Abelard or Abailard, b. at

Pallet in 1979; Abbé of St.
Gildas de Ruys; d. April 21,
1142; defended "Nominal-
ism" against Guillaume de
Champeaux; his love for
Heloise; condemnation
and persecution by St. Ber-
nard, 86

About (Edmond), b.at Dieuze

(Meurthe) in 1828; d. in
1885 story-writer and jour-
nalist; "La Grèce contem-
poraine" (1855); "Le Roi
des Montagnes (1856):
"Le Nez d'un Notaire";
"L'Homme à l'Oreille
cassée" (1861): collabora-
tion in the Journal of the
Nineteenth Century, 615-6
Académie Française, foun-
dation by Cardinal Riche-
lieu, 1635 formed by
meeting of some men of
letters at the house of Con-

rart in 1627; its judgment
upon the "Cid of Cor-
neille great importance
since 1650; Fénelon's
letter: discourse of the
Abbé de Saint Pierre; in-
volved in the quarrel of
the Ancients and Moderns,
391-2
Adam de la Halle, called

ronne margaritique" by
J. Le Maire de Belges,
88, 204

Albert of Strasbourg (fif-
teenth century); history
(1273-1378), 123

Alciat (André), b. at Alzute

(Milan) in 1492; d. 1550;
jurist restored practice of
Roman law, 241
Alembert or Dalembert
(called John the Round), b.
about 1717 : Perpetual
Secretary to the Académie
Française (1772); d. in
1783; contempt for philo-
sophy of the seventeenth
century; Rousseau's letter
on the theatres; mot on
Bouffon: mathematician
and tine writer; refuses to
go to Russian and Prussian
Courts; author of the pre-
liminary discourse for the
"Encyclopédie"; counsel
to Voltaire; verses of Gil-
bert against him, 514-5
Alexandre de Bernay, one

of the authors ΟΙ the
"Romance d'Alexandre,'
Chanson de Geste of the
Antique Cycle, 36
"Aliscans," Chanson de
Geste of the Carlovingian
Cycle, 27

189

Amboise (Adrian of), Bishop
of Tréquier; d. in 1612,
Holoferne," tragedy, 349

laume Jean-Stanislas), b. at
Strasbourg, May 6, 1759; d.
Paris, May 10, 1833; pro-
fessor at the College of
France; epigram of Le-
brun against him; "Mo-
lière et ses Amis, ou Le
Souper d'Auteuil," comedy,
1787; "Le Meunier de Sans-
Souci"; "La Promenade
de Fénelon"; "Le Procès
du Sénat de Capone";
stories in verse, 548
Angennes (Angelique), Coun-
tess Grignan, d. Paris, De-
cember 22, 1664; youngest
sister of Julie third mis-
tress of the Hôtel Ram-
bouillet; partisan of Mo-
lière, 390

Angennes (Julie), Mar-
chioness of Rambouillet
and Pisa, Duchess of Mon-
tausier; b. Paris, 1607:
daughter of Cattarino of
Rambouillet; reunions at
the Hôtel Rambouillet;
funeral oration by Fléchier,
390. 422
Anselm of Laon, professor
of theology at Paris and
Laon; d. July 15, 1117,

85
Ariosto (Ludovico), b.
Reggio d'Emile, Septemb r
8, 1474 d. 1533: author of
"Orlando Furioso"
; imi-
tated the Fabliaux
French romances;
tated by Garnier; allied
to La Fontaine, 54
Arlotto (Arlotto Marmardi),

and
imi-

called the "Piovano"; b.
Florence, 1395; d. 1484;
imitated the French Fab-
liaux, 54
Arnaud de Corbie, jurist of
the fifteenth century, 196
Arnaud Daniel, troubadour

at the end of the twelfth
century; b. at Ribérac;
author of the Provençal
version of "Lancelot du
Lac"; praised by Dante
and Petrarch, 49
Arnaud de Marvell, trouba-
dour about 1170; praised
by Petrarch, 51
Arnaud de Villeneuve, b.
about 1240: d. near Geneva
in 1311; philosopher, doctor,
and alchemist; one of the
interlocutors in the "Cou-
ronne margaritique" by J.
Le Maire de Belges, 89,
264

Arnauld (Antoine, called the
Great), b. at Paris, Feb-
ruary 6, 1612; d. at
Brussels, August 6, 1694 :
he is the doctor of Port-
Royal, 392
Arnault d'Andilly (Robert),
b. at Paris, 1588; d. Sep-
tember 27, 1674 ; an habitué
of the Hôtel Rambouillet,
to which he brought Bos-
suet at the age of twelve
years lived in solitude at
Port-Royal, 389, 392
Arnault (Vincent Antoine),

b. at Paris, January 1, 1767 ;
d. September 16, 1834
"Marius à Minturpes;
"Lucrece "; "Germani-
cus"; tragedies; fables;
epigrammatic talent; "La
Feuille," 548-50
Arthur, King of the southern
part of England (sixth cen-
tury): hero of the Chansons
de Geste in the Breton
Cycle, 27
Assoucy (Charles Coypean
d'), b. at Paris in 1604; d.
about 1679: a "burlesque";
his adventures at times
make one think of J. J.
Rousseau; he is the Villon
of the seventeenth century;
was unfairly despised by
Boileau and Molière, 409-10
Aubignac (François Héde-
lin), abbé; b. at Paris, 1604;
d. at Lemours in 1676;
author of the Pratique du
Theâtre" (1669), 348
Aubigné (Théodore Agrippa
d'), b. at St. Maury (Saint-
onge) in 1550; d. at Geneva
in 1630; Histoire Uni-

verselle"; records the lite-
rary testament of Ronsard ;
"Confession du Sieur de

Sancy" (Calvinist pam-
phlet): "Lettres"; "Histoire
secrète," autobiography;

"Aventures du Baron de Fæ-
neste," novel of manners;
"Le Printemps"; "Poems
of Youth"; L'Hiver," ode to

old age; Les Tragiques,"
epic poem, a satire, his
chief claim to glory (1577,
published in 1616), 207,
327-31,

Augler (Emile), b. at Valence
in 1820; d. at Croissy,
October 25. 1889; son-in-
law of Pigault Lebrun;
"Gabrielle" (1849), comedy
of manners; "Le Gendre
de Mons. Poirier " (1854) in
collaboration with G. San-
deau; "La Ciguë," classical
comedy (1844); ̧ L'Aven-
turière." realistic comedy
(1848): "Le Mariage
d'Olympe" (1855); "Les
Lionnes pauvres" (1858);
"Les Effrontés" (1861);
"Le Fils de Giboyer"
(1862); "Maître Guerin "
(1864), picture of the vices
of the French bourgeoisie,
608-10

Auriol (Blaise d'), b. at Cas-
telnauday; d. at Toulouse in
1540; he appears to have
imitated the poetry of
Charles of Orleans, 148
Aymeri of Narbonne, Chan-
son de Geste of the Carlo-
vingian Cycle, 26
Aymeric of Peguillin or
Pegulhan, of Toulouse:
troubadour; d. about 1255,

50

Aymeric of Peyrac, Abbé
of Moissac; d. about 1400;
Chronicle from the com-
mencement of the Christian
era to 1251, 123

Bacon (Roger); see Roger
Bacon, 89

-

Baïf (Jean Antoine de). b. at
Venice, where his father
Lazarus was French Am-
bassador in 1532; d. at
Paris in 1589; one of the
members of the "Pléiade";
friend of Ronsard; bold
attempts at metrical verse
without rhyme; phonetic
spelling, 298
Baldwin IX., Count of Flan-
ders, then Emperor of Con-
stantinople, 1171 1206;
a universal history written
by his order, 78
Ballanche (Pierre Simon), b.
at Lyons in 1776; d. June
12, 1847; erratic talent;
philosophical poems, 586
Balzac (Honoré de), b. at
Tours, May 20, 1799; d. at
Paris, August 20, 1850;
novelist; combination of
romanticism and realism;
penetrating observer; Père
Goriot, Eugenie Grandet,

&c.; influence upon dra-
matic literature, 573-4
Balzac (Jean Louis Guez),
Baron of, b. at Angoulême
in 1594; d. at Paris, Feb-
ruary 18, 1654; pupil of
Malherbe ; "Le Socrate
Chrétien" (1662), “Lettres)
(1648-1652, &c.); character
of his style; judgment of
Sainte-Beuve, Voltaire,
Boileau; habitué of the
Hôtel Rambouillet, 387-8
Bandello (Matteo), b. in
Lombardy in 1480; d. 1562;
was Bishop of Agen; trans-
lated the French Fabliaux,
54

Barante (Amable Guillaume
Prosper Brugière). Baron,
b. at Riom, June 10, 1782:
d. in 1866; "Histoire des
Ducs de Bourgogne" (1824-
1826); "Histoire de la Con-
vention Nationale"; "His-
toire du Directoire" (1855);
editor of the "Discours
of Royer-Collard, 592
Barnave (Antoine Pierre
Marie), b. at Grenoble,
October 26, 1761; d. at
Paris, November 29, 1793;
deputy of the States General
of 1789; orator; true im-
provisor, 537

Baron (Michel Boyron), b.

1653 d. 1729; he tried to
succeed to the place left by
Molière; comedies, "Le
Jaloux": "La Coquette";
"Le Coquet trompé"
"Les Adelphes"; "L'Au-
drienne"; "L'Homme à
Bonnes Fortunes" is his
masterpiece; it is a comedy
and autobiographical as
an actor much admired,
though not by La Bruyère,
455

Barrot (Odilon), b. at Ville-
fort (Lozère), July 19, 1791 :
d. at Passy, 1873; Parlia-
mentary orator, 597
Barthélemy (Abbe Jean
Jacques), b. at Cassis, near
Aubagne (Provence), in
1716; d. April 30, 1795:
"Voyage du jeune Ana-
charsis en Grèce," 1798, 527
Barthélemy (Nicolas), b. at
Loches in 1478; d. about
1535: Benedictine;
"Christus Xylonicus"
(Christ on the Cross).
mystery-tragedy in Latin,
1537.347
Basselin (Olivier), b. in the
Valley of the Vire (Cal-
vados); d. in 1419; creator
of the modern "Chanson,"
147
Baudouin of Sebourc or
Sebourg, Chanson de
Geste (fourteenth century),
38, 108

Boccaccio (Giovanni), b. at
Paris in 1313; d. at Cer-
daldo in 1375; imitated the
French Fabliaux in his
"Griselda"; his "De-
cameron" is one of the
sources of the "Hundred
New Tales"; translation of
the "Decameron" by
Laurent de Premierfait;
one of the interlocutors of
the "Couronne margari-
tique" of J. Le Maire de
Belges imitated by Mar-
garet of Navarre, 54, 264
Bodel (Jean) of Arras, thir-
teenth century; author of
"Quiteclin de Sassoigne,"
or "Chansons des Lor-
aines," and of the "Jeu
de St. Nicolas," military
and religious drama, 44, 74
Bodin (Jean), b. at Angers in
1530: Professor of Law at
Toulouse; d. at Laon in

1596: sociologist: "La
République." dedicated to
Pibrac, 1578; method of
easily acquiring history (in
Latin), in which is to be
found the Theory of
Climates," 248-9
Boileau (Nicolas), known in

his time under the name of
Despréaux; b. at Paris,
November I, 1636; d.
March 13, 1711; historio-
grapher to the king; pupil
of Regnier and Scarron ;
his satires and their in-
fluence; general character
of his work; theorist, doc-
trinaire, and the fighter of
the poetic school of 1660;
judgment upon "our old
romancers," on Clement
Marot, on Ronsard, on
Malherbe and Racan, on
Saint-Amant, on Balzac,
on Segrais, Cotin, Bre-
beuf and Chapelain, upon
Scudéry, Bourdaloue, the
"Athalie" of Racine,
Régnier; he avoids naming
La Fontaine ; quarrels with
Regnard, with Boursault,
with Perrault; realism of
the satires; the "Satire sur
les femmes"; his rôle in
the quarrel between the
Ancients and the Moderns;
he believes that Christianity
is devoid of beauty, 432-5
Boisguillebert (Pierre C.

Pesant de) baron, littérateur
and economist; d. in 1714,

516
Boisrobert (François C.
Métel de), b. at Caen in
1592 d. March 30, 1662;
protégé of Cardinal Riche-
lieu; he treats Homer with
irreverence, 459
Boissier (Gaston), b. at

Nîmes in 1823; professor |

"

at the College of France:
classical studies, "Ciceron
et ses Amis," "L'Opposition
sous les Césars," "La
Réligion romaine d'Auguste
aux Antonins (1874),
"La Fin du Paganisme
en Occident,"" Promenades
archéologiques" (1880-86);
studies on Madame de
Sévigné and St. Simon,
635-6
Boistuau de Lauriac
(Pierre), French historian
of the first half of the six-
teenth century; protégé of
Margaret of Valois, Queen
of Navarre, 281
Bonnières (Robert

de).
novelist, b. at Paris in 1850,
646

Bornier (Henri de), b. at
Lunel in 1825; his tragedy,
"La fille de Roland,"
was founded upon the
"Chanson de Roland," 26
Boron, see HÉLIE AND
ROBERT DE BORON.

Bossuet (Jacques Bénigne),
b. at Dijon, September 27,
1627; d. in Paris, April 12,
1704; Bishop of Condom
(1669); Bishop of Meaux
(1681) criticisms upon
the style of Calvin and Mon-
taigne at twelve years
he delivers a sermon at the
Hôtel Rambouillet; "Por-
trait" of Cardinal Retz;
first and foremost preacher
and missionary; sermons;
preceptor of the Grand
Dauphin (1670); " Discours
sur l'Histoire universelle";
"Traité de la Connaissance
de Dieu et de Soi-même";
Politique tirée de l'Ecri-
ture sainte "; "Histoire
des Variations des Eglises
protestantes"; "Avertisse-
ments aux Protestants";
"Maximes et Reflexions sur
la Comédie." Other works:
"Funeral Orations" (1667-
87);" Elevations sur les
Mystères"; "Lettres spiri-
tuelles"; qualities of Bos-
suet's style: profound
moralist; took part with
Fénelon in the Quietism
movement; the great mot,
"L'homme s'agite et Dieu
mene," was not his but
Fénelon's; he is the creator
of the philosophy of history,
428-30, 465
Bouchet (Guillaume), b. at
Poitiers in 1526; d. in 1606;
bookseller and littérateur;
his Sérées," 54. 210
Bouchet (Jean), b. at Poitiers
in 1476; died after 1550:
historian; supposed to be
author of the "Sotie du
Vieux Monde et du Nou-

veau Monde sur la Prag-
matique," 181
Boucicaut (surnamed Jean
le Memgre), Marshal of
France; b. at Tours, 1365:
governor of Genoa; d. in
England in 1421 ; not much
proof that he is author of
the "Cent Nouvelles Nou-
velles Mémoires ou Livre
des Faits." 109, 186
Boufflers (Stanislas, Marquis

of, also called the Chevalier
de Boufflers), b. at Lune-
ville in 1737 d. at Paris,
January 18, 1815; amateur
artist poet, painter and
musician, 526
Bouhier (Jean), b. at Dijon,
March 16, 1673; d. 1749;
president of the Parlia-
ment of Dijon ; jurist and
scholar; opinion on Madame
de Sévigné; passage from a
letter written to him by
the Abbé Le Blanc in which
the word "romantic
occurs, 553
Bouhours (Dominique),
Jesuit; b. at Paris, 1028;
d. May 27, 1702; he de-
fended the ancients in his
"Entretiens d'Ariste et
d'Eugène" (1671), 459
Bouilhet (Louis), b. at Cany
(Seine Inférieure) in 1824;
d. at Rouen in 1869; friend
of G. Flaubert; "Madame
de Montarcy," romantic
drama (1856), 577-8
Boulainvilliers (Henri de),
b. at Saint-Saire in Nor-
mandy, October 11, 1658:
d. January 23. 1722;
historian, 196
Bouquet (Dom Martin),
Benedictine: b. at Amiens,
August 6, 1685; d. at Paris,
April 6, 1754; principal
author of "Recueil des
Historiens des Gaules et de
la France." 515
Bourdaloue (Louis), Jesuit ;
b. at Bourges. August 20,
1632 d. May 13, 1704;
admired by Madame de
Sévigné; for fifty years he
preached with universal
success; has little imagina-
tion his qualities; moral
and logical analysis: found
the right line for the ser-
mon; opinions of Voltaire
and D'Aguesseau, Sainte-
Beuve, Madame de Sévigné,
Marshal de Gramont, Prince
of Condé and Boileau :
the most celebrated ser-
mons against Hypocrisy
(direct attack against
Molière and Tartuffe), on
Slander (lengthy allusion to
the Lettres Provinciales"
of Pascal): he applauded
the first success of Mas-