Statistical View of the Commerce of the United States, exhibiting the Value of Imports from, and the Value of Articles of Export to, each Foreign Country; also the Tonnage of American and Foreign Vessels arriving from, and departing to, each Foreign Country, during the Year ending on the 30th Day of September, 1829.

remarks are from a report of a committee and the enrolled 615,301. The following the registered tonnage was 576,475 tons, tonnage is stated at 1,191,776, of which and fishery. In 1831, the amount of the eign trade, and 610,655 in coasting trade of which 650,143 was employed in formaking the correction, was 1,260,798 tons, 1,818,490; but the real aggregate, after correction, for the year 1829, was apparent aggregate of tonnage, without and condemnations for several years. The an omission to deduct the losses, sales of the U. States until 1829, on account of regard to the real amount of the tonnage that there was a slight misconception in of the treasury department; but it appears This table is that furnished by the records

that the magnitude and extent of the other nations. It may be remarked here, fifth gain, to 1,512,957 tons of that of American shipping as equivalent, at one gant to estimate the 1,260,798 tons of British); so that it would not be extravatheir most judicious competitors (the freighting business, at least one fifth over duty, and the preference obtained in the in celerity, in the performance of effective it may be inferred that the U. States gain ers in the despatch of business; whence country a decided advantage over all othburdens with fast sailing, have given this years, by combining the carriage of large improvements made in shipbuilding of late domestic industry (1831):-"The great of the New York convention of friends of

the world. miniature, a picture of the commerce of of natural productions as to afford, in and canals, and furnishing such a variety the ocean, intersected by navigable rivers rounded by the Mississippi, the lakes and country, in fact, forms a great island, sursteadily increased at a rapid pace: the number of years, the coasting trade has States has been nearly stationary for a great developement of internal resources, rapid growth of manufactures, and the two years." Such, indeed, has been the having greatly increased within the last steam-boat tonnage is now 75,000 tons, ing vessels, measuring 100,966 tons. The that, while the foreign trade of the U

carry from thirty coal trade employed last year 1172 coastdelphia, Baltimore and New York. The fifty tons, and are delivered 200,000 tons of coal at Philakill and Lackawaxen, which this year Susquehanna, Delaware, Lehigh, Schuylthese may be added the coal boats of the amount to from 150 to 200,000 tons. To reports. By a conjectural estimate, they not licensed or noticed in the custom-house Mississippi and Ohio especially, and are to be seen in countless numbers on the with their tributary waters. These boats other large rivers of the west and south, Mississippi, Alabama, Tombigbee, and known in Europe, which navigate the existence two descriptions of boats, unAmerican bays, rivers and lakes call into

(See Internal Navigation; Rivers, Navigable; and Steam.)

It has been the policy of the U. States, for the last seventeen years, to encourage domestic manufactures; and the tariffs of 1816, 1824, 1828 and 1832 have been constructed with reference to that principle. On the termination of the three years' war with Great Britain, in 1814, it was found that the restrictive system which had preceded it, and the necessities attending the war itself, had created and fostered a new and more extensive manufacturing interest than had before existed. The capital thus vested has been protected by heavy duties upon the importation of such articles, the produce of the manufactures of foreign countries, as would interfere with the permanent growth and stability of the manufacturing establishments thus brought into being. The cotton crop of the U. States at present amounts to 1,038,347 bales, or 376,000,000 lbs.: in 1816, it was 68,000,000 lbs. The number of cotton mills is 795, with 1,246,503 spindles, and 33,506 looms, producing annually 230,461,990 yards of cloth, consuming 77,757,316 lbs. of cotton, and employing 18,539 men, 38,927 women, and 4691 children under twelve years of age: annual value of manufactured articles, $26,000,000: the quantity of cotton goods printed is estimated at 40,000,000 yards: about one third of the goods manufactured are bleached: the number of hand-weavers is not more than 5000. (See Cotton Manufacture.) The number of sheep is estimated at 20,000,000, producing 50,000,000 lbs. of wool annually; value of cloth manufactured, $40,000,000; persons employed, 50,000. Of glass, porcelain, and other manufactures in clay, there are annually produced articles to the value of about $3,000,000, the manufacture of which employs 2140 persons. The annual value of the paper manufactured is estimated at $7,000,000; of chemical articles used in manufactures, about $1,000,000, in 30 chemical establishments. Hats and caps are manufactured to the value of $10,500,000, occupying 18,000 laborers. Cabinet ware manufactured to the annual value of $10,000,000, employing 15,000 workmen. Of iron were made, in 239 furnaces, in 1830, 191,536 tons,* converted into 112,866 tons of bar-iron, and 28,273 tons of castings, which give an aggregate value of $13,329,760, employing 29,254 hands. Quantity of salt manufactured, 4,444,929 bushels (besides which 5,901,157 bushels were imported during 1831, chiefly from

Great Britain). Lead, from U. States mines at Fever river and in Missouri, in 1830, 14,541,310 lbs. (in 1831, the quantity was only 6,449,080 lbs.). Sugar, from the cane, 100,000,000 lbs. (with 5,000,000 gallons of molasses), the whole consumption of the country being 176,000,000: 150 steam-engines are employed on the sugar plantations; and there are about 40 sugar refineries in the U. States. The inspections of flour and meal for 1831 give the following results: 3,117,112 bbls. wheat flour, 37,399 bbls. rye flour, 17,337 hhds. and 56,496 bbls. of Indian corn meal. The whale fishery employed, in 1831, 102,500 tons of shipping, yielding 110,000 bbls. of sperm oil, and 115,000 bbls. of whale oil, with 100,000 lbs. of whalebone: about 2,500,000 lbs. of sperm candles are manufactured: the annual product of the whale fishery is about $3,500,000. (See Whale Fishery.) Within a few years, the consumption of coal for fuel has greatly increased in this country; and the anthracite coal, which is found on the eastern side of the Alleghanies, has been much used for this purpose: in 1820, the quantity mined was 365 tons of 28 bushels; in 1823, 5823; in 1826, 48,047; in 1830, 174,925. In 1824, gold to the value of $5000, the product of the Southern States,† was received at the mint of the U. States; in 1830, $466,000, and in 1831, $496,000, from the same source. The whole annual value of the produce of the commerce, manufactures and agriculture of the U. States has been estimated at from 1,200,000,000 to $1,500,000,000. An inspection of the table of articles of domestic growth and manufactures exported in 1831, will give some indications on this subject.

4. Constitution, Administration, Finances. The government of the U. States is a representative democracy, in which the people intrust the administration of affairs to executive and legislative officers of their choice. The powers of these officers are strictly defined by a written act, the constitution, which was framed by the people, through their delegates, adopted

The gold region extends from the Potomac into Alabama; and gold has also been recently found in Tennessee. There are, at present, about 20,000 laborers employed, partly in washings and partly in mines. The whole value of the gold produced has been estimated at $5,000,000 annually, which is chiefly exported to Europe, where gold bears a higher price, in proportion to silver, than in the U. States. It is also said that there are proofs of these mines having been formerly worked, pieces of machinery and crucibles, muc', superior to the Hessian crucibles now in use, hav ing been found there.

by them, and can be altered only by them. The confederation consists of a number of states, united together so as to form a federal republic, in which each state reserves its internal legislation, and leaves to the representatives of the whole people, in general congress, the adjustment of the relative claims of the members; the levying, direction and government of the common force of the confederation; the requisition of subsidies for the support of this force; the making of peace and war; the entering into treaties; the regulation of commerce, &c. The government rests on the basis of a full, fair and equal representation, the elective franchise being nearly universal. (See our articles Constitution of the United States, Congress of the United States, President of the United States, Courts of the United States, and Elections.) In the executive administration of the government, the president is assisted by the several heads of departments, who hold their offices at his will. 1. The department of state was created by an act of congress of Sept. 15, 1789: by a previous act of July 27, 1789, it was denominated the "department of foreign affairs;" and it embraces what, in other governments, are styled the "department of foreign affairs" and the "home department." The secretary of state conducts the making of all treaties between the U. States and foreign powers, and corresponds officially with the public ministers of the U. States at foreign courts, and with the ministers of foreign powers resident in the U. States. He is intrusted with the publication and distribution of all the acts and resolutions of congress, and of all treaties with foreign powers and Indian tribes; preserves the originals of all laws and treaties, and of the public correspondence growing out of the intercourse between the U. States and foreign nations; is required to procure and preserve copies of the statutes of the several states; grants passports to American citizens visiting foreign countries; preserves the evidence of copyrights, and has control of the office

which issues patents for useful inventions. He has the charge of the seal of the U. States, but cannot affix it to any commission, until signed by the president, nor to any act or instrument, without the special authority of the president. 2. The treasury department was created by an act of congress of Sept. 2, 1789. The secretary of the treasury superintends all the fiscal concerns of the government, and, upon his own responsibility, recommends to congress measures for improving the condition of the revenue. All the accounts of the government are finally settled at the treasury department; and, for this purpose, it is divided into the office of the secretary (who has a general superintendence of the whole), the offices of the two controllers, five auditors, a treasurer, a register, and a solicitor. The first auditor receives all accounts in relation to the revenue and civil list; the second and third, those relating to the army, fortifications, and the Indian department; the fourth, those relative to the navy department; the fifth, those connected with the department of state, the post-office, light-houses, &c. The first controller examines the accounts settled by the first and fifth auditors; the second, those of the other three auditors. The following tables will show the amount of the revenue, and the mode of raising it. The two sources of revenue are duties on imports, and the sale of public lands. The internal duties (on spirits, sugar, licenses, &c.) which had previously existed, and the direct tax on lands, houses and slaves, imposed in 1798, were abolished in 1802. În 1813, direct taxes and internal duties (on licenses, carriages, sales by auction, &c.) were again laid, in consequence of the increased expenditure arising from the war, and the diminution of the revenue on imports from foreign countries. The acts imposing these taxes were repealed soon after the war, and the two sources of revenue first mentioned have been amply sufficient to meet the expenses of the government, and to pay off the public debt.