sentenced to penal servitude, or imprisonment, to Reformatory Schools on conditional pardon.

Sections 33 to 38 refer to evidence under the Act, and provide for various necessary legal proceedings.

ABSTRACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS ACT, 1866. 29 & 30 VICT. CAP. 118.

The title is given as 'An Act to Consolidate and Amend the Acts relating to Industrial Schools in Great Britain.'

Section I enacts that the Act may be cited as 'The Industrial Schools Act, 1866.'

Section 2 excludes Ireland from its operations.*

Section 3 repeals the Industrial Schools Acts of 1861 and 1862 and the Act for Scotland of 1861.

Section 4 interprets the various terms used.

Section 5. A school in which industrial training is provided, and in which children are lodged, clothed, and fed, as well as taught, shall exclusively be deemed an Industrial School within the meaning of this Act. The persons for the time being having the management or control of such a school shall be deemed the managers thereof for the purposes of this Act.

Sections 6 to 10 refer to the appointment of Inspector and Assistant, and provide for the inspection of the school before a certificate can be granted by the Secretary of State, as well as for at least an annual inspection.

Section 8 forbids a school to be certified both under this and the Reformatory Schools Act.

Sections 11 to 13 enact that no substantial addition or alteration shall be made to or in the buildings of any school without the approval in writing of the Secretary of State, to whom the plans are to be submitted; and give power to counties and boroughs to contribute towards the establishment, enlargement, and expenses of these schools.†

* An Act has since been passed for Ireland.

By the subsequent Reformatory and Industrial Schools Act Amendment Act, 1872' (35 & 36 Vict. cap. 21), prison authorities are themselves empowered to undertake such schools (see p. 24); and by the Elementary Education Act, 1876' (39 & 40 Vict. cap. 15) school boards are authorized to build and maintain these schools (see p. 25.)

Section 14. Any person may bring before two Justices or a Magistrate any child, apparently under the age of fourteen years, that comes within any of the following descriptions, namely,

That is found begging or receiving alms (whether actually or under the

pretext of selling or offering for sale any thing), or being in any street or public place for the purpose of so begging or receiving alms;

That is found wandering and not having any home or settled place of abode, or proper guardianship, or visible means of subsistence; That is found destitute, either being an orphan or having a surviving parent who is undergoing penal servitude or imprisonment;

That frequents the company of reputed thieves.

The Justices or Magistrate before whom a child is brought as coming within one of these descriptions, if satisfied on inquiry of that fact, and that it is expedient to deal with him under this Act, may order him to be sent to a Certified Industrial School.

Section 15. Where a child apparently under the age of twelve years is charged before two Justices or a Magistrate with an offence punishable by imprisonment or a less punishment, but has not been in England convicted of felony, or in Scotland of theft, and the child ought, in the opinion of the Justices or Magistrate (regard being had to his age and to the circumstances of the case), to be dealt with under this Act, the Justices or Magistrate may order him to be sent to a Certified Industrial School.

Section 16. Where the parent or step-parent or guardian of a child apparently under the age of fourteen years represents to two Justices or a Magistrate that he is unable to control the child, and that he desires that the child be sent to an Industrial School under this Act, the Justices or Magistrate, if satisfied on inquiry that it is expedient to deal with the child under this Act, may order him to be sent to a Certified Industrial School.

Section 17. Where the guardians of the poor of a union or of a parish wherein relief is administered by a board of guardians, or the board of management of a district pauper school, or the parochial board of a parish or combination, represent to two Justices or a Magistrate that any child apparently under the age of fourteen years maintained in a workhouse or pauper school of a union or parish, or in a district pauper school, or in the poorhouse of a parish or combination, is refractory, or is the child of parents either of whom has been convicted of a crime or offence punishable with penal servitude or imprisonment, and that it is desirable that he be sent to an Industrial School under this Act, the Justices or Magistrate may, if satisfied that it is expedient to deal with the child under this Act, order him to be sent to a Certified Industrial School.

Sections 18 to 24 refer to the form and contents of the order of detention, the most important proviso enacting that in determining on the

school the Magistrates shall endeavour to ascertain the religious persuasion to which the child belongs, and shall, if possible, select a school conducted in accordance with such religious persuasion, and the order shall specify such religious persuasion.

If a child is sent to a school not in accordance with its religious persuasion, power is given to the parent, step-parent, guardian, God-parent, or nearest adult relative, to petition the Magistrate and have it removed to a school that is.

Section 25.

A minister of the religious persuasion specified in the order of detention as that to which the child appears to the Justices or Magistrate to belong may visit the child at the school on such days and at such times as are from time to time fixed by regulations made by the Secretary of State for the purpose of instructing him in religion.

Section 26 gives the managers power to permit the child to be lodged out of the school with its parents or others.

Section 27 allows the managers to place a child out on licence after eighteen months of detention.

Section 28 empowers the managers to apprentice a child who has been previously placed out on licence.

Section 29 compels the managers to submit their rules, and any alterations of them, to the Secretary of State for approval.

Sections 30 and 31 refer to evidence of the reception of a child.

Sections 32 and 33 give power to Magistrates to send children above ten, who break the rules of the school or escape from it, to prison, and afterwards to a Reformatory.

Section 34 inflicts a fine of twenty pounds, or two months' imprisonment, on any person assisting or inducing a child to escape, or harbouring him when escaped.

Section 35 empowers the Treasury to contribute to the support of the children in the schools, limiting the amount to two shillings a-week for uncontrollable children committed under Clause 16.

Sections 36 to 38 empower various authorities to contract with the schools for the reception of children.

Section 39. The parent, step-parent, or other person for the time being legally liable to maintain a child detained in a Certified Industrial School shall, if of sufficient ability, contribute to his maintenance and training therein a sum not exceeding five shillings per week.

Section 40 says that on the complaint of the Inspector of Industrial Schools, or of any agent of the Inspector, at any time during the detention of a child in a Certified Industrial School, Magistrates having jurisdiction at the place where the parent, step-parent, or other person liable as aforesaid resides, may, on summons to the parent, step-parent, or other

person liable as aforesaid, examine into his ability to maintain the child, and may, if they think fit, make an order or decree on him for the payment to the Inspector or his agent of such weekly sum, not exceeding five shillings per week, as to them seems reasonable, during the whole or any part of the time for which the child is liable to be detained in the school.

Section 41 forbids any person over sixteen being detained in an Industrial School, except with his own consent in writing.

Sections 42 and 43 provide for the transfer or discharge of children when necessary.

Sections 44 to 54 make arrangements for the withdrawal of the certificate by the Secretary of State, or its resignation by the managers, on six months' notice being given by either; and for the consequent removal of the children they also provide for various necessary legal proceedings.

REFORMATORY AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS ACTS AMENDMENT ACT, 1872.

35 & 36 VICT. CAP. 21.

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The enacting part of this short Act is contained in the following words : 'Be it enacted that Section 28 of the "Reformatory Schools Act, 1866," and Section 12 of the "Industrial Schools Act, 1866," shall extend to authorise the prison authority in England themselves to undertake anything towards which they are authorised by those sections to contribute; and the "Reformatory Schools Act, 1866," and Industrial Schools Act, 1866," shall be construed as if in the said sections, so far as it relates to England, the expression "contribute towards" and "contribution" included respectively 'undertake" and " undertaking; and the expenses of a prison authority in England incurred in pursuance of these sections shall be defrayed accordingly.'

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A prison authority in England may contribute towards the ultimate disposal of any inmate of a Certified Reformatory School, or Certified Industrial School, established by such authority in pursuance of this part of this Act, and the expenses incurred by a prison authority in England in pursuance of this section shall be deemed to be expenses incurred by such authority in carrying into effect the provisions of the "Reformatory Schools Act, 1866," or the "Industrial Schools Act, 1866."

A later clause amends the Elementary Education Act with reference to Certified Industrial Schools and School Boards in boroughs, leaving it optional with a borough prison authority maintaining an Industrial School whether they will or will not transfer their school to the Board.

響

THE PREVENTION OF CRIMES ACT, 1871.

34 & 35 VICT. CAP. 112.

Section 14 enacts that, 'Where any woman is convicted of a crime, and a previous conviction of a crime is proved against her, any children of such woman under the age of fourteen years who may be under her care and control at the time of her conviction for the last of such crimes, and who have no visible means of subsistence, or are without proper guardianship, shall be deemed to be children to whom in Great Britain the provisions of the "Industrial Schools Act, 1856," and in Ireland the provisions of the "Industrial Schools (Ireland) Act, 1868," apply, and the court by whom such woman is convicted, or two Justices or a Magistrate, shall have the same power of ordering such children to be sent to a Certified Industrial School, as is vested in two Justices or a Magistrate by the fourteenth section of the "Industrial Schools Act, 1866," and by the eleventh section of the "Industrial Schools (Ireland) Act, 1868," in respect of the children in the said sections described.'

THE ELEMENTARY EDUCATION ACT, 1870.

33 & 34 VICT. CAP. 75.

Section 27.-'A School Board shall have the same powers of contributing money in the case of an Industrial School as is given to a Prison Authority by Section 12 of "The Industrial Schools Act, 1866;" and upon the election of a School Board in a Borough the Council of that Borough shall cease to have power to contribute under that Section.'

Section 28.-'A School Board may, with the consent of the Education Department, establish, build, and maintain a Certified Industrial School within the meaning of "The Industrial Schools Act, 1866," and shall, for that purpose, have the same powers as they have for the purpose of providing sufficient School accommodation for their district Provided that the School Board, so far as regards any such Industrial School, shall be subject to the jurisdiction of one of Her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State in the same manner as the Managers of any other Industrial School are subject, and such School shall be subject to the provisions of the said Act, and not of this Act.'

By Section 36, a School Board may appoint officers to bring children before two Justices, or a Magistrate, in order to their being sent to an Industrial School.