the

ridiculed Guillaume Cretin
(Raminagrobis); protégé
of Margaret of Navarre;
opinion of Montaigne; his
works three times copied
by Charles Nodier, 211 ff.
Racan (Honorat de Bueil,
Marquis de), b. at
Roche-Racan (Touraine) in
1589; d. February, 1670;
he took from Pierre Mat-
thieu four verses; friend
of Malherbe, and a fine
poet like him, though less
scholarly; one of the first
members of the Académie
Française he retired to
Touraine about 1628; his
drama, "Les Bergeries"
(1625) odes; stanzas; "Su
la Retraite"; translation of
the Psalms (1631); "Vie de
Malherbe"; character of
his poetry; sentiment of
nature; sense of harmony;
judgment of Boileau and
of La Fontaine; went to
the Hôtel Rambouillet, 311,
372-4

Racine (Jean), b. at La Ferté-

Milon, December 21, 1639;
d. in Paris, April 20, 1699;
treasurer of France; his-
toriographer; secretary to
the King and gentleman-in-
ordinary of the bedcham-
ber; pupil of the "Soli-
taires of Port-Royal; he
probably borrowed the
subject of "Bajazet" from
Segrais; Tristan l'Hermite
looked upon as his
predecessor; not under-
stood by Madame de
Sévigné general character-
istics of his work; admired

by Boileau; the greatest
French tragedian; his pro-
ductions much more ro-
mantic and much less
rational than Molière's
at the present time more
in favour than Corneille;
style extraordinarily pure;
profound knowledge of the
passions, above all of the
passions of love; the most
dexterous and the most
"sure" of dramatic crafts-
men; it is the case here of

INDEX

pared to that of Massil-
lon; he is the king of
French epigram; opinion
of Boileau upon "Athalie,"
438-41

Racine (Louis), b. in Paris,
November 6, 1692; d.
January 29, 1763; poet;
son of the foregoing, 455
Raimond Sebond or de
Sebonde, of Barcelona;
professor at Toulouse about
1430 d432; criticised by
Montaigne, 220

Rambaud III., Count of
Orange, troubadour about
1173, 51
Rambaud de Vaqueiras,

troubadour, 1180-1207, 51
Rambouillet (Hôtel de), the
first of the literary salons
in France; patronised by
Madame de Sévigné and
by Fléchier; see Angennes,
389-391

Rambouillet (Catherine de
Vivonne, Marquise de), b.
at Rome, 1588; d. at Paris,
December 2, 1665; literary
reunions at her hotel in
Paris, 389-91

Ramus (known as Pierre la

Ramée), b. 1515; killed
August 26, 1572 (St. Bartho-
lomew); enemy of Aristotle;
he is an earlier Descartes,

218, 219

"Raoul de Cambrai," Chan-
son de Geste of the Carlo-
vingian Cycle; attributed to
the trouvère Bertolais
(tenth century), 26
Raoul de Presles, b. in

Paris in 1314; d. 1383;
translated the Bible and
the "City of God," by St.
Augustine, 197

Rapin (Nicolas), b. at Fon-
tenay-le-Comte in 1540;
d. at Poitiers, 1608; one of
the authors of the "Satire
Menippée ;
he tried
metrical verse without
rhyme, 247

(Felix

Raulin (Jean), b. at Toul,
1443; Benedictine; d. 1514
in Paris; preacher, 194
Ravaisson-Mollien
Lacher), b. 1813 at Namur ;
d. in Paris in 1900; philo-
sopher and archaeologist ;
thesis upon "L'Habitude";
report upon "La Philoso-
phie en France au XVIII-
ième Siècle," (1868), 606
Raynal (Guillaume-Thomas-

François, Abbé), b. at St.
Geniez (Rouergue), April
12, 1713; d. in Paris, March
6, 1796; Diderot colla-
borated in his "Histoire
Philosophique des Indes,"

494

Regnard (Jean François), b.
in Paris, February, 1655;

"

681

d. in his castle of Gullon
(Seine-et-Oise), September
4. 1709 he is the true
successor of Molière; excel-
lent comic author belong-
ing to the second class; at
first wrote epistles in verse;
satire against Boileau, to
whom he was subsequently
reconciled; comedies," Le
Distrait (1697): "Démo-
crite," "Le Retour im-
prévu " (1700); "Les
Ménéchmes" (1705); Le
Légataire universel" (1708);
"Le Joueur," comedy of
manners (1696); he was
wanting in depth of obser-
vation and the smallest
grain of ruggedness, 456-8
Régnier (Mathurin), b. at
Chartres in 1573: nephew
of Desportes: attached to
Cardinal Joyeuse in Italy;
canon of Chartres; d. at
Rouen, October 22, 1613;
biography; his epitaph;
imitation of Juvenal and
Horace : observer and
satirical poet from birth;
the Satires ; analysis
and qualities; he excelled
in the picturesque and
paints character superbly;
literary satires against Mal-
herbe; he believed himself
to be a second Ronsard ;
distinguished elegiac poet :
his verses impressed on
medal; criticism of Boileau
and De Musset; compared
to Boileau, 338-45
Reid (Thomas), Scotch philo.
sopher b. at Strachan,
1710; d. at Glasgow, 1796 :
master of Royer-Collard,
588
Renan (Ernest). b. at
Tréguier, February 27, 1823;
d. in Paris, October 2, 1892.
philologist, philosopher and
moralist-historian; the
greatest mind that has
appeared in France since
Chateaubriand.and perhaps
even since J.-J. Rousseau;
his principal works:
"L'Avenir de la Science
(1848, published in 1890);
"Histoires des Origines des
Christianisme (1863-83);

:

Histoire du Peuple
d'Israel' (1887-90); his con-
ception of morality; " Dia-
logues Philosophiques
(1876);"Mélanges d'Histoire
et de Voyage" (1878); "Ques-
tions contemporaines
(1868); "La Réforme intel-
lectuelle et morale" (1871);
"Souvenirs et Fantaisies
"Souvenirs d'Enfance et de
Jeunesse (1883); " Drames
philosophiques (1888);
compared with Plato and

Chanson de Geste of the
Carlovingian Cycle, 27
Renouvier (Charles), b. at
Montpellier, 1825; disciple
of Kant; his "Essais de
Critique générale"(1854-76),
606

Retz (Jean-François-Paul de
Gondi, Cardinal de), b. at
Montmirail, October, 1614;
d. at Paris, August 24, 1679:
Archbishop of Paris, 1652;
profound observer of man-
ners and character; great
friend of La Rochefoucauld;
admired by Mmes. de la
Fayette and de Sévigné ;
"La Conjuration de
Fiesque," work of his
youth, judged dangerous by
Richelieu; his memoirs;
opinion of Sainte-Beuve ;
"portraits" after the style of
La Bruyère; general con-
siderations after the style
of Sallust and tracts à la
Montaigne; he abounds in
"Pensées ; his " "portrait"

by Bossuet; incisive mora-
list;
very great writer,

424-5
Richard de Fournival,
chancellor of the Church
at Amiens in 1248; "Bes-
tiaire d'Amour," 84
Richardson (Samuel), Eng-
lish novelist; his influence
on J.-J. Rousseau and upon
Diderot, 400
Richelieu (Armand-Jean du
Plessis, Cardinal-duc de), b.
in Paris, 1585; d. December
4. 1642; Du Perron's

Traite de Rhétorique
française" aroused him;
founder and supporter of
the Académie Française ;
he charged the Academy to
deliver a judgment upon
the "Cid" of Corneille, 241
Richepin (Jean), b. in Algiers
in 1849; he is frankly
romantic ; "La Chanson
des Gueux (1876); "Les
Caresses" (1877); dramas
in verse, Le Filibustier"
(1888), “Nana Saîb" (1883),
"Le Chemineau (1897),

"

632-3
Rivarol (Antoine de), b. at
Bagnol (Languedoc), June
26, 1753; compared with
Abbé de Pons: mot upon
the "Mois" of Roucher; as
witty as but less profound

than Chamfort; "Discours
sur l'Universalité de la
Langue française";
crowned by the Academy
of Berlin (1784); new
dictionary of the French
language (unfinished);
collaboration in the "Jour-
nal politique et national,"
also in the "Actes des
Apôtres"; his mots, 539
Rivet de la Grange (Don
Antonio), Benedictine, 1683-
1749; one of the authors
of the "Histoire Littéraire
de France," 516
Robert de Blois, disciple of
Thibaut de Champagne
(thirteenth century); " Cas-
toiement des Dames";
"Beaudous," 57

Robert de Boron (twelfth
and thirteenth centuries);
author of "Joseph of
Arimathea," 28-29

Robert le Court, or more
often Lambert le Tort de
Chateaudun; one of the
authors of the "Roman
d'Alexandre," Chanson de
Geste of the Antique Cycle;
sources of this poem studied
by Paul Meyer, 36
"Robert le Diable," novel
in verse, fourteenth and
fifteenth centuries, 39, 116-7
Robert D'Orbent, presumed
author of "Flore et Blanche-
Heur," 50
Robert de Pullein, or
Pullen, b. in England;
Cardinal towards 1140;
friend of St. Bernard :
philosopher; "Sentences,"

87

politics with her husband;
directed the party of the
Girondins and succumbed
with them; memoirs and
correspondence; letters to
the Demoiselles Canuet, to
Bancal des Issarts and to
Buzot, 540-1
Rollin (Charles), b. in Paris,
January 30, 1661; d. Sep-
tember 14, 1741; cautious
pedagogue; loose moralist;
historian with little critical
capacity, "Histoires an-
ciennes" (1730-38); "Traité
des Etudes (1726-31), 469
"Roman d'Alexandre,"

Chanson de Geste of Lam-
bert le Tort and of Alex-
andre de Bernay; studied
by Paul Meyer, 36
"Roman de Brut," Chanson
de Geste by Wace, 28
"Roman de Charlemagne,"
by Gerard d'Amiens, 37
"Roman d'Enéas," poem
belonging to the Antique
Cycle, by Benoist de Sainte-
Maure, 36

"Roman de Flamença" in
Catalonian; published by
Paul Meyer, 50
"Roman de Renart," see
RENART.

178

Rogier Pierre, see PIERRE
ROGIER.

Roland (Marie-Jeanne-
Philippe, Mme.), b. in Paris,
March 17, 1754: executed
November 9, 1793 judg-
ment upon Chamfort;
passionate disciple of J.-J.
Rousseau; collaborated in

"Roman de la Rose," by
Guillaume de Lorris (about
1225) and Jean de Meung,
(towards 1270); human-
istic and psychological
poem; its success and diffu-
sion; arranged by Clément
Marot; appreciated by
Ronsard severely criticised
by Christine de Pisan :
influence of Ovid; trans-
lated into prose by Jean
Molinet; imitated by Jean
Le Maire de Belges, 64 ff.
Roman de Rou" or "de
Rollou," Chanson de Geste
by Wace, 28
"Roman de Thèbes," poem
belonging to the Antique
Cycle; attributed to Benoist
de Sainte-Maure; imitated
from the "Thébaid' of
Statius, 35
"Roman de Troie," poem
of the Antique Cycle by
Benoist de Sainte-Maure, 35
Romantisme (Romanticism),
reaction against the fol-
lowers of Voltaire and the
literature of the Empire;
general tendencies; three
epochs in Romanticism:
1, the first Romanticists,
Chateaubriand and Madame
de Staël; 2, the Romantics,
properly so-called, of 1820-
35: 3, the last Romantics
from 1835-50. The го-
manticism of Madame de
Staël and Chateaubriand,
552 ff.

Ronsard (Pierre de), b. in
the Castle of La Pois-
sonière (Vendôme), Sep-
tember II, 1524 d. at
Saint-Cosme, near Tours,
December 27, 1585; Prior
of Croix-Val and Saint-
Cosme; his appreciation
of the "Roman de la
Rose"; his funeral oration
by J. du Perron; pupil of
Daurat; Jean Le Maire de
Belges is one of his pre-
cursors; disciple of
Petrarch; encounter with
Joachim du Bellay (1548);
formation of the Pléiade:
preface to the "Françiade'
and "Art Poétique
literary testament drawn up
by D'Aubigné ; biography;
Voyages in Germany, in
England, and in Piedmont;
return to Paris, 1541:
familiar with Henry II.
and Francis II.; favourite
of Charles IX.; first book
of "Odes" (1550); "Discours
sur les Misères du Temps ";
"La Franciade," epic poem;
Boileau's dictum; con-
tinual imitation of the
poets of antiquity: re-
markable epic poet;
"Poèmes," "Hymnes,

Bocage Royal"; great
poet-orator; "Discours,"

Remonstrance au Peuple
de France"; "Institution
pour l'Adolescence de
Charles IX. : excellent
elegiac poet; "Eglogues,"

Elégies," and "Odes :
sonnet of P. de Nolhac on
the old age of Ronsard ;
his defects exaggerated
by Du Bartas, who
has been sometimes pre-
ferred to him; Régnier
regarded himself as his
disciple; severely judged
by Malherbe and by Boi-
leau; his versification re-
sembles that of La Fon-
taine, 302-317
Roscelin, native of Great

Britain; Canon of Com-
piègne and of Tours:
chief of the "Nominalist
philosophers; master of
Abelard; d. after 1121, 86
Rostand (Edmond), contem-
porary dramatic author;
Cyrano de Bergerac," a
sort of "tragic" comedy
(1898), 612
Rotrou (Jean), b. at Dreux,

August 21, 1609; d. June 28,
1650; frequented the Hôtel
Rambouillet; he had almost
genius; he was supported
by Corneille; "Saint-
Genest" (1646), "Vences-
las "
(1647), tragedies;
praise of Corneille on

INDEX

"Saint-Genest": his
heroic death; comedies,
"La Bague de l'Oubli,'
"Les Ménechmes," 414-15
Rou or Rollou, see "ROMAN
DE ROU."

Roucher, not Boucher (Jean
Antoine), b. at Montpellier
in 1745; d. at Paris in 1794 ;
author of the poem of "Des
Mois"; mol of Rivarol
upon him, 504
Rouillet (Claude), Regent of
the College of Burgundy;
in Paris towards 1550:
"Philanira, Petrus,"
"Aman." Latin tragedies,
347.356

Rousseau (Jean Baptiste), b.
in Paris, April 6, 1670; d. in
Brussels, March 17, 1741;
extraordinarily clever epi-
grammatist; epigrams
against Rohan, against
the translation of Homer
by La Motte: Voltaire's
opinion of him; he repre-
sents the classical spirit;
his odes are commonplace
amplifications, but he is a
very good writer of verse;
Voltaire's expression upon
his "Ode à la Posterité,'
461, 469

Rousseau Jean-Jacques),b. at
Geneva, June 28, 1712; d.
at Ermenonville, July 2,
1778; l'Abbé Prévost his
precursor: influence of
Richardson on him; first
works: "Discours sur les
Lettres et les Arts" (1750):
"Discours sur les Causes
de l'Inequalité parmi les
Hommes (1755); "La
Lettre à D'Alembert sur
les Spectacles"; "Julie, ou
La Nouvelle Héloïse
(1760), impassioned novel
that reveals the poet
"Emile," didactic novel

as

chimerical as "Télé-
maque (1762); last works,
for the most part pos-
thumous: "Lettres écrites
de la Montagne (1764);

Réveries d'un Promeneur
solitaire," and the "Confes-
sions (1782). Rousseau is an
enchanter; his ideas appeal
to the senses, and have an
immense influence upon
morals, manners, politics; he
is a literary revolutionary;
sentiment overpowers in-
telligence; influence in
England and Germany;
German influence and
English influence; his true
following is rather in our
century than in his; his
disciples have, above all,
borrowed from him the
sentiment for Nature-
Saint-Lambert, Roucher,

683

Delille, Bernardin de Saint
Pierre, Léonard, Denne-
Baron; attacks of Palissot;
Madame Roland his ador-
ing disciple; precursor of
Romanticism, 501-4
Royer-Collard (Pierre Paul),
b. at Sompuis (Marne),
June 21, 1763: d. at
Chateauvieux (Loir-et-
Cher), September 4, 1845:
professor of philosophy; he
attached himself to the
philosophy of Thomas
Reid, then became a poli-
tician and a great orator,
500, 588,650

Rudel (Jaufré or Geoffrey
de Blaye), troubadour; d.
at Tripoli about 1170, 49
Rutebeuf, trouvere from
Champagne ; d. about
1290; author of Fabliaux ;
precursor of Villon; "Mir-
acle de Théophilus," legend
in dialogue; the tercet is
employed by him in his
Mariage," 54, 57

Sabadino degli

Arventi
(Giovanni), b. at Boulogne
about 1450; d. about 1506,

54

Sable (Madeleine de Souvré,
Marquise de). b. in 1598;
d. at Port-Royal, Paris,
January 16, 1678; author
of a collection of maxims
published in 1705; belonged
to the Hôtel Rambouillet,
390
Sacchetti (Franco), Italian
story-teller; b. at Florence
in 1335 d. 1400; imitated
the French Fabliaux, 54
Sacy (Lemaître de), see LE-
MAITRE DE SACY.
Saint-Amant (Marc-Antoine
Gerard, Sieur de), b. at
Rouen. 1594 d. at Paris,
December 29, 1661; the
grotesques date from
him; "La Solitude," poem;
"Moïse' (1653), poem ;
"Le Poète crotté"; "Le
Contemplateur"; painter
of Nature; opinions of
Furetiere and Boileau, 379-
81
Saint-Benoît or Fleury-
sur Loire (Abbaye de),
"Chronicles," 77
Saint-Cyran (Jean du Ver-
gier de Hauranne, Abbé
de), b. at Bayonne in 1581;
d. October 11, 1643; theo-
logian founder of the
Jansenist city of Port-
Royal, 392
Saint-Evremond (Charles de
Marquetel de Saint-Denis,
Sieur de), b. at Saint-Denis-
le-Gast, near Coutances,
April 1, 1613; d. in London,
September 29, 1703; be-

longed to the Hôtel Ram-
bouillet set; he might be
called "the nonchalant
Voltaire of the seventeenth
century ; forced to exile
himself, he settled in Lon-
don (1662); many critical,
literary and historical
works, also satirical fan-
tasies; letters; his liking
for La Fontaine, 426-7
Saint-Gelais (Jean, not
Charles, de, Seigneur of
Montlieu); brother, or
rather uncle, of Octavien
de Saint-Gelais: "Histoire
de Louis XII." (to 1510),
186
Saint-Gelais

(Melin,

or

Mellin. de), b. at Angou-
lème, November 3. 1487:
studied at Bologna and
at Padua: t. in Paris,
October, 1558 opinion
upon Alain Chartier pro-
tégé of Margaret of Valois,
Queen of Navarre; he has
the same qualities as
Marot, though in a less
marked degree: epigrams;
one of the first to follow
Petrarch; translator of the
"Sophonisbe" of Trissino;
sonnetteer, 282-4
Saint-Gelais (Octavien de),

b. at Cognac, 1466; elected
Bishop of Angoulême,
1494; d. in 1502 he seems
to have imitated the poetry
of Charles of Orleans:
translated Ovid, Virgil, and
Homer; "La Chasse, ou
le Départ d'Amour' Le
Séjour d'Honneur,"
186

163.

Saint-Julien-de-Balleure
(Pierre). b. 1520; d. 1593:
passage in his treatise on
the Origine des Bour-
guignons relates to J.
Le Maire de Belges (1581).
263
Saint-Lambert (Jean Fran

Saint François de Sales,
Benserade, Cardinal de
Retz, Bourdaloue, Fénelon,
and Béranger; came into
touch with Grimm; views
upon the "Ruins" by
Volney; critic of the
highest order; moralist
and historian: "Portraits
littéraires" (1832, 1839, 1841,
1844); "Portraits contem-
porains" (1846): "Por-
traits de Femmes " (1844) ;
"Causeries du Lundis "
(1851-57); "Nouveaux
Lundis (1863): "Histoire
de Port-Royal" (1840-62);
"Volupté," novel (1834):
"Pensées de Joseph De-
lorme" (1829), "Pensées
d'Aout" (1837), poems; his
qualities and his defects;
passion for truth of detail;
picture of French poetry
in the sixteenth century
(1828), 594-6
Sainte-Marthe (Charles de),
b. at Fontevrault in 1508:
d. at Alençon in 1555:
poet protégé of Margaret
of Navarre; admired
Maurice Sève : friend of
Joachim du Bellay, 317
Sainte-Marthe (Gaucher
III., called Scevole II., and
Louis de, twin brothers),
b. in London, December 20,
1571 d. in Paris-the first,
September 7, 1650; the
second, April 29, 1656:
editors of the Gallia
Christiana, 515
Sainte-Marthe (Louis de,
eldest brother of Charles),
d. 1566; protégé of Mar-
garet of Navarre; friend
of Joachim du Bellay, 317
Saisset (Richard), philoso-
pher and mathematician;
his "Calculateur," 126
Saix (Antoine de or du), b. at

ciples: officer and traveller;
"Voyage à l'Ile de France"
(1773); novels, "Le Café
de Surate," "La Chaumière
indienne (1790)," Paul et
Virginie," admirable novel:
"Etudes sur la Nature
(1784). "Harmonies de la
Nature" (1815); letter
from Ducis to him, 504-5
Saint-Pierre (Charles Renée
Castel, Abbé de); b. at
Saint Pierre - Eglise, near
Cherbourg, in 1658; d. in
Paris, April 29, 1743 ex-
cluded from the Académie
Française; he had a
horror of the government
of Louis XIV.; his " Projet
de Paix perpétuelle
(1713); saying of Cardinal |
Dubois; Discours sur le
Sujet des Conférences fu-
tures del 'Academie "(1714);
"Mémoire pour l'Etablisse-
ment d'une Taille propor- I
tionelle" (1717): Discours
sur le Polysynodie (1718) |
(which excluded him from
the Academy); other socio-¦
logical works; "Mémoire
pour les Mendiants"(1724);
"Projet pour perfectionner
l'Orthographie (1730); mix-
ture of odd ideas and some
very profound ones, 472-3
Saint-Simon (Claude Henri,
Comte de). b. and d. in
Paris, 1760-1825); founder
of the sect of
Saint-
Simoniens, 587
Saint-Simon (Louis de
Rouvroy, Duc de), b.
January 16, 1675; d. in
Paris, March 2, 1755: "por-
trait of Fénelon judg-
ment on Madame de
Maintenon; reaction
against the Government of
Louis XIV.; man of the!
past; not very intelligent,
but a keen observer and
a great artist: his "Mé-
moires on the Court of
Louis XIV. and the
Regency are assigned al
place above Tacitus; com-
pared with La Bruyere and
Cardinal de Retz; style
incorrect and loose; florid
description; "portraits" of
Fénelon, Duchess of Bur-
gundy, Cardinal Dubois:
Michelet resembles him,
but does not equal him;
he is a historian who
belongs entirely to litera-
ture; has not given much |
solid ground for what he
relates, 473-4
Sainte Beuve (Charles
Augustin), b. at Boulogne-
sur-Mer. December 23.
1804; d. October 13. 1869; 1
criticisms upon Montaigne,,

çois de), b. at Nancy, De-
cember 26, 1716; d. in
Paris, February 19, 1803;
disciple of J.-J. Rousseau ;
his poem,
Les Saisons
(1769), 504
Saint Marc Girardin
(called Marc-Girardin), b.
in Paris, February 12, 1801;
d. at Moisang (Seine-et-
Oise) in 1873: professor |
at the Sorbonne ; more
moralist than critic ;]
"Cours de Littérature dra- |
matique "(1843 and follow-
ing years), 594
Saint Pierre
-

(Jacques-
Henri-Bernardin de), b. in
Havres, January 19, 1737:
d. at Eragny-sur-Oise,
January 21. 1814: the i
greatest of Rousseau's dis- |

see