of which they shucked 1,765,734 bushels. They packed raw 1,350,734 bushels and packed steamed 323,421 bushels. Employment was given to 3,702 people, of which 2,292 were men, 1,150 women, and 260 children. To these working people were paid during the year $368,984 in wages.

THE CANNING INDUSTRY.-Statistics are given of the pack of certain fruits and vegetables for the season 1902. Returns received from 312 establishments give $2,057,550 as the estimated value of plants, $2,118,704 as the amount paid for raw materials, and $5,161,988 as the amount expended for other materials and general expenses. A total of $1,065,539 in wages was paid to 4,471 men, 12,876 women, and 7,189 children. The total pack of fruit and vegetables amounted to 6,564,061 cases. The canning industry is the third largest industry in the State. MARYLAND IN THE TWELFTH CENSUS. In this part of the report are reproduced statistics of population, manufactures, and agriculture from the reports of the Twelfth Census. For purposes of comparison, in addition to the data for the State, facts for the United States as a whole are given.

NEW LEGISLATION.-Under this head is found a reprint of the laws. relating to labor passed at the 1902 session of the legislature.

MICHIGAN.

Twentieth Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics, including the Tenth Annual Report of the Inspection of Factories. 1903. Scott Griswold, Commissioner. xxiii, 531 pp.

In addition to factory, store, hotel, and tenement-house inspection, and the woman inspector's work, 319 pages, the following subjects are presented in this report: Cost of living and wages, 9 pages; organized labor, 27 pages; important manufacturing industries, 21 pages; the milling industry, 61 pages; the peppermint industry, 10 pages; special industries, 30 pages; penal and reformatory institutions, 14 pages; coal mines, 16 pages; strikes, 6 pages; miscellaneous, 19 pages. COST OF LIVING AND WAGES.-This consists of a contributed article in which the author makes a comparison between the present increased cost of living and the increased wages. The discussion is based upon statistics published by the Federal census, the Massachusetts labor bureau, and the market reports published in the daily papers, etc.

ORGANIZED LABOR.-A canvass by the bureau secured returns from 336 unions, whose membership on July 1, 1902, aggregated 26,890. The membership of these same unions one year previous was 18,891. The average hours constituting a day's work in all the unions was 9.4; the average number of months worked per year, 10.6. In all unions on July 1, 1902, the average daily wage was $2.28; on July 1, 1901, the average was $2.14. Of the 336 unions, 159 reported hours of labor shortened, 177 reported hours of labor not shortened; 218 reported

differences settled by arbitration, 118 reported differences settled otherwise; 205 reported having agreements with employers, 131 reported having no agreements; 274 reported having no strikes during the year, 62 reported having strikes, of which 40 reported results favorable to unions, 10 results not favorable, 6 reported strikes compromised, and 6 strikes still pending. There was paid in strike benefits during the year the sum of $26,333.60. By the 113 unions having sick benefit funds, there was paid out during the year $19,508.54 for such benefits. Summaries of suggestions of the unions as to needed legislation are presented.

IMPORTANT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES.-Short descriptions, showing size and value of plant, capital stock, number of employees, amount of pay roll, output, etc., are given of a number of individual establishments, representing some of the prominent industries of the

State.

THE MILLING INDUSTRY.-Returns from a canvass of the milling industry of the State show a total of 717 mills, of which 509 were for flour and 208 for feed, representing an invested capital of $6,190,630. Of the whole number of mills, 382 were operated by individuals, 280 by firms, and 55 by corporations. The mills gave employment to 129 superintendents, with wages averaging $2.45 per day; to 145 foremen, with wages averaging $2.13 per day; to 181 office employees, with wages averaging $1.85 per day, and to 1,821 other employees, with wages averaging $1.53 per day, or to a total of 2,276 employees, with wages averaging $1.61 per day.

THE PEPPERMINT INDUSTRY.-The growth of peppermint and the manufacture of oil therefrom is now a prominent industry of the State. In no other section of the United States is there so much of peppermint grown as in six counties of southwestern Michigan. The number of growers of the plant canvassed was 299. In 1902 they had 6,411 acres devoted to its cultivation, and from the product of this acreage 82,420 pounds of oil were distilled. The growth of wormwood, tansy, and spearmint and the distillation of oil therefrom are being experimented upon.

SPECIAL INDUSTRIES. This chapter is devoted to accounts of some of the special industries of the State, among which may be enumerated the growing of sugar beets and the manufacture of beet sugar, the manufacture of Portland cement, the growth and manufacture of flax, the growth and manufacture of chicory, and the manufacture of silk, featherbone, railway cars, pig iron, wood alcohol, grape juice, and chemicals by selected individual establishments.

The 16 beet-sugar factories of the State represent in cost of construction an original outlay of $7,467,000. These 16 factories in the campaign of 1902-3 employed 1,037 skilled laborers at average daily wages of $2.63 each, and 2,506 common laborers at average daily wages of $1.81 each, or a total of 3,543 employees at average daily wages of

$2.05 each. An average campaign for a sugar factory is one hundred and five days. The estimated output of sugar for the 16 factories was 96,800,000 pounds. During the growing season many of the factory workers find employment with the beet growers.

In 1902 the 14 Portland cement factories in the State gave employment to 1,648 persons at average daily wages of $2.15 each. The average output was nearly 14,000 barrels per day. The original cost of the plants was an average of over $600,000 each.

The 6 chicory factories of the State in 1902 employed an aggregate of 123 persons at average wages of $1.66 per day each. The 6 flax mills manufactured 1,950 tons and gave employment to 185 persons. The 2 silk mills gave employment to 650 and 225 persons, respectively, and the featherbone industry gave employment to 225 persons whose monthly pay roll aggregated about $7,000.

COAL MINES. During 1902 the number of coal mines in operation each month averaged 21, which employed an average of 1,415 persons per day. The average number of hours worked per day was 7.7, and of days per month 21.3. The average daily earnings of employees amounted to $2.75, the range being from $1.54 to $2.96. The amount of coal mined was 869,228 tons, at an average cost for mining of $1.44 per ton. Accounts are given of 23 accidents that were reported to the mine inspector within the year.

STRIKES. Accounts are given of the various labor troubles that occurred in the State during 1902, the greatest of which was in the coal-mining industry, the mines being practically at a standstill for over three months. No summaries of strikes are given.

MISCELLANEOUS.-In this chapter appears a reproduction of the laws creating the Michigan bureau of labor and the several labor laws governing factory inspection, etc.; also a brief synopsis of the child-labor laws of various States.

NORTH CAROLINA.

Sixteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor and Printing of the State of North Carolina, for the year 1902. H. B. Varner, Commissioner. viii, 365 pp.

The eight chapters constituting this report treat of the following subjects: Agricultural statistics, 94 pages; miscellaneous factories, 46 pages; cotton and woolen mills, 42 pages; furniture factories, 14 pages; newspapers, 44 pages; trades, 72 pages; railroad employees, 7 pages; manufacturing enterprises, 38 pages. In connection with a number of these subjects letters are published expressing the views of the correspondents of the bureau on matters of interest to labor, including compulsory education, child labor, a shorter working day, etc. The report concludes with a directory of the bureaus of labor in the United States.

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.-Returns were secured by correspondence with representative farmers in every county of the State. The following summary indicates the scope of the inquiry: Value of land has increased in 65 counties, decreased in 2, and in 30 there has been no change; 69 counties report tendency to smaller farms, 9 to larger, and 19 no change. In 72 counties labor is reported scarce, in 22 plenty, and in 3 abundant; 93 counties report negro labor unreliable, 2 reliable, and 2 no negro labor; 56 counties report employment as being regular and 41 as being irregular. Increased cost of living is reported in 95 counties and in 2 no increase; 57 counties report increase of wages and 40 no increase. Monthly wages of farm laborers are, for men, from $9.72 to $15.49; for women, $6.61 to $10.08; for children, an average of $5.57. Average cost of producing cotton is $27:57 per 500-pound bale in 68 counties; 75 counties produce wheat, at an average cost of $0.68 per bushel; 96 corn, at $0.46 per bushel; 92 oats, at $0.33 per bushel, and 58 tobacco, at $6.44 per 100 pounds. The market price of cotton averages $43.45 per 500-pound bale; of wheat, $0.91 per bushel; of corn, $0.88 per bushel; of oats, $0.55 per bushel, and of tobacco, $12.42 per 100 pounds. Eighty per cent of the farmers reporting favor a compulsory education law.

MISCELLANEOUS FACTORIES.-Tables are presented showing conditions in 268 factories, exclusive of furniture and tobacco factories and textile mills. Capital stock, horsepower, time in operation, hours of labor, wages, number of employees, etc., are shown for the various establishments, and inquiry is also made as to child labor and compulsory education. The number of employees reported is 9,630, of whom 917 are under 14 years of age. The average length of a day's work is 10 hours, and $1.95 the highest and $0.70 the lowest average daily wages reported. Wages are paid weekly in 63 per cent of the establishments; 60 per cent report an increase of wages; 86 per cent oppose the employment of children under 14 years of age, and 14 per cent favor such employment. Compulsory education is favored by 86 per cent and opposed by 14 per cent. Of adult employees, 80 per cent read and write, and of children, 96 per cent.

COTTON AND WOOLEN MILLS.-This report ends with June 30, 1902, and covers 276 mills, operating 1,743,431 spindles, 38,501 looms, and 3,281 machines, using in all 73,825 horsepower. Of these mills, 220 are devoted to cotton manufacture. The number of employees is 46,569, of whom 23,011 are males, 22,629 females, and 929 children under 12 years of age. There are 109,781 persons dependent on the mills for a livelihood. Of the adult operatives, 84 per cent can read and write; of the children, 71 per cent. Hours of labor range from 10 to 12 per day. The highest average wages per day for operatives are $1.90 for men and $0.94 for women. The lowest average wages per day are $0.58 for men and $0.45 for women. average $0.35 per day.

The wages of children

The growth of cotton manufacturing in North Carolina since 1840 is shown in the statement following:

92

FURNITURE FACTORIES.-The furniture industry of the State has grown so rapidly during the past few years that a separate chapter is devoted to it in this report. Returns were received from 106 factories with 4,095 employees. The highest average daily pay for adults is $2.02; the lowest, $0.66; the pay of children, $0.36. Of factories reporting, 20 per cent pay weekly, 67 per cent biweekly, and 13 per cent monthly; 86 per cent report increase of wages, and 14 per cent no change. Of employees, 86 per cent read and write. Relative to employment of children under 14 years of age, 80 per cent of the manufacturers oppose such employment, while 20 per cent favor it; per cent favor compulsory education, and 8 per cent oppose it. TRADES. The facts presented in this chapter were secured from representative men in the different trades and give the conditions existing throughout the State. Of the wage-earners making returns, 23 per cent report an increase of wages, 12 per cent a decrease, and 65 per cent no change; 65 per cent make full time, 32 per cent part time, and 3 per cent make no report; 93 per cent report cost of living increased, and 7 per cent no increase; 50 per cent favor a 10-hour day, 37 per cent an 8-hour day, 11 per cent a 9-hour day, and 2 per cent an 11-hour day; 93 per cent favor compulsory education, and 7 per cent oppose it.

RAILROAD EMPLOYEES.-The number of railroad employees in the State is reported at 11,157, exclusive of officers and office employees. The table following gives number and average wages for the various occupations:

OCCUPATIONS AND AVERAGE DAILY WAGES OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES, 1902.