INDEX

Sand (Armandine - Lucile -
Aurore, Baronne Dudevant,
called George), b. in Paris,
July 1, 1804; d. at Nohant,
June 7, 1876; purely roman-
tic in her first novels,
"Lélia "(1833); " Valentine'
and "Indiana" (1832);"
Jacques" (1834); they
then became purely rustic,
"Jeanne" (1844): " François
le Champi" and "La Petite
Fadette" (1848); " La Marc
au Diable (1846); "Les
Maitres Sonneurs" (1853):
then come the bourgeois
novels; novels arranged for
the theatre: "François le
Champi," "Le Marquis de
Villemer"; a portion of her
work inspired by Pierre
Leroux, 572-3
Sandeau (Jules), b. at Au-
busson, February 19, 1811;
d. at Paris, 1883; at first
the collaborator of George
sand, then bourgeois
novels; Mdlle. de la Seig-
liere" (1848); "Le Docteur
Herbaut (1841); "Cathe-
rine" (1845): "La Maison
de Pénarvan":"Le Gendre
de M. Poirier," comedy in
collaboration with Emile
Augier, 584, 609
Sansovino (Francesco),
Venetian polygraph. 1521-
86: imitated the French
Fabliaux, 54

Sarcey (Francisque), b. at
Dourdan (Seine-et-Oise),
1828 d. 1899, in Paris:
qualities of his criticism;
verdict of Dumas fils,
640-43

Sardou (Victorien), b. in
Paris, September 7, 1831:
the most gifted dramatist
of the nineteenth century,
but superficial observer;
first pieces: "La Perle
noire and "La Papil-
lonne" (1862); he has prac-
tised every description of
dramatic literature; "Di-
vorcons (1883), comedy
vaudeville; "Nos Intimes
(1862); "La Famille Benoi-
ton" (1865); "Seraphine
(1869), comedies of man-
ners; "Daniel Rochat"
(1880). Rabagas" (1877),
political comedies; "Mme.
Sans-Gêne," "Les Merveil-
leuses," Théodora,' his-
torical comedies; "La
Haine" (1875), "Patrie
(1869), "Thermidor," grand,
historical dramas, 611
Sarrazin or Sarasin (Jean

François), b. at Herman-
ville, near Caen, in 1605 d.
at Pézenas, December,
1654; belonged to the Hôtel
Rambouillet; disciple of

509

Scaliger (Joseph Juste), b. at
Agen. August 4, 1540; d. at
Leyden, January 21, 1609;
philologist; son of the
following panegyric of
Turnebe, 256

a

Scaliger (Jules-Cesar), b.
probably at Padua, April
23, 1484 d. at Agen, October
21, 1558; philologist and
physician; in his poetics
("Poetices libri VII.,"
Lyons, 1561) he has traced
the rules of tragedy, 348
Scarron (Paul), b. in Paris,
July, 1610; d. October 14,
1660; belongs to the "bur-
lesque" writers; the "Eneid
travestied" (1648-52);
"Le Roman comique,"
realistic novel; tragi-comic
tales, imitated from Spain,
one of which, "Les Hypo-
crites," is the first sketch
of Tartuffe, comedie-
bouffes; "Jodelet. ou le
Maitre valet" (1645); "Don
Japhet d'Arménie" (1653);
precursor of Regnard; pre-
cursor in his satires of
Boileau and Molière ; satire
against the critics addressed
to Mdlle. de Scudéry; he
inspired Boileau to write
his imprecations against
mercenary critics: pre-
cursor of Le Sage; Sedaine
got from him the idea of
the Gageure imprévue,"
408-9

Scève (Maurice), see SÈVE.
Schélandre (Jean de) or

Daniel d'Anchères, b. at
Verdun in 1586; d. in 1650;
Tyre et Sidon," drama
in the Shakesperian man-
ner;" Les Funestes Amours
de Belcar et de Mélane,"
tragic comedy, 356, 383
Scherer (Edmond), b. Paris,

1815; d. 1889; literary critic
and sociologist, 638-9
Schopenhauer (Arthur),

685

German philosopher (1788-
1860); he has largely plun-
dered Chamfort without
saying so. 539

Scott (Walter), Scotch
novelist; b. at Edinburgh,
August 15, 1771; d. at
Abbotsford, September 21,
1832, 554

Scribe (Eugène), b. at Paris,
December 24, 1791; d. Feb-
ruary 26, 1861; instinct for
and experience of the stage;
amazing dexterity and
astonishingly prolific; "Une
Chaine" and "La Camara-
derie " (1841); "La Verre
d'Eau" (1842); "Bataille de
Dames" (1851);" Adrienne
Lecouvreur' (1849); his
influence, 581-2
Scudéry (Georges de), b. in

Havre in 1601; d. in Paris
May 14, 1667; governor of
Notre Dame de la Guide.
near Toulon; habitué of
the Hôtel de Rambouillet ;
his "Observations sur le
Cid" submitted by Cardinal
Richelieu to the Académie
Française; he signed his
name to the charming
novels written by his sister;
his plays, "Lygdamon et
Lydias (1629), "Le Vassal
genéreux" (1632), "Orante"
(1635), "La Mort de César"
(1636), "L'Amant libéral "
"L'Amour tyrannique'
(1638). "Arminius" (1643);
tragedies or half tragic,
half comic plays; Boileau
jested at his facility:
imagination, invention, no
taste, constant emphasis;
comedies, "Le Trompeur
puni (1631), Comédie
de Comédiens" (1634), 412
Scudéry (Madeleine de), b. at
Havre, 1627 (?); d. in Paris,
June 2. 1681; sister of
above; Scarron addressed
to her satires against the
critics; her novels signed
by her brother; they mark
a new growth and a transi-
tion; their attraction of
curiosity and their psycho-
logical interest for her con-
temporaries; their historic
interest; style thin, diffuse,
and prolix: she adopted
the name of "Sapho"; her
"portraits," Angélique
d'Angennes; commence-
ment of the literature of
psychology and obser-
vation; compared with Le
Sage. 421-22
Sebonde or de Sebonde, see
RAIMOND.

Sedaine (Michel Jean), b. in
Paris, July 4, 1719; d. May
17, 1797: he continued in his
plays the tradition of Fa-

vart; mot of Voltaire on
him; "Le Philosophe sans
le Savoir" (1765), bourgeois
play; "La Gageure im-
prévue" (1768), opéras
comiques, "Le Diable à
Quatre" (1756); “On me
s'avise jamais de tout"
(1761): Rose et Colas'
(1764); "Le Deserteur"
(1769); "Richard Coeur-de-
Lion" (1784), 524-5
Segrais (Jean Regnauld de),
b. at Caen, August 22, 1624:
d. March 25, 1701; belonged
to the Hôtel de Rambouillet
circle; disciple of Voiture;
named with some honour
by Boileau; he restored the
idyll to France, and he is
the intellectual son of
D'Urfé; eclogues and
elegies; prose tales, one of
which has a striking relation
to the " Misanthrope" of
Molière, and another with
the " Bajazet" of Racine;
collaborated with Mdlle.
de Montpensier ("La Prin-
cesse de Paphlagonie") in
narrative of an imaginary
island, and with Madame
de la Fayette ("Zaide ");
important memoirs known
under the name of "Se-
graisiana," published in
1744, 402-3
"Serment de Louis le Ger-
manique" (Strasbourg,
842), one of the most an-
cient monuments in the
Romance tongue, 19
.Sève or Scève (Maurice), b.

at Lyons, 1510; d. 1564:
forerunner of Ronsard; at
first the disciple of Marot,
"Arion," eclogue (1536);
then a follower of Petrarch,
"Délie" (1544): the "Mi-
crocosm," philosophical
poem (1552); friend of
Marot and of Louise Labé ;
much admired by his con-
temporaries; sonnet of
Joachim du Bellay:

the

Delie," collection of 446
dizains, idealistic in tone,
in honour of a lady;
melancholy "preciosity";
symbolism: "Le Micro-
cosme," philosophical
poem on the development
of civilisation and
destinies of man; precursor
of the Pléiade, 288-95
:Sévigné (Marie de Rabutin-
Chantal, Marquise de), b. in
Paris, February 6, 1626; d.
at Grignan, April 18, 1696;
frequented the Hôtel de
Rambouillet; her admira-
tion for Corneille; most
penetrating observer of
manners and character;
.her admiration for Car-

dinal Retz; she belongs
to the first half of the
seventeenth century by
her style and her literary
sympathies, but she ad-
mired also Nicole, La Fon-
taine, and Bourdaloue; she
did not understand Racine ;
a great soul, virtuous and
generous without effort;
her style very original,
flexible, and picturesque;
opinions of President
Bouhier and of J. de Maistre
upon the letters to Mme.
de Grignan; her letters are
important historical
memoirs; opinion on Bour-
daloue; her liking for La
Fontaine, 425-6

Sibilet (Thomas), b. in Paris,
1512; d. November 28,

1589 author: "Art
poétique" (1548); criticism
upon the Roman de la
Rose"; definition of morals;
admirer of Maurice Sève,
70, 182

Sidonius Apollinarius,
Latin writer; b. at Lyons,
430 A.D.; d. Bishop of
Clermont in 484. 24
Sieyès (Emanuel Joseph,
Comte), b. at Frejus, May
3, 1748; d. in Paris, June
20, 1836; the title of his
brochure, "Qu'est ce que le
Tiers-état? Rien. Que
doit-il-être ! Tout " was
found for him by Cham-
fort. 539

Siger de Brabant, Professor
at the University of Paris
in 1275; d. in Italy in 1284;
commentator of Aristotle,

130

Silvestre (Armand), b. in
Paris, 1837 his poems, 632
Simon (Richard), French

Hebraist, 1638-1712, 429
Simon de Bussy or de Bucy,
president of the Parliament
of Paris; jurist, fourteenth
century. 195

Simon de Colines, printer
in Paris of the sixteenth
century; associated with
François Estienne, 251
Simon-Suisse (Jules), b. at

Lorient, December 28, 1814:
d. at Paris, June 8, 1896; at
first a philosophical writer,
notably on the school of
Alexandria (1844-45); dis-
ciple of V. Cousin: philo-
sophy, with spiritualist ten-
dencies; "Le Devoir
(1854), "La Liberté" (1859);
Sociological works, "L'Ouv-
rière" (1861), "L'Ouvrier de
huit Ans" (1867); political
discourses; journalism, 589,
605-6

Sismondi (Jean Charles

Léonard Sismonde de), b. at

Geneva, May 9, 1773 d.
June 25, 1842; his works,
Histoire des Français
(1821-24), "Littérature du
Midi de l'Europe" (1813.
1819. 1829); Principes
d'Economie politique
(1819-27), 592

Smith (Adam), Scotch econo-
mist (1723-90), 518
Socin, Soccini, or Sozzini
(Mariano, le jeune), b. at
Siena in 1482; d. in 1556:
professor of law; master
of E. Pasquier at Bologna,
241

Sordello, of Mantua, trouba-
dour (about 1260), 51
Sorel (Albert), b. at Honfleur,
1842; historian; "L'Europe
et la Révolution française"
(1885-87), 637

Sorel (Charles), overlord of
Souvigny; b. at Paris about
1602; d. March 8, 1674;
"La vraie Histoire comique
de Francion," a realistic
novel; the precursor of
Le Sage, 408, 454
Soties, plays acted by the
Sots, or Enfants sans Souci;
almost always satirical or
political; extinct about
1530 flourished at Paris
and Geneva, 170 ff., 180-2
Sots, another name for the
Enfants sans Souci, a
dramatic company of the
fifteenth century, 168, 170,
180-1

Spinoza (Baruch or Benoit
de), b. at Amsterdam in
1632; d. at The Hague,
1677: philosopher; "Ethics'
(1677), a kind of treatise on
the "Passions of Des-
cartes, 395, 465
Staël-Holstein (German

into

Baroness Necker), b. at
Paris, April 22, 1766; d.
July 14, 1817; criticism of
M. J. Chénier; her in-
fluence ; introduces the
word "romantic "
France; Romanticist of
the first epoch unfavour-
ably regarded by Chateau-
briand and Fontanes; the
novel Delphine" (1802)
severely criticised by Fon-
tanes; her originality dates
from her sojourn in Ger-
many; romance; European
literature; influence of her
book called "De l'Alle-
magne" (1818), 558-60
Stendhal (Henri-Marie
Beyle, called), b. at Gre-
noble, January 23, 1783; d.
at Paris, March 23, 1842:
great novelist: "Le Rouge
et Noir" (1831); "Les
Mémoires d'un Touriste"
(1838); "La Chartreuse de
Parme" (1839); an indif-

Chanson de Geste of the
Breton Cycle, 33
Turenne (Henri de la Tour
d'Auvergne, Vicomte de),
Marshal of France (1611-
75): his "portrait" by
Cardinal de Retz; funeral
oration by Fléchier, 424
Turgot (Anne-Robert-
Jacques, Baron de l'Aulne),
b. at Paris, May 10, 1727:
d. March 20, 1781; "Life'
by Condorcet; brought up
by the Jesuits of Louis le !
Grand and of Saint-Sul-
pice; prior of the Sor-
bonne councillor to the
Parliament; editor of the
"Encyclopædia" for the
economic and financial
sections; intendant of the
Limousin for thirteen
years: Minister of Finance
to Louis XVI.; "Reflec-
tions sur la Formation

et la Distribution des
Richesses," 516-17
Turnèbe (Adrien Tournebu

or Tournebœuf, called), b.
at Les Andelys in 1612; d.
at Paris, June 12, 1565;
pupil of Toussain: pro-
fessor at the College of
France; success of
instruction; his commen-
taries, 256

his

Turold, narrator or author
of the "Chanson de
Roland," 25

University of Paris, foun-
dation by Innocent III. at
the beginning of thirteenth
century; organisation and
development; letter from
Petrarch, 91-94

Universities of the Middle
Ages, Provincial: Angers,
Toulouse, Montpellier,
Avignon, Cahors, Orléans,
&c., 94

Urfé (Honoré d'), b. at Mar-
seilles, February 11, 1568 :
d. at Villafranca(Piedmont),
June 1, 1625; expression
of Camus about him:
"Sylvanire, ou la Morte
Vive," a rural fable
(1625); "Astræa," a novel
(1610-12); La Fontaine's
judgment: the intellectual
father of Segrais, 238, 385-6

Valincourt (Jean-Baptiste-

near

Henri du Trousset, Sieur
de), b. at Paris, 1653; d. in
1730; letter to the Mar-
quise *** regarding the
Princess of Cleves (the
novel of Madame de La
Fayette), 461
Vaqueiras (Rambaud de),
see RAMBAUD.
Vaquelin de la Fresnaye
(Jean), b. at the château
of La Fresnaye.
Falaise, 1535; d. 1607; his
"Art poétique," 362
Vatable(François Wastebled,
called), b. at Gamaches:
d. at Paris, 1547: professor
of Hebrew at the College
of France; his "Bible
condemned by the theologi-
cal faculty, 256
Vauban (Sebastian Le
Prestre, Sieur de), b. in 1633:
d. in 1707 : Marshal of
France: economist; wrote
on political economy (1707).
516

Vaugelas (Claude Favre de),
b. at Meximieux, near
Trévoux, in 1585 d. at
Paris, February, 1650;
chamberlain to Gaston, Duc
d'Orleans: grammarian;
pupil of Malherbe ; habitué
of the Hotel de Ram-
bouillet, 370
Vauvenargues (Luc Clapiers,
Marquis de). b. at Aix,
August 6. 1715 d. at
Paris, May 28, 1747; a
very eminent moralist;
"L'Introduction a la Con-
naissance de l'Esprit
humain " (1746): "Re-
flexions et Maximes" (fol-
lowing the "Introduction)";
he is an optimistic Mon-
taigne praised by Voltaire,
who sees in him the reverse
of Pascal, 497-500
Vergniaud (Pierre Victur-
nien), b. at Limoges in
1753; executed at Paris,
October 31, 1793; one of
the Girondin leaders: a
literary orator and lyrical!
poet, 537

Verlaine (Paul), b. at Metz,
1844 d. at Paris, 1896 :
poet; a born musician; the
Fêtes galantes (1886);
Sagesse" (1889), 628-9
Yeuillot (Louis), b. at
Boynes (Loiret), in 1813:
d. at Paris in 1883; jour-
nalist; he is the Pere
Duchesne" of Catholicism,
598

Viau (Théophile de), called
Théophile, b. at Clairac
(Agenois) in 1590; d. at
Chantilly, September 25,
1626 exiled in May, 1610;
condemned to the stake,
1623; then to banishment,
1625: opposed to Malherbe:
as a poet, irregular, negli-
gent, but of a charming
imagination; his tragedy,

Pyrame et Thisbe" (about
1617); "La Mort de
Socrate." poem ; his elegies;
a painter of nature; the
judgment of La Bruyere :
"La Maison de Sylvie,"
"Le Matin," "La Solitude,"
poems; a romantic poet;
compared with Theophile
Gautier severely criticised
by Boileau, 375-9
"Vie de Saint-Léger" (tenth
century), one of the most
ancient monuments of the
French language, 21
Vigny (Alfred, Comte de), b.

at Loches, March 27, 1797:
d. at Paris, September 17,
1863; the most original of
the great romantic pocts;
first poems, "Moise" (1826),
"Eloa" (1824); plays,
"Othello" (1829), La
Maréchale d'Ancre" (1831),
"Chatterton' (1835):
romances and novels,
"Cinq-Mars" (1826), "Stello"
(1832); "Servitude et
Grandeur Militaires" (1835);
posthumous philosophic
poems, "Les Destinées,"
563-5
Vilain (Gilet), actor to the
Duc Louis d'Orleans (1380),
113
Villehardouin (Geoffroi de),
Marshal of Champagne and
Roumania; b. about 1155:
d. in Thessaly about 1213;
"La Conquête de Constan-
tinople (1204); qualities, as
historian and as a man,
78-80

Villemain (Abel), b. at Paris,
June 9, 1790; d. 1870; pro-
fessor at the Sorbonne ;
judgment upon Joinville
and Fléchier; with him,
general history becomes a
frame for literary history:
his works, "Tableau de la
Littérature au XVIIieme
Siècle," "Tableau de la

Littérature au Moyen Age
(1828-38), "Tableau de
l'Eloquence chrétienne au
IVième Siècle" (1846), 593-4
Villon (François de Mont-
corbier [des Loges], called),
b. in Paris, 1431; d. about
1480 his life; the "Petit"
and the "Grand" Testa-
ment; realistic and elegiac
poems; the greatest poet of
the Middle Ages; supposed
author of the farce of
"Maitre Patelin," edited by
Marot; Boileau praises his
clearness, 153 ff.
Vincent de Beauvais,

Dominican; encyclopædist;
d. about 1264; his "Mir-
ror; one of the inter-
locutors of the "Couronne
margaritique of J. Le
Maire de Belges, 87, 264
Visconti (Valentine),

daughter of Jean-Geléas,
Duke of Milan; wife of
Louis. Duc d'Orleans;
mother of the poet, Charles
d'Orleans, 148
Vital de Blois (end of
twelfth century), author of
a Latin dramatic piece
called "Geta," 75
Vital du Four, de Bazas,
Franciscan; Cardinal; d. at
Avignon, 1327; "Moral
Mirror," in Latin, 132
Yogüé (Eugène Melchior,
Vicomte de), b. at Nice,
February 25, 1848; studies
on the Russian novel
(1886); "Souvenirs et
Visions

(1887), &c.; he
recalls Chateaubriand,637-8
Yoisenon (Claude-Henri de
Fuzée. Abbé de), b. at
Voisenon, near Melun,
July 8, 1708; d. November
22, 1755 a light-hearted
abbé comedies, novels,
tales, light poems; ad-
mired by Voltaire, 525
Voiture (Vincent), b.

at

INDEX

writer than poet; his
funeral oration pro-
nounced by Sarrazin; his
mannerisms exaggerated by
Le Pays; approved by
Boileau; imitated by La
Fontaine, 398-400
Volland (Mdile. Louise-
Henriette), letters addressed
to her by Diderot, 494
Volney (Constantin-François
Chassebœuf, Comte de),
b. at Craon, in Anjou,
February 3, 1757; d. at
Paris, April 25. 1820;
disciple of Voltaire,
Diderot, and Condillac ;
traveller, naturalist, and
anti-religious philosopher;
"Voyage en Egypte et
Syrie (1787): Leçons
d'Histoire' (1799): "Les
Ruines, ou Méditations sur
les Revolutions des Em-
pires' (1791); Sainte-
Beuve's judgment, 541-2
Voltaire (François-Marie
Arouet de), b. at Châtenay,
near Sceaux, February 20,
1694; d. at Paris, May 30,
1778: verses on the ro-
mances of the Middle Ages;
opinion on the "e" mute;
judgment upon Rabelais;

verses

on Montaigne ;
judgments on Male-
branche, on Voiture, on
La Rochefoucauld and
Cardinal de Retz; on
Bourdaloue, on Fénelon :
he admires Massillon; his
scorn for Campistron; he
disdains the philosophy of
the seventeenth century;
views upon La Motte and
J.-B. Rousseau :
badly
treated by Le Sage; he
always loved the literature
of the seventeenth century;
youthful tastes; little
verses and epigrams; epic
the
poem,
Henriad,"

(1715-1723); tragedies,
Edipus (1718), Arte-
mirus (1720); Brutus"
(1730); comedies, "Mari-
anne" (1724), "L'Indiscret'
(1725); verses against La
Chausée and the bourgeois
tragedy; he really mono-
polises the theatre to the
middle of the eighteenth
century; tragedies, "Eri-
philus,' "Zaire" (1732),
"Adélaïde du Guesclin
(1734), "La Mort de Cé-
sar (1735), "Alzirus"
(1736)," Mahomet " (1741) ;

Semiramis" (1748), “ Rome
sauvée" (1750). "Tancred"
(1760). comedies, "L'En-
fant Prodigue" (1736), “La
Prude" (1747), "Nanine
(1749), "L'Orphelin de la
Chine" (1755), "L'Ecos-

689

saise" (1760); characteristics
of his tragedies; philosophi-
cal, moralising, didactic;
he taunts Gresset sharply
in "Le Pauvre Diable
(1760); critique on Crébil-
lon; Swift's influence upon
him revolt against the old
religious faiths; residence
in England; "Temple du
Gout" and the "Lettres
anglaises, ou
philosophiques"

Lettres
(1731);

"

he absorbs Locke's
philosophy; "Le Discours
sur l'Homme" (1738), and
"L'Essai sur les Mours
(1756); philosophical tales,
"Zadig" (1747); "Candide"
(1759); the most vigorous
and indefatigable in his
efforts at vulgarisation ;
praise of Vauvenargues ;
from the middle of the
century he divided with
J.-J. Rousseau the supre-
macy in the public mind;
imported English ideas;
the Voltairians; return
from Prussia (1753) ; instal-
lation at Ferney (1760);
works of this period:
tragedies, Octave,' "Les
Scythes" (1767),
Guebres" (1769), "Soph-
onisbe (1774) ; "Les
Pélopides" (1771); "Irène
(1778); "La Pucelle" "(1755);

"Les

"

Cor-

"Le Désastre de Lisbonne "
(1755); satires, epistles, tales
in verse, works in prose;
"Histoire de Pierre le
Grand"; "Siècle de Louis
XIV." (1752); novels and
tales in prose; "Dictionnaire
philosophique " (1764);
"Commentaire sur
neille (1764); judicial
memoirs; correspondence;
in the last part of his life
he held firmly to Deism,
and concerned himself with
practical reforms; he com-
bated Helvétius and Hol-
bach; "L'Eloge historique
de la Raison ; La Harpe
is his cherished pupil; his
"Life," by Condorcet; mot
of Victor Hugo on him; he
pursued with his hate
Fréron, who is the great
enemy of the "Encyclo-
pédie"; letter to Palissot;
raillery against Le Franc
de Pompignan, whose ode
the death of J.-B.
Rousseau La Harpe com-
pelled him to admire; mot
on Sedaine; he greatly
loved Voisenon; letter of
invitation written to Gentil-
Bernard on behalf of
Madame de Pompadour ;
he much loved Florian, his
grand-nephew, whom he

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