philosopher of the sixteenth | Chandos, herald of John century; "L'Institution Chrétienne in French (1540); sermons, letters, pamphlets; powerful, in- cisive, and eloquent style; he is one of the founders of French prose; opinions of Bossuet and Bayle; protégé of Margaret of Navarre, 220 ff. Campanella (Tommaso), theologian and philosopher of Calabria; b. in 1568; d. at Paris in 1639, 397 Campistron (Jean Galbert de), b. at Toulouse in 1656; d. May 11, 1713; pupil and student of Racine; severely judged by Voltaire; trage- dies are cold and feeble, and the style very formal, 454
Camus (Jean Pierre), Bishop of Belley; b. at Paris in 1582; d. in 1653; saying upon d'Urfé and St. Francis of Sales, 238
Cantilène de SainteEulalie (ninth century), one of the most ancient monuments of the Romance language, 19. 21, 35
66 Caquets de l'Accouchée,"
realistic recital (anony- mous) of the seventeenth century, 210 Caro (Edme), b. at Poitiers in 1826; d. at Paris in 1887; philosopher; "L'Idée de Dieu" "La Philosophie de Goethe," 607 Carrel (Armand), b. at Rouen, May 8, 1800; d. July 24, 1836; journalist, 598, 616 Casa (Rene de), Carmelite friar Bishop of Vaison; Patriarch of Jerusalem; d. in 1348: "Commentaires sur la Politique d'Aristotle," 131 Castel (René-Louis-Richard),
b. at Vire, October 6, 1758; d. at Rheims in 1832; didactic poems; "Les Plantes (1797); "La Forêt de Fontainebleau" (1805), 547 "Cent Nouvelles Nou- velles," by Antoine de la Salle. 54, 188, 189 Chamfort (Sebastien Roch Nicolas). b. in 1741; d. April 13. 1794; dramatic works (1764-76); assiduous collaborator of Mirabeau : his best work the collection of his "Pensées, Maximes et Anecdotes (Dresden, 1803); opinions of Madame Helvétius, Madame Roland, and Mirabeau ; gave the name to the pamphlet of Sieyes upon the Third Estate, 538-9
Chandos, Constable of Aquitaine, fourteenth cen- tury: poem upon Edward of England, surnamed the Black Prince, 107 Chansons des Albigeois, Chanson de Geste Langue-d'oc, 27, 51 Chansons de Geste, the majority in Langue-d'oil; their versification; origin; Carlovingian Cycle Cycle of Brittany or of King Arthur : Ancient Cycle; their decadence in four- teenth and fifteenth cen- turies; their transformation and their expansion in Europe; their classification by Jean Bodel; see Roman, 20-40 Chansons
des Lorrains, Chanson de Geste (Garin, Girbert, Anseis), 26-27 Chanson de Roland (eleventh century); Chan- son de Geste of the Carlo- vingian Cycle in Norman dialect; analysis and prin- cipal episodes, 25 Chantal (St. Jeanne Fran çoise Frémyot de), b. at Dijon in 1572; d. at Moulins in 1641; founder of the Order of the Visitation; canonised in 1767; grand- mother of Madame de Sévigné St. Francis of Sales addressed to her spiritual epistles, 237 Chantelouve (François Grossombre de), b. at Bordeaux; Knight of Malta; "Pharaon," tragedy, 1575, 349
Chapelain (Jean), b. in Paris, December 4, 1595; d. February 24 or 25. 1674; counsellor of the King: one of the first members of the Académie Française: author of the poem "La Pucelle" (1656); habitué of the Hotel Rambouillet, 460 Chappelle (surname Claude
Emmanuel Thuillier), b. at le Chapelle Saint-Denis, near Paris. in 1626; d. in Paris in September, 1686; poet; he is said to have been one of the pupils of Gassendi, 397 Charlemagne, Emperor of the West (800-814); poems upon him and his com- panions in arms (studies by Gaston Paris), 25 ti. Charles V., King of France,
1364 to 1380; his library: his love of science, 113, 140, 144
Charles-Quint, Emperor, 1519 to 1555: the "Mémoires" of Com-
mynes were his "breviary," Charles of Orleans, Count of Angoulême and Blois, Duke of Orleans-Valois; b. in Paris, May 26, 1391; prisoner in England from 1415 to 1440; d. at Amboise, January 6, 1645; father of Louis XII.; protector of Villon ; charm of his. poetic work; the soul of Bernard de Ventadour lives- again in him, 148 ff. Charron (Pierre), preacher and moralist; principal disciple of Montaigne; b. in Paris in 1541; d. 1603: he copies Du Vair and Montaigne; "De la Sagesse," an interesting work of Moral Philoso- phy, 226, 236 Chartier (Alain), b. at Bayeux
about 1390, poet, historian, diplomatist, and moralist; d. in 1457; his poetry at first love making. then oratorical and patriotic; "Le Quadriloge invectif," "Le Curial"; his popu- larity; legend of Margaret of Scotland; "Chroniques de Charles VII." have been attributed to him; they are the works of Gilles ог Jacques le Bouvier, accord- ing to Berry, King at Arms in France, who was born in 1385, 145 ff. Chartier (Guillaume), Bishop. of Paris; b. in Bayeux in 1392: d. 1472; eldest brother of the poet, Alain Chartier, 145 Chastelain (George), b. in 1403; d. in 1475; chronicler of Burgundy: one of the interlocutors of the "Cou- ronne margaritique," by J. Le Maire de Belges, 264 Chateaubriand (François Auguste, Vicomte de); b. at St. Malo, September 14, 1768; d. in Paris, July 4, 1848: inspiration and influence of "Natchez" (work of youth, but only appeared in 1825), "L'Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem" (1811), "Les Martyrs" (1809), “Atala (1801). "René" (1802), "Génie du Christianisme' (1802); he is the father of Romanticism, and of almost all the different forms of the literary art in the nine- teenth century: his lan- guage; criticism upon Madame de Staël; his greatest pupil is Lamartine; his historical works" Essai sur les Révolutions" (1797), "Etudes sur la Chute de
l'Empire romain" 555-8. 590 (1831), Chénier (André Marie de), b. at Constantinople, Octo- ber 29, 1762; d. in Paris, July 25, 1794; poem on "Nature"; judgment upon Malherbe; restored senti- ment, imagination, and poetic rhythm; pure classic, disciple of Ronsard, recreated French poetry by archaism, &c. in his idylls he is a great humanist and non-Hellenic poet; in his elegies he shows himself wholly of his time; philo- sophic poet, and above all a great lyrical poet; ode, "Sur le Jeu de Paume (1791); "Iambes"; "La Jeune Captive" (1794); considered by the Romantic school as its precursor, 527-9 Chénier (Marie-Joseph de), b. at Constantinople, August 28, 1764; d. at Paris, January 17, 1811; brother of the above; criticism Rutebœuf, upon tragic poet; "Edgar ou le Page sup- pose" (1784); drama criti- cised by La Harpe; Azé- mire," tragedy "Charles IX." (1789); enor- (1784); mous success; opinion of Beaumarchais ; VIII." and "Calas" (1791); "Henri "Fénelon" (1793); "Timo- leon " (1794); author of nearly all the official chants of the Revolution; "Le Chant du Départ"; "l'Hymne à la raison," &c. (1792-7); "Epitre à la Calomnie" (1797) judg- ment of Mdme. de Staël; saying of Rivarot against him, 530-1 Cherbuliez (Victor), b. at Geneva in 1829; d. July 1, 1899; principal novels, "Prosper Randoce," Méré," "Meta
"Paule Holdenis," 614-5 Chevalier au Lion, the poem by Chrétien de Troyes, 30 Choiseul - Gouffler (Marie Gabriel Florent Auguste, Comte de), b. at Paris, September 27, 1752: d. June 20, 1817; diplomatist and scholar; "Voyage pit- toresque en Grèce" (1782),
Chrétien de Troyes, d. about 1195: translated Ovid; author of "Lancelot," "Chevalier au Lion," Percival le Gallois." "Eric," "Cligès"; Chan- sons de Geste of
Orleans in 1541; d. at Ven-
Colin de Hainaut, trouvère Colin Muset, trouvère at the about 1345. 107 beginning of the thirteenth Colines (Simon century, 43 de), see
SIMON DE COLINES. Collé (Charles), b. at Paris in 1709; d. in 1783; his plays preserved the tradition of Favart; very licentious
plays," chansons joyeuses," "Dupuis et Desrondes" (comedy in verse, 1765), "La Partie de Chasse de Henry IV." (1774), 524 Collège de France (1530), readers- Danes, Lambin,
professors or
dome, 1596; one of the authors of the "Satire Menippée"; adapted into French verse the "Jeph- thah" of Buchanan, 247, 348 Chrétien (Nicolas), Knight of the Cross (in the reign of Henry IV.); "Les Portugais infortunés," Portuguese drama in verse Christine de Pisan, b. at (1608), 356 Venice in 1363; d. about 1430; criticism upon the "Roman de la Rose"; lays, rondeaux, ballads, historical and didactic works; "Livres des Faits et bonnes Mœurs Charles V."; "Cité des Dames"; letters upon the "Roman de la Rose," &c. ; books upon ethics, 105, 121 Chroniques de Bourgogne, ff.. 132 printed at Lyons in 1476, 185 Chroniques ou Annales de Fleury, of Saint-Benoît- Chroniques de France ou sur-Loire (626-1060), 77 de Saint-Denis (Grandes), printed in 1476; a record from Charles V. to Louis XI., compiled by laymen, 185 Chroniques de Normandie, printed in Rouen in 1487, 185 Chronique d'Outre Mer Chronique de Reims, or (1100-1227), 80 recitals of a minstrel of Rheims (1260), 77 Chroniques ou Annales de Chroniques de Saint Denis, Reims (830-1309), 80 see Chroniques de France Chronique or Annals of St. (Grandes)," 184 Victor of Marseilles (1538- 1542). 77 Chronique Scandaleuses, see Jean de Troyes or De Cigala (Lanfranc) of Genoa, Roye, 184 troubadour; d. about 1278,
Clémangis, or de Clamanges,
Nicolas de, see Nicolas, 127 Clemencet (Don Charles), Benedictine; b. in 1703: d. in 1778; one of the authors of "Histoire lit- Clément (Don Francis), Bene- téraire de la France," 516
dictine; b. at Bèze, near Dijon in 1714; d. March, 1793; one of the authors of the "Histoire littéraire de la France," 516 Clouet (François), Janet; b. in 1510; d. about 1580; painter: protégé of Margaret of Navarre, 281
Vatable,
Toussaint.
Turnèbe influence upon "Pléiade" of 1550,
the 255-6 Collin d'Harleville (Jean François), b. at Maintenon in 1755 d. in 1806; epi- gram of Le Brun on him; faithful disciple of Sedaine; "L'Inconstant" (1786), "L'Optimiste" (1787). "Le Vieux Célibataire (1792), comedies, 534 Colomb (Jean), Benedictine; b. at Limoges, 1688; d. 1773 one of the authors of the "Histoire littéraire Colomby (François Cau- de la France," 516 vigny de, Baron), b. at Caen in 1588; d. 1648: pupil of Malherbe, 370 Combat des Trente Bretons, historical poem. Commines, or more often (1370). 38 Commynes (Philippe de), b. at the Castle of Com- mynes (Flanders) in 1455, Seigneur d'Argenton; diplomatist and historian; d. August 16, 1509; "Mé- moires sur les Règnes de Louis XI. et de Charles VIII." (1464-98), published in 1523: "Bréviaire" of Charles-Quint; his prose pure and clear; the first of the moralist historians; his conception of politics; pessimism and pity; judg Comte (Auguste), b. at Mont- ment of Montaigne, 201 ff. pellier, January 12, 1798; d. at Paris in 1857; mathe- matician and philosopher; founder of the Positivist Condillac (Abbé school, 587, 651
Etienne Bonnet de), b. at Grenoble in 1715; d. 1780; "Essai sur l'Origine des Connaissances humaines" (1746); “Traité des Sensations" (1754), con- tains a complete exposition of sensual philosophy;
Volney and Dupuis are his disciples; breaks away from the philosophy of the University: Taine is his disciple, 500, 588 Condorcet (Jean Antoine
Nicolas de Caritât, Marquis de), b. at Ribemont (Aisne), September 17, 1743; d. April, 1794: he is the last of the faithful disciples of Voltaire author of Lives of Turgot and Voltaire : edited the "Pensées" of Pascal: his Esquisse d'un Tableau historique des Progrès de l'Esprit hu- main," was left unfinished; compared with Madame de Staël. 511-12
Confrères de la Passion, dramatic company formed in 1402; acted great num- ber of plays; first repressed in 1542 pieces drawn from the Old and New Testament forbidden; dissolution, 1598, 168 ff. Conon, or Quesnes de Béthune, trouvère, b. 1150, 43
Conrart (Valentin), b. in Paris, 1603 d. September 23. 1675: councillor and secretary to the King; first secretary of the Académie Française habitué of the Hôtel Rambouillet, 390 Constant de Rebecque
(Benjamin), b. at Lausanne, October 25, 1767: d. at Paris, December 8, 1830; philosopher and novelist; principal works, "Cours de politique constitution- nelle" (1817-20), "De la Religion" (1824 - 31). "Adolphe," novel (1816), 584-5. 652
Coppée (Francis, called François) b. at Paris, 1842; personal poet, the poet of the lowly; realism and personal accent; "Le Reliquaire' (1866); "Les Intimités " (1868); "Les Humbles" (1872); plays, "Le Passant (1869). "Severo Torelli,' "Les Jacobites," "Pour la Couronne"; tragedies,
Coquillart (Guillaume), b. at Rheims in 1450 (and not in 1421): canon and official of Rheims; d. 1510; satirical poems: "Plaidoyer de la Simple et de la Rusée": monologues; "Droits Nouveaux," 152 Cormenin, Vicomte de (Louis - Marie-de-la- Haie). known as "Timon"; b. at Paris, January 6, 1788; d. in 1868; jurist and pam-
phleteer: works, Trois Dialogues politiques" (1838), "La très humble Remonstrances de Timon" (1851), "Le Livre des Orateurs," 598 Corneille (Pierre). b. at Rouen, June 6, 1606; d. in Paris, October 1, 1684: ad- vocate-general of the Rouen bar; he frequented at times the Hôtel Rambouillet, who took his part about the "Cid," and dissuaded him from producing "Poly- eucte " ; the "Cid" sub- mitted to the verdict of the Académie Française by Richelieu; he took three verses of "Polyeucte" from Godeau; friend of Brebeuf: the success of the "Cid" balanced by that of the "Mariamne" of Tristan l'Hermite; at first he wrote Romanesque comedies and farcical comedies; great tragedy as he conceived it was in the exaltation of will, consequently his plays are somewhat violent and strained; three periods in his dramatic career-Ist. Cli- tandre" (1632). La Veuve" (1633). "La Place_Royale" (1635), "L'Illusion Comique" (1636), comedies; "Médée." tragedy (1636); 2nd, "Le Cid" (1636), "Horace et Cinna" (1639), "Polyeucte (1640), La Mort de Pom- pée" (1641), "Nicomède' (1652); "Sertorius" (1663); 3rd. "Sophonisbe" (1664). "Edipe" (1659), "Othon" (1665). "Pulcherie" (1672), "Suréna" (1675); comedies, "Le Menteur" (1642), “La Suite du Menteur" (1643). "Trois Acts de Psyché' (1671)-one of the greatest lyrics of the seventeenth century: stanzas of the "Cid" and of "Polyeucte "; paraphrase of the "Imita- tion of Jesus Christ" (1651): opinion of La Bruyère ; admiration of Madame de Sévigné; severe criticism of Boileau; less in favour than Racine; his role in the quarrel of the Ancients and Moderns, 415-20 Corneille (Thomas), b. at Rouen, August 20, 1625: d. 1709; brother of the pre- ceding dramatic author; friend of Brébeuf, 415 Corrario or Corraro (Gre- gorio), b. at Venice; d. 1464: "Progné," classical tragedy in Latin (1458),
346 Costar (Pierre), b. at Paris in 1605 d. at Mans, 1660;
habitué of the Hôtel Ram- bouillet. 390
Cotin (Abbé Charles), b. in Paris, 1604 d. January, 1682; counsellor and al- moner of the King: dis- ciple of Voiture: too cruelly treated by Boileau and Molière; he has written some clever epigrams; he knew Hebrew and trans- lated the "Canticle of Canticles," 403-4
Cottin (Sophie Ristaud, Madame), b. at Tonneins in 1773 d. in 1807 in Paris; sentimental novels, 547 Courier (Paul - Louis), b. January 4, 1772, in Paris: assassinated April 10, 1825: he restored to honour certain words fallen into disuse; pamphleteer and Hellenist; translated the Daphnis and Chloé" of Longus (1810): "Simple Discours de Paul-Louis"; "Vigne- ron" (1821); " Pétition pour les Villageois qu'on em- pêche de danser" (1822); "Pamphlet des Pamphlets' (1824): "Lettres au Cen- seur" (1820), 596-8 Cousin (Victor), b. in Paris, November 28, 1792: d. 1867; opinion upon Malebranche: professor of philosophy at the Sorbonne; a disciple of Descartes, 588, 651 Crébillon (Claude - Prosper Jolyot de, son of the following), b. at Paris, Feb- ruary 14, 1707; d. 1777: Royal censor ; licentious novels in very good prose; "Le Sopha" (1745); "Les Egarements du Cœur et de l'Esprit" (1736); "La Nuit et le Moment" (1755), 490 Crébillon (Prosper Jolyot de), b. at Dijon, June 13, 1674; d. in Paris, June 17, 1762; Royal censor; tragedies of youth: "Ido- ménée" (1705); "Atrée et Thyeste" (1707); " Electre" (1709); Rhadamiste et Zénobie" (1711); at sixty years of age he returned to writing for the stage with "Catilina " (1748). and "Le Triumvirat (1754): he owes his reputation to the anger that Voltaire entertained for him, 482 Cretin (Guillaume), treasurer of the Chapel of Vincennes and precentor of Sainte Chapelle; chronicler of Francis I.; d. in 1525: versification; professor of J. Le Maire de Belges; the king of the "rime équi- voque":"Chants Royaux": ridiculed by Rabelais (the
Raminagrobis of "Panta- gruel"); carefully studied by Marot, 261, 262 Creton, poet; about 1410; historical poem, 107, 110 Crocus (Cornelius), b. at Amsterdam; d. in Rome in 1550; "Josephus Custus.' mystery in Latin, 347 Cujas (Jacques), b. at Tou- louse in 1522; d. at Bourges in 1590; professor of Roman Law at Toulouse, Valence, Cahors, and at Bourges, 241 Curel (François de), dramatic
author; b. at Metz, 185-: "L'Invitée," comedy, 612 Cuvelier (Jean), trouvère of Picardy in 1384;
Chronique du Bertrand du Guesclin." 107 Cyrano de Bergerac (Savi- nien), b. in Paris, March 6, 1619 d. 1655; he is a grotesque": "Lettres" his plays, "La Mort d'Agrippine," philosophical tragedy (1653); "Le Pedant Joue," comedy (1654);" Les Etats et Empires de la Lune et du Soleil," novels (1656 and 1661); he is said to have been the pupil of Gas- sendi; Molière borrowed two scenes from the "Pedant Joué" for his "Fourberies de Scapin," 381-2, 411
Dacier (André), b. at Castres in 1651 d. 1722; perma- nent secretary, Académie Française (1713); exalts Homer; unfavourable epigram; his translations, 460, 515 Dacier, Mme. (Anne Le- fevre), wife of the above; b. at Saumur in 1654; d. 1720; she exalts Homer; translates him; epigram against her, 460 Daguesseau, see AGUESSEAU, D'.
Dalembert, see ALEMBERT,
D'. Dancourt (called Florent Carton). b. at Fontaine- bleau November 1, 1661; d. December 6, 1725: he is the Furetière of the theatre; realistic and anecdotal comedy: "Le Chevalier à la Mode" (1687); "Les Bourgeoises de Qualité"| (1700), 455
Danès (Pierre), b. in Paris,
1497; d. 1577; pupil of Lascaris and of Budé ; pro- fessor of Greek in the College of France; his pupils were Amyot, Brisson and Daurat, 256 Daniel (Arnaud), see AR-
Dante (Dante Alighieri), b. in Florence, 1265; d. in Ra- venna, September 14, 1321; author of the "Divine Comedy." 19, 49, 51, 303 Danton (Georges Jacques), b. at Arcis-sur-Aube, October 28, 1759; executed April 5. 1794 genuinely popular author, 537
Daudet (Alphonse), b. at Nimes in 1840; d. 1879; artist and poet; the most realistic of contemporary novelists; "Le Nabab (1877); "Les Rois en Exil" (1879): "Fromont Jeune et Risler Aîné "(1874); "Sapho" (1884), 616-7
Daudet (Mdme. Alphonse) (Julia Allard), b. in Paris; impressions and remem- brances, 617
Daudet (Ernest), b. at Nîmes, 1837; novels and historical works, 617
Daudet (Leon), son of Al- phonse Daudet; contem- porary novelist, 617 Daunon (Pierre Claude- François), scholar; b. at Boulogne-sur-Mer in 1761; d. June 20, 1840; judgment on Villehardouin, 79 Daurat or Dorat (Jean Dine- mand or Dinematin), b. at Limoges in 1508; d. 1588; professor at the College of France, 1560; pupil of Danes; master of Ronsard and Baïf; one of the mem- bers of the "Pléiade," 256 Dauvet (Jean), president of
the Parliament of Paris; b. in 1400; d. 1471; jurist, 195 Delavigne (Casimir), b. at Havre, April 4, 1793; d. December II, 1843; his tragedies are partly ro- mantic ; "Les Messéni- ennes caused him to be regarded wrongly as a great lyrical poet; tragedies, "Les Vêpres Siciliennes' (1819). "Le Paria" (1821), "Marino Faliero" (1829), "Louis XI." (1832).
"Les Enfants d'Edouard" (1833); comedies, "La Princesse Aurélie" (1828), "L'Ecole des Vieillards" (1823), "La Popularité" (1838). "Le Conseiller rapporteur" (1841), "Don Juan d'Aut- riche" (1835), 570, 580-1 D'Elbenne (Bartolomeo), friend of Ronsard, who de- dicated to him his "Art Poétique," 302
Delille (Abbé Jacques), b. at Aigueperse, June 22, 1738; d. in Paris, May 1, 1813; disciple of J. J. Rousseau ; clever writer of verse; translator of the "Georgics" |
and of Virgil's “Eneid," of Milton's "Paradise Lost poems on "Gardens "(1782);
L'Homme des Champs," "Imagination," "Les trois règnes de la Nature" (1808); he is the king of the "littérature de l'Empire," 504, 546
Denne-Baron(Pierre-Jacques René), b. at Paris, 1780; d. 1854 poet, 505 Des Autels (Guillaume), poet; b. at Charolles in 1529; d. 1576, 308 Descartes (René), b. at La Haie, in Touraine, March 31, 1596; d. at Stockholm, February 11, 1650; his in- fluence upon literature and teaching; his life; scientific works; philosophic works, "Discours de la Methode (1637), "Les Meditations' (1641 and 1647). "Le Traité des Passions de l'Ame" (1649); judgment of M. Liard; he roused Pascal; correspondent of Gassendi; master of Malebranche; Victor Cousin upholds his doctrine, 395-6
Deschamps (Eustache, called Morel); b. at Vertus in 1340 d. in 1410; excellent poet; "Miroir du Mariage"; rondeaux, virelais, fables, ballads, poetic art, 100-2, 165-6
Desfontaines (Pierre-Fran- çois, called Guydot), b. at Rouen, 1685; d. 1745; lite- rary critic; collaborator with Fréron in "L'Année Littéraire, 518
Desmarets de Saint-Sorlin (Jean), b. in Paris, 1595; d. 1666; habitué of the Hôtel Rambouillet; according to him the Moderns ought to be superior to the Ancients inasmuch as the Christian religion is more elevated than the ancient religions, an idea developed by Cha- teaubriand in the "Génie du Christianisme," 459 Des Mazures (Louis), b. at Tournay, 1510; d. 1580; "David combattant "David triomphant "David fugitif," "sacred" tragedies (1556); dignified and poetic style, 348, 352 Desperiers (Bonaventure), b. at Arnay-le-Duc towards the end of the fifteenth century; d. 1544; trans- lator of Biblical hymns; "Cymbalum Mundi" (1537); "Nouvelles Récréa- tions et Joyeux Devis (1558); protégé of Mar- garet of Navarre, 54, 209. 281
Desportes (Philippe), reader to the King, Councillor of State, Canon of Sainte- Chapelle, &c.; b. at Char- tres in 1545; d. October, 1606; friend of Ronsard; grace, delicacy, and har- mony of his verse; con- stant imitation of the Italians; translation of the Psalms; uncle and pro- tector of Régnier; badly treated by Malherbe ; severely judged by Boileau, 331-335
Des Roches (Dame Catherine Neveu), d. at Poitiers, 1587; "Tobie," tragi-comedy, in collaboration with Jacques Ouyn, 350
&c.; dramatic works very feeble; "Le Fils naturel' (1757); "Le Père de Famille (1758), &c.; he put his name to the "En- cyclopedia "; his influence; refutation of "De l'Homme" of Helvétius; he collaborated with Hol- bach in "Système de la Nature," and in the corre- spondence of Grimm ; at- tacks of Palissot; opinion of Voltaire ; verses of Gilbert against him; Vol- ney and Dupuis are his disciples; literary in- fluence, 493-6
Dierx (Léon), b. in the Isle
of Réunion in 1838; poetry perfectly artistic, 631 Dolet (Etienne), b. at Orleans; burnt in the Place Maubert, August 3, 1546; printer in Lyons; works upon Latin and French prose; transla- tions; "L'Enfer" (1544),
(Ælius Donatus), Latin grammarian of the fourth century; teacher of St. Jerome, 18 Dorat (Claude Joseph), b. in
Destouches (Philippe Neri- cault), b. at Tours, 1680; d. July 4, 1754; his career; he wrote a comedy of character, with a "portrait" of La Bruyère: "L'Ingrat' (1712); "L'Irrésolu" (1713); "Le Médisant" (1715); "L'Ambitieux et l'Indis- Donat cret" (1737); "Le Glorieux' (1732); "La Fausse Agnès " (played in 1759); "Le Phi- losophe marie" (1727); "Le Tambour nocturne" (trans- lated from the English 1736, played in 1762); towards the end of his life he went into retreat and confined himself to theology; Les- sing preferred him to Molière, 481-2
Paris, December 1, 1734: d. April 29, 1780; less spirited than Gentil Ber- nard; light poetry, tragedy, tales, 526
Dorat (Jean), see DAURAT. Doria (Perceval), see PER-
Chancellor of France in 1371; Archbishop of Sens; d. 1405 barrister, 196 Doudan (Xavier), b. at Douai in 1800; d. in Paris, 1872; "Lettres," 453 Douin de Lavesne, author of Fabliau of Trubert," thirteenth century, 54 Doumic (René), b. in Paris in 1860; literary critic; disciple of F. Brunetière, 646
Doussot (Don Joseph), Bene-
Destutt de Tracy (Antoine-Dormans (Guillaume de), Louis-Claude), b. in 1754: d. in Paris, 1836; philoso- pher; disciple of Condillac, 541, 588 Diderot (Denis), b. at Lan- gres, October, 1713; d. in Paris, July 30, 1784; in- fluence of Sterne and Richardson upon him ; revolt against the old reli- gious beliefs; inventive and assimilative mind; he "carried all his century in his head"; complexity of his work; history, socio- logy, morals, criticism, stories, and plays; the "Encyclopædia"; half of the "Histoire philosophique des Indes," by Raynal; materialistic tendencies in philosophy; literary ideas hazardous but fruitful (comedy and bourgeois drama); influence of his ideas in England and Ger- many; created artistic criticism; "salons" ; ro- mance-writer and novelist ; realist steeped in imagina- tion; "Les Bijoux indis- crets"; "La Religieuse' "Le Neveu de Rameau,'
Saluste, Baron), b. in 1544; d. in 1590; "La Semaine,' encyclopædic poem on the Creation (1579); he exag- gerates the defects of Ronsard; admired by Etienne Pasquier and by Goethe, 326
Du Bellay (Guillaume, Lord of Cangey), b. in 1491; d. 1543; Viceroy of Pied- mont; "Mémoires upon the reign of Francis I.; protector of Ronsard, 208, 289
Du Bellay (Jean), b. in 1492; d. 1560; Bishop of Bay-
onne (1526) and of Paris (1532); Cardinal; protected Rabelais; he contributed towards founding the "Col- lege of France"; protector of Joachim du Bellay, 298 Du Bellay (Joachim), b. in the Castle of La Turme- tière, near Loré (Anjou), in 1522, or more likely in 1524 or 1525; d. January 1, 1560; his appreciation of the "Roman de la Rose " : disciple of Petrarch; son- net in honour of Maurice Seve; "Défense et Illus- tration de la Langue fran- çaise" (1549); manifesto of the Pleiade, which he founded with Ronsard in 1548; Preface to the "Olive"; biography; at first purely a Petrarchan poet; "L'Olive" (1556); passion for antiquity; stay at Rome (1553-6); "Les Antiquités de Rome," and "Les Regrets"; great ele- giac poet; remarks upon the "Défense"; friend of Olivier de Magny, 298-302, 317-323
Du Bellay (Martin, Prince d'Yvetot); d. 1559; "Mé- moires " of the reign of Francis I., 99, 208 Dubois (Guillaume), Cardinal (1656-1723) mot on Abbé de Saint Pierre; portrait by Saint-Simon, 474 Du Cange (Charles du Fresne, Baron), b. at Amiens in 1610; d. at Paris, 1688; edited Ville- hardouin, 78 Ducis (Jean François), b. at Versailles, August 22, 1733: d. March 31, 1816; he was a Stoic, very virtuous and single-minded; he made his début at the theatre at the age of forty with tragedies modelled on the Greek ones, and even more often on Shakespeare: Edipus à Colone" (1797); "Hamlet" (1769): "Roméo et Juliette" (1772); "Le roi Lear" (1783); “Mac- beth (1784); "Jean san Terre" (1791); "Othello' (1792): "Abufar (1795): his influence, 533-4 Duclos (more often Charles Pineau), b. at Dinan, Feb- ruary 12, 1704; d. in Paris, March 26, 1772; permanent secretary to the Académie Français; his wit in con- versation; his works: "His- toire de Louis XI." (1745): "Considérations sur les Mœurs' (1750); "Con- sidérations sur l'Italie (1791), 508-9
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