringing up its young, 544.

Cartilaginous fishes their general conformation; sup-
posed they grow larger every day till they die; their
internal structure; are possessed of a two-fold power
of breathing; apertures by which they breathe; the
cartilaginous shark or ray lives some hours after it
is taken; fishes of this tribe can remain under water
without taking breath, and can venture their heads
above the deep, and continue for hours out of their
native element; their season and manner of copulating
and of bringing forth; little difference between the

viviparous and the oviparous kinds in this class of fishes;
five divisions of the cartilaginous fish, 670 to 682.

Cassowary a bird first brought into Europe by the
Dutch from Java, in the East Indies, where only it is
found; its description; the part which most distinguishes
this animal is the head, which inspires some degree
of terror; its internal parts described; it has the head
of a warrior, the eye of a lion, the defence of a porcupine,
and the swiftness of a courser; is not fierce in its natural
character; how it defends itself; extraordinary manner
of going; the Dutch assert that it can devour glass, iron,
and stones, and even live and burning coals, without
the smallest fear or the least injury; the largest of its
eggs is fifteen inches round one way and twelve the
other; places where the animal is found; it has not
multiplied in any considerable degree, as a king of Java
made a present of one to the captain of a Dutch ship as
a rarity, 498 to 500.

Caterpillars-their differences from all other insects;
all these animals are hatched from the eggs of butter-
flies; during winter the greatest number of caterpillars
are in an egg state; in the aurelia state they are seem-
ingly deprived of life and motion; some do not make any
change at the approach of winter, but choose themselves
some retreat, and there remain quite motionless, and as
insensible as if actually dead; caterpillars of this kind
are found in great numbers together, enclosed in one
common web that covers them all; there are some of
the kind whose butterflies live all the winter, and where ;
a single caterpillar eats double its own weight of leaves
in a day, and seems no way disordered by the meal;
the body of the caterpillar anatomically considered;
avidity with which they feed; number of their stigmata,
or those holes through which the animal is supposed to
breathe; it has eighteen lungs; the experiment of Mal-
pighi to ascertain their use; all caterpillars spin at one
time or another; many of them change their skins five
or six times in a season, and in what manner; change
into an aurelia; their retreats in that state; there are
thousands of fishes, birds, and insects that live chiefly
upon caterpillars; a single sparrow and its mate destroy
above three thousand caterpillars in a week; some of the
kind, fitted only to live upon leaves and plants, will eat
each other in preference to their vegetable food; the
bodies of the larger kinds serve as a nest to various
flies that very carefully deposit their eggs in them;
number of worms remain within the body of the cater-
pillar, devouring its entrails without destroying its life;
the ichneumon tribe are not the caterpillar's offspring, as
supposed, but its murderers, 834 to 847.

Cats-the wild hunt for the squirrel or the mouse;
the whole tribe seek their food alone, and never unite
for mutual support; except at certain seasons are enemies
to each other; all of the cat kind devour nothing but
flesh, and starve upon any other provision; their greatest
force lies in their claws; the cat goes with young fifty-
six days, and seldom brings forth above five or six
at a time; the male often devours the kittens; before
they are a year old they are fit to engender; the female
seeks the male with cries; nor is their copulation per-
formed without great pain, and why; cats bunt the
serpents in the Isle of Cyprus; any animal weaker than
themselves is to them an indiscriminate object of de-
struction; the mouse is their favourite game, and they
patiently watch a whole day until the mouse appears;
the cat of Pharaoh injudiciously called the ichneumon;
cats of Constantinople, a name of the ge net, and why,
307 to 317.

Cattle-we have the best breed of horned cattle in
Europe; the large hornless breed in some parts of Eng-
land originally from Poland; the Dutch bring great
quantities of lean cattle from Denmark to fatten on their
own rich grounds; that of the Ukraine becomes fat, and
is considered the largest breed of all Europe; in Switzer-
land these animals grow to a large size; not so in

France; size in Barbary, Ethiopia, Persia, and Tartary;
leather-mouthed cattle; liable to be destroyed by the
South American bat, or vampyre, 248 to 254.

Caverns the amazing cavern of Eldenhole in Derby-
shire; the dreadful cavern in the country of the Arrian
Indians, called the Gulf of Pluto, described by Elian;
Cavern of Maestricht-its description; no part of the
world has a greater number of artificial caverns than
Spain; in general deserted by every race of meaner
animals except the bat; the caverns called Oakley-hole,
the Devil's-hole, and Penpark-hole in England; the
cavern of Antiparos, and its discovery; how natural
caverns are formed; two hundred feet as much as the
lowest of them is found to sink; one in Africa, near Fez,
continually sends forth smoke or flames, 16 to 23.

Cetaceous fishes-the whale and its varieties resemble
quadrupeds in their internal structure, and in some
of their appetites and affections; they are constrained
every two or three minutes to come up to the surface to
take breath, as well as to spout out through their nostril
that water which they sucked in while gaping for their
prey; the senses of these animals superior to those
of other fishes; it is most likely that all animals of the
kind can hear; they never produce above one young or
two at the most; this the female suckles in the manner
of quadrupeds, her breasts being placed, as in the human
kind, above the navel; distinctive marks of this tribe,
656 to 670.

Chamois a kind of goat, in the mountains of Dau-
phiny, Piedmont, Savoy, Switzerland, and Germany;
its description; their flesh good to eat; in cases
of danger, its hissing noise is heard at a great distance;
by smell discovers a man at half a league; admired for
the beauty of its eyes; not found in summer except in
caverns of rocks, amidst fragments of ice, or under shades
of spreading trees; during winter, it sleeps in the thicker
forests, and feeds upon shrubs and buds of pine-trees,
and scratches up the snow for herbage; manner of hunt
ing it; skin of the chamois when tanned liked for soft-
ness and warmth; the leather now called chamois made
from the tame goat, sheep, and deer, 265 to 267.

Charles XII-when shot at the siege of Frederickshall,
seen to clap his band on the hilt of his sword, 188.

Charybdis-a gulf; Nicola Pesce jumped into it, con-
tinued for three quarters of an hour below, and at last
appeared holding a golden cup in one hand, and making
his way among the waves with the other; description
of this gulf, 91, 92.

Chase-men of every age and nation have made that
of the stag a favourite pursuit; in our country it was
ever esteemed a principal diversion of the great; these
sports reserved by sovereigns for particular amusement,
and when; in the reign of William Rufus and Henry
the First it was less criminal to destroy a human being
than a beast of chase; sacred edifices thrown down to
make room for beasts of chase; chase of the stag, as
performed in England; terms used by hunters in that
chase; the same in Sicily and in China; chase of the
fox; cant terms used by the huntsmen; of all varieties
that of the ostrich the most laborious, also the most
entertaining; description of it, 279 to 283, &c.

Chasms-amazing in the Alps, and still more in the
Andes; causes that produce chasms or fissures, 49, 50.

Chevrotin, or little Guinea-deer-the least of all cloven-
footed quadrupeds, and perhaps the most beautiful; is
most delicately shaped; its description; native of India,
Guinea, and the warm climates between the tropics;
the male in Guinea has horns, but the female is without
any; they chiefly abound in Java and Ceylon, 271, 272.
Child-history of the child in the womb; children of
Negroes able to walk at two months old, at least to move
from one place to another; skin of children newly
brought forth is always red, and why; the size of a new
born infant about twenty inches, and its weight twelve
pounds; in cold countries continue to be suckled for

four or five years together; child's growth less every year
till the time of puberty, when it seems to start up of a
sudden; in some countries speak sooner than in others,
and why; children of the Italians speak sooner than
those of the Germans; various methods pointed out to
improve the intellects of children; white children fre-
quently produced from black parents, but never black
children from two whites; inherit the accidental deformi-
ties of their parents; instances of it; many instances
of the child in the womb being marked by the strong
affections of the mother; how performed is not known;
hard to conceive that the child in the womb should take
the print of the father's features, 141 to 146.

Civet-the species distinguished into two kinds; Mr.
Buffon calls one the civet, the other the zibet; distinc-
tions between the two kinds; the civet thirty inches
long; both civet and zibet considered as varieties of the
same animal, as former naturalists have done; the civet
resembles the weasel kind, in what; differs from them,
in what; the opening of the pouch or bag, the recep-
tacle of the civet; manner of taking the civet from the
pouch; although a native of the warmest climates, this
animal lives in temperate and even cold countries; kinds
of food it likes best; drinks rarely, yet makes urine
often, and upon such occasions the male is not less
distinguishable from the female; numbers of these ani-
mals bred in Holland, and the perfume of Amsterdam
reckoned the purest of any; the quantity greater pro-
portionately to the quality and abundance of the food;
this perfume so strong that it communicates to all parts
of the animal's body; manner of choosing the perfume;
the places of considerable traffic in it; civet a more
grateful perfume than musk; sold in Holland for fifty
shillings an ounce; its eyes shine in the night; sees
better in the dark than by day; breeds very fast in clim-
ates where heat conduces to propagation; though a
wild, fierce animal, never thoroughly familiar; lives by
preying on birds and animals it can overcome; its
claws feeble and flexible; this perfume quite discon-
tinued in prescription, 365 to 367.

Climates calamities in those where the air is con-
densed by cold; cause obvious and sufficient to produce
blackness of Negroes; complexions of different coun-
tries darken in proportion to the heat of the region;
next to human influence, the climate has the strongest
effects upon the nature and form of quadrupeds; those
excessively hot unfavourable to horses; in general,
water-fowls of no particular climate, 99-101, &c.

Clouds the fore-runners of a terrible hurricane, called
by sailors the bull's-eye; dashing against each other
produce electrical fire; water evaporates, and, rising,
forms clouds; the theory upon it; that of Dr. Hamilton;
the author's theory of evaporation; at once pour down
their contents and produce a deluge; reflecting back
images of things on earth, like mirrors, 101, 111.

Coatimondi-extreme length of its snout; its descrip-
tion; very subject to eat its own tail; its habits,
470, 471.

Cochineal-description of this insect, as in our shops
brought from America; difference between the domestic
and wild cochineal; precautions used by those who take
care of these insects; the propagator has a new harvest
thrice a year; various methods of killing them; pro-
duces different colours as brought to us; our cochineal
is only the females; used both for dyeing and medicine,
876, 877.

Cock-of all birds the cock the oldest companion
of man, and first reclaimed from the forest; species
of cock from Japan, covered over with hair instead
of feathers; the western world had the cock from Persia;
Aristophane's cock the Persian bird; it was one of the
forbidden foods among the ancient Britons; Persia, that
first introduced it to us, no longer knows it in its natural
form; countries where it is wild; peeuliarities in a wild
condition; another peculiarity in those of the Indian

b

woods their bones, when boiled, as black as ebony;
the Athenians had cock matches as we; no animal
of greater courage when opposed to one of its own
species; in China, India, the Philippine Islands, and all
over the East, cock-fighting the sport and amusement
of kings and princes; cocks in China as bold as ours,
and of more strength with less weight; its great courage
proceeds from being the most falacious of all birds; a
single cock suffices for a dozen hens; the only animal
whose spirits are not abated by indulgence; soon grows
old, and in three or four years becomes unfit for the
purposes of impregnation; how long cocks live not well
ascertained; Aldrovandus makes their age to be ten
years; are injured, as Linnæus asserts, by elderberries;
the black chiefly found in healthy mountains and piny
forests, 525 to 528.

Condor-possesses in a higher degree than the eagle
all the qualities that render it formidable to the feathered
kind, to beasts, and to man himself; is eighteen feet
across the wings extended, according to Acosta, Gar-
cilasso, and Desmarchais; the beak so strong as to
pierce the body of a cow-two of them able to devour
it; do not abstain from man himself; the Indians
believe that they will carry off a deer or a young calf in
their talons, as eagles would a hare or a rabit; that
their sight is piercing, and their air terrible; that they
seldom frequent the forests, as they require a large space
for the display of their wings; they come down to the
sea-shore at certain seasons, when their prey fails upon
land; feed upon dead fish, and such nutritious sub-
stances as are thrown upon the shore; their countenance
not so terrible as old writers have represented; those who
have seen this animal say the body is as large as that of a
sheep; many instances of its carrying away children;
circumstantial account of this bird by P. Feuillée, the
only traveller who has accurately described it; countries
where it is found; in the deserts of Pachomas, where
it is chiefly, men seldom venture to travel; its flesh as
disagreeable as carrion, 507 to 509.

Cormorant its description and food; remarkably
voracious with a sudden digestion; its form disagree-
able; its voice hoarse and croaking; all its qualities
obscene; fishes in fresh waters and in the depth of the
ocean; builds in cliffs of rocks and in trees; preys in
the day-time and by night; once used in England for
fishing, and in what manner; how educated in China
for the purposes of fishing; the best fisher of all birds;
sometimes has caught the fish by the tail; the fins pre-
vent it being swallowed in that position; how it manages
the fish in this case; remarkable for the quickness of its
sight, 621, 622.

Cows-allured by music; of ruminant animals the
cow kind deserves the first rank; meanest peasants in
Germany, Poland, and Switzerland kill one cow at least
for their own table; salted and hung up, is preserved as
a delicacy the year round; cows want the upper fore-
teeth; in no part of Europe cows grow so large, yield
more milk, or more readily fatten than in England;
make no particular distinction in their herbage, indis-
criminately devouring the proper quantity; it gives back
more than it takes from the soil; the age of the cow
known by the teeth and horns; the horns more surely
determine the animal's age, and how; while this animal
lives the horns lengthen; wants in udder what it has in
neck; the larger in dew-lap the smaller the quantity
of its milk; the kind to be found in every part of the
world; larger in proportion to the richness of the pas-
ture; the breed of the Isle of Man and most parts
of Scotland much less than in England, also differently
shaped; the breed improved by foreign mixture, adapted
to supply the imperfections of our own; such as purely
British far inferior in size to those of the continent; the
cow, the urus, and the bison animals of the same kind;
only two varieties of the kind really distinct-the cow
and the buffalo; they bear an antipathy to each other;

scarce a part of the world where the cow kind is not
found; the Barbary cow, or zebu; of all animals the
cow most extensively propagated; the cow and bison
breed among each other; the cow does not breed with
the buffalo; no animals more distinct, or have stronger
antipathies to each other; the cow goes nine months
with young; the description of it; the Greeks compared
the eyes of a beautiful woman to those of a cow; it eats
two hundred and seventy-six plants, and rejects two
hundred and eighteen, 542 to 546.

Crane-bred familiarly in our marshes formerly; not
now, and why; general characteristics and habits of
birds of the crane kind; their food and flesh; descrip-
tion of the crane; Gesner says its feathers in his tinie
were set in gold, and worn as ornaments in caps; de-
scription of this bird from ancient writers, who have
mixed imagination with history, whence have arisen the
fables of supporting their aged parents and fighting with
pigmies; the crane a social bird, and seldom seen alone;
usual method of flying or sitting in flocks of fifty or sixty
together; while part feed the rest keep guard; subsists
mostly upon vegetables; known in every country in
Europe except our own; are birds of passage; seasons
of their migrations, during which they do incredible
damage, chiefly in the night; were formerly known and
held in great estimation here for the delicacy of their
flesh; Plutarch says cranes were blinded, kept in coops,
and fattened for the tables of the great in Rome; qualities
of its flesh; their note the loudest of all other birds,
and often heard in the clouds when the bird itself is
unseen; amazing heights to which they ascend when
they fly; though unseen themselves, they have distinct
vision of every object below; extraordinary length and
contortion of its windpipe; use made of their clangorous
sound; their depredations usually in the darkest nights;
they enter a field of corn and trample it down, as it
crossed by a regiment of soldiers; corn their favourite
food, scarce any other comes amiss to them; Redi's ex-
periments to this purpose; a little falcon pursues, and
often disables it; method used on such occasions by
those fond of hawking; easily tamed; Albertus Magnus
says it has a particular affection for man; the female
distinguished from the male by not being bald behind;
never lays above two eggs at a time; the young are soon
fit to fly; unfledged, they run with such swiftness that
a man cannot easily overtake them; Aldrovandus assures
us one was kept tame for above forty years; the vulgar
bear the crane a compassionate regard; prejudices in its
favour; a heinous offence in some countries to kill a
crane; distinctions between the craue and the stork,
591 to 599.

Cricket-a ruminating insect, or seemingly so; differ-
ence from the grasshopper; their voice; food; never
drink; sound of drums and trumpets make them forsake
their situation; the mole-cricket thought to be amphi-
bious; the number of their eggs; a most detested in-
sect by gardeners; its devastations; precautions of the
female against the black beetle; their care and assi-
duity in the preservation of their young, 822 to 829.

Crocodile-extraordinary combat between this animal
and the tiger; the ichneumon discovers and destroys its
eggs; kills its young, and sometimes entering the mouth
of the crocodile when sleeping on the shore effectually
destroys it; the eggs it lays in the sand often amount to
three or four hundred; the places where they are found,
together with their dimensious; description; several ex-
amples of taking a man out of a canoe from his com-
panions, notwithstanding all opposition and assistance;
terrible even upon land; its depredations; combats
between the crocodile and the tiger; in what manner it
seizes its prey; how a Negro ventures to attack this
animal in its own element; manner of taking it at
Siam; often managed like a horse; a curb put into its
mouth, and the rider directs it as he likes; manner
of taking it along the rivers of Africa; pools of water

where bred as we breed carp in our ponds; in Egypt
and other long-peopled countries this animal solitary and
fearful; in the river St. Domingo they are most inoffen-
sive; probable opinion its musky substance amassed in
glands under the legs and arms; its flesh; the eggs to
the savages most delicate morsels; all breed near fresh
waters; precautions in laying their eggs; the female
having introduced her young to their natural element,
she and the male become their most formidable ene-
mies; the open-bellied crocodile, thought viviparous, has
a false belly like the opossum for the young to creep out
and in as danger or necessity requires; their age; pro-
duced to fight at the amphitheatre at Rome, 759 to 765.
Cuckoo-fables invented of this bird now sufficiently
refuted; where it resides in winter, or how provides for
its supply during that season, still undiscovered; this
bird somewhat less than a pigeon, shaped like a magpie,
and of a greyish colour, is distinguished from all other
by its round prominent nostrils; discovers itself in our
country early in the spring by its well-known call; its
note heard earlier or later as the season is more or less
forward and the weather inviting; from the cheerful
voice of this bird the farmer instructed in the real ad-
vancement of the year; history and nature of this bird
still in great obscurity; its call and invitation to court-
ship used only by the male, generally perched upon a
dead tree or bare bough, repeating his song, which he
loses when the genial season is over; his note pleasant
though uniform; the female makes no nest; repairs to
the nest of some other bird, generally the water-wagtail
or the hedge-sparrow, and after devouring the eggs of the
owner lays hers in their place; usually lays but one, aud
this the little foolish bird hatches with great assiduity,
and, when excluded, fondly thinks the ill-looking change-
ling her own; to supply this voracious creature the
credulous nurse toils with unwearied labour, not sen-
sible she is feeding up an enemy to her race; the sto-
mach of this bird is enormous, and reaches from the
breast-bone to the vent; its food; naturally weak and
fearful; the smaller birds form a train of pursuers; the
wry-neck, in particular, the most active in the chase;
supposed in winter to lie hid in hollow trees, or to pass
into warmer climates; story of a cuckoo found in a
willow log in winter; probable opinion concerning its
residence in winter; Brisson makes not less than twenty-
eight sorts of this bird, and talks of one of Brazil, as
making a horrible noise in the forests; follows a very
different trade from what its nurse endeavoured to teach
it; and, according to Pliny, in time destroys its in-
structor, 554 to 556.

Currents, of rivers-explained by the Italians; side
current; back current; sometimes the current at bottom
swifter than at top; double current; found to run in all
directions; manner in which mariners judge of the set-
ting and rapidity of the current; currents are generally
found most violent under the equator; a passage with
the current gone in two days, with difficulty performed
in six weeks against it; currents do not extend above
twenty leagues from the coast; the currents at Sumatra
extremely rapid, run from south to north; also strong
currents between Madagascar and the Cape of Good
Hope; but the most remarkable are those continually
flowing into the Mediterranean Sea; current runs one
way at top, and the ebb another way at bottom, 62, to 64.
D

DAMPS-of various natures in mines; the fulminating
sort, 23 to 27.

Deer-annually shedding horns, and their perma-
neuce in the sheep, draws a distinct line between their
kinds; the little Guinea deer the smallest of all cloven-
footed quadrupeds and most beautiful; its description;
the male in Guinea has horns, but the female is with-
out; they abound in Java and Ceylon; all of the deer
kind want the gall-bladder; a downy substance like velvet

upon the skin covering the skull of a deer when the old
horn is fallen off; their horns grow differently from
those of sheep or cows; they are furrowed along the sides,
and why; the bran-deer, or brown deer, called by the
ancients tragelaphus, found in the forests of Germany;
the new continent of America produces animals of the
deer kind in sufficient plenty; no animals more nearly
allied than the stag and fallow-deer, yet they never herd
nor engender together, nor form a mixed breed; each
form distinct families, and retain an unalterable aver-
sion; the fallow-deer rarely wild in the forests; are in
general bred in parks, and their flesh is preferred to
that of any other animal; a herd of them divides into
two parties, and engages each other with great ardour
and obstinacy; both desirous of gaining a favourite
spot of the park for pasture, and of driving the van-
quished into the more disagreeable parts; manner
of their combats; are easily tamed; they seek the
female at their second year; their strength, cunning, and
courage inferior to those of the stag; in England two
varieties of the fallow-deer-one brought from Bengal,
the other from Norway; flesh of the French fallow-
deer has not the fatness or the flavour of that fed upon
English pasture; Spanish and Virginian fallow-deer;
deer without horns, their description; the rein-deer the
most extraordinary and most useful; native of the icy
regions of the North; it answers the purposes of a
horse; attempts made to accustom it to a more southern
climate, in a few months it declines and dies; answers
the purposes of a cow in giving milk, and of the sheep
in furnishing warm clothing to the people of Lapland
and Greenland; description of the rein deer. its rutting
time and that of shedding its horns; difference be-
tween the deer and the stag; not known to the natives
of Siberia; Americaus call it cariboo; herdsmen of
Lapland known to possess a thousand rein-deer in a
single herd; it subsists upon moss, and makes the riches
of the people of Lapland; female brings forth in May;
its milk thinuer than that of the cow; sweeter and more
nourishing; is of two kinds in Lapland; it draws
sledges; can go about thirty miles without halting, and
without dangerous effort; generally castrated by the
Laplanders; one male left for six females; begin to
breed when two years old; go with young eight months,
and bring two at a time; fondness of the dam remarka-
ble; live but fifteen or sixteen years; the blood of the
rein-deer preserved in small casks, for sauce with the
marrow in spring; the horns converted into glue; the
sinews make the strongest sewing-thread; the tongues a
great delicacy; the intestines, washed like our tripe, in
high esteem among the Laplanders; bears make depre-
dations upon the rein-deer; glutton its most dangerous
and successful persecutor; the wolf never attacks a rein-
deer that is haltered in Lapland, and why, 275, to 298.

Divers-known to descend from twenty to thirty
fathom; of all those who have brought information from
the bottom of the deep, Nicola Pesce the most cele-
brated; account of his performances by Kircher; some
known to continue three quarters of an hour under
water without breathing; they usually die consumptive;.
manner of fishing for pearls, 91, 92.

Dodo-its description; among birds, as the sloth
among quadrupeds, an unresisting animal, equally inca-
pable of flight or defence; native of the Isle of France;
the Dutch first discovered and called it the nauseous
bird; travellers deem its flesh good and wholsome; it
is easily taken; three or four dodoes enough to dine a
hundred men; whether the dodo be the same bird with
that described under the head Nazareth remains uncer-
tain, 500, 501.

Dogs always running with their noses to the ground,
supposed of old the first that felt infection; no other
animal of the carnivorous kind will make a voluntary
attack but with the odds on their side; the Arabian
horses outrun them; in the dog kind the chief power