Judge COHALAN. Senator, I came here for the purpose of making an argument showing our position to-day. I came here to make an argument that would appeal to all the Senators, no matter what races they represent, and when the hearing is concluded I hope that the Senators will be convinced.

Senator JOHNSON of California. The difficulty is that you have been addressing yourself thus far to members of this committee who are of one mind upon this subject.

Judge COHALAN. Looking around and seeing the number of them, I am glad that that is so.

Senator JOHNSON of California. I wish it were possible for you to address them all.

The CHAIRMAN. Are you ready to go on?

Judge COHALAN. I am going to call upon Mr. Patrick J. Lynch. of the Supreme Court of Indiana, to read the memorial on the behalf of those who have come here. They have come from practically every State in the Union, from all walks in life, and from all over the country. We wish that it were possible to get people from the different parts of the country to be heard, but we have prepared a general memorial, and then later we will hand in the names of those who have signed.

(The following memorial was read by Mr. Patrick J. Lynch:)

MEMORIAL TO THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES.

SENATORS: We, citizens of the United States, of Irish blood, but attached above all things to this Republic and its Constitution, respectfully pray that the proposed treaty now before you be rejected as a direct violation of the principles on which this war was fought, as they were defined by President Wilson in these words, addressed to Congress :

"National aspirations must be respected; peoples may now be dominated and governed only by their own consent. 'Self-determination" is not a mere phrase. It is an imperative principle of action, which statesmen will henceforth ignore at their peril."

And, again, in the President's address delivered at Mount Vernon July 4, 1918:

"The settlement of every question, whether of territory, of sovereignty, of economic arrangement, or of political relationship, upon the basis of the free acceptance of that settlement by the people immediately concerned, and not upon the basis of the material interest or advantage of any other nation or people which may desire a different settlement for the sake of its own exterior influence or mastery."

On these principles other nations which have claimed their right to inde pendence only during a period comparatively recent have been emancipated To them America was bound by no ties save that of sympathy for the cause of freedom.

Ireland has been asserting continuously her claim to independence for eight centuries. America is bound to her by close ties of friendship and of obligation for manifold services in peace and war. One-fifth of this entire population is of Irish extraction. In every war which America has fought Irishmen have shed their blood in a measure far in excess of their proportion to population. We ask that Ireland be not the only nation excluded from the benefit of the glorious principles enunciated by Mr. Wilson, as those which the great war was fought to establish.

We especially denounce Article X of the proposed league of nations as a de vice to stifle the conscience of civilization and render it impotent to condemn, and, by condemning, to end the oppression of weak nations enslaved by powerful neighbors. It impeaches the most creditable page in our history and dis credits the circumstances and conditions in which our Republic was born and our liberty achieved.

The conscience of civilization, the only force to which the oppressed can appeal, would no longer be able to take effective jurisdiction of wrongs perpe

trated by powerful nations on weaker people. No struggling nation has ever achieved its independence except through the aid of other nations. The struggling American Colonies could never have thrown off the yoke of Great Britain without the aid of France. Cuba could never have been freed without the intervention of this country, and one of the most creditable pages in human history would never have been written.

Greece could never have escaped from the hideous domination of the Turk but for the assistance of enlightened nations.

Under article 11 it becomes the right of the council of the league to prevent an assembly of American citizens to petition their Government to afford relief to an oppressed nation. On this point article 11 specifically says:

"It is also declared to be the friendly right of each member of the league to bring to the attention of the assembly or of the council any circumstance whatever affecting international relations which threaten to disturb international peace or the good understanding between nations on which peace depends."

Under that clause our Congress could not express in the future, as it did in the past, our sympathy with countries like Greece, seeking freedom from. the Turk; the South American Republics, seeking liberty from Spain; or tender a welcome to Kossuth, of stricken Hungary; or Parnell, pleading for a self-governing Ireland.

The determination of Ireland to regain her independence has been one of the sources of every great war which scourged the world for four centuries. Any question which disturbs the peace of nations is not domestic, but international. Its settlement is, therefore, an imperative necessity of international peace.

Through long centuries of oppression Ireland has maintained her national spirit largely because she has always hitherto been able to cherish a hope that she might receive from some well-disposed foreign power the assistance which would insure her independence. She looked to Spain for this aid at the close of the sixteenth century; to France in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. She looks for it now in the twentieth century to America, and we confidently hope and pray that the Senate will not allow that light of hope to be extinguished.

Signed by

Daniel F. Cohalan, justice, supreme court, New York City.

Frank P. Walsh, Kansas City.

E. F. Dunne, former governor, Illinois, Chicago, Ill.

Michael J. Ryan, Philadelphia.

John Archdeacon Murphy, member of American commission on Irish independence, attending peace conference, Paris, Buffalo, N. Y.

Charles S. Bartlett, governor, New Hampshire, Concord, N. H.

W. W. McDowell, lieutenant governor, Montana, Butte, Mont.
John W. Goff, former justice, supreme court, New York City.
Bourke Cochran, New York City.

Daniel T. O'Connell, director, Irish national bureau, Washington, Boston, Mass.

John E. Milholland, New York City.

James K. McGuire, representing Irish societies of Westchester County, N. Y. Joseph F. O'Connell, former Member of Congress, Boston, Mass.

Rev. F. X. McCabe, president De Paul University, Chicago, Ill.

Right Rev. Monsignor Gerald P. Coghlan, treasurer Philadelphia Friends of Irish Freedom, Philadelphia.

Michael Francis Doyle, Philadelphia.

Mary F. McWhorter, national president Ladies' Auxiliary, Ancient Order of Hibernians, Chicago, Ill.

Peter F. Tague, Member of Congress, Boston, Mass.

Cornelius Corcoran John McBride branch, Friends of Irish Freedom, Lawrence, Mass.

Frank S. McDonald, John McBride branch. Friends of Irish Freedom, Lawrence, Mass.

Michael F. Phelan, Member of Congress, Lynn, Mass.

Hugh O'Neill, committee of 100 for an Irish republic, Chicago, Ill. Richard W. Wolfe, committee of 100 for an Irish republic, Chicago, Ill.

James E. Murray, representing Irish societies of Montana, Butte, Mont. C. E. McGuire, Washington, D. C.

D. J. Carlin, New Orleans, La.

John P. Leahy, delegate, Friends of Irish Freedom, St. Louis, Mo. W. J. O'Brien, M. D., Philadelphia, Pa.

Mrs. M. A. Gallagher, State president Ladies' Auxiliary of Pennsylvania, Ancient Order of Hibernians, Philadelphia.

Louis E. Kavanaugh, president Omaha Association branch, Friends of Irish Freedom, Omaha, Nebr.

P. M. Halloran, representing Irish societies of Anaconda, Mont.

J. W. Maney, president of Friends of Irish Freedom, Oklahoma City, Okla. Horace H. Hagan, former assistant attorney general of Oklahoma.

Dennis Meehan, York, Nebr.

Thomas Darragh Mullins, member national council, Friends of Irish Freedom, Pittsburgh.

Dudley Field Malone, Croton on the Hudson, N. Y.

Martin Scully, former mayor of Waterbury, Waterbury, Conn.

Joseph P. Mahoney, president United Societies of Cook County and Chicago, Chicago, Ill.

Rev. James Mattan Mythen, representing national council, Baltimore, Md. Patrick Lee, secretary American commission on Irish independence, Richmond Hill, N. Y.

Hon. David J. O'Connell, Representative, Congress, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Very Rev. Edward C. O'Reilly, representing Catholic clergy of diocese of La Crosse, Baraboo, Wis.

P. J. McGarvey, Philadelphia, Pa.

Hugh McCaffrey, Philadelphia, Pa.
Bernard J. Rocks, Newcastle, Pa.

P. T. McCourt, committeeman, Friends of Irish Freedom, Akron, Ohio.

T. A. Clancy, Hartford delegate, Hartford, Conn.

Patrick J. Lynch, Indianapolis, Ind.

Margaret T. Mulvaney, State secretary Ladies' Auxiliary Ancient Order of Hibernians, Providence, R. I.

M. E. Smith, treasurer, St. Louis, Mo., St. Louis.

Robert Emmett O'Malley, delegate, Michael Davitt branch. Kansas City, Mo.
P. J. Ryan, member of executive council, Washington, D. C.

M. O'Neil, president, Friends of Irish Freedom, Akron, Ohio.
James A. Kelly, Danville, N. Y.

Katherine Hughes, secretary, Irish national bureau, Washington, D. C.
Joseph T. Brennan, secretary Federation of Catholic Societies, Boston, Mass.
John R. Haverty, director John McBride branch, Lawrence, Mass.
Timothy P. Donohue. treasurer, John McBride branch, Lawrence, Mass.
Rev. Walter P. Gough, director of Columbus, Philadelphia, Pa.

Margaret L. Brosnahan, district president Ladies' Auxiliary, Ancient Order of Hibernians, Washington, D. C.

Margaret Buckley, district treasurer Ladies' Auxiliary, Ancient Order of Hibernians.

Thomas J. Blewett, representing Thomas Francis Magher branch, Bridge port, Conn.

H. B. Cassidy, Syracuse, N .Y.

Edward Ryan, president Friends of Irish Freedom, Syracuse branch Syracuse, N. Y.

John B. London, secretary Ancient Order of Hibernians, Philadelphia, Pa.
E. J. Devine, delegate Norfolk branch. Norfolk, Va.

James O'Neill, president John McBride branch, Lawrence, Mass.
Rev. Joseph Byrne, D. D., president St. Mary's College, Darien, Conn.
Matthew Donovan, District Council 40, Philadelphia, Pa.

James O. Reilly, Ancient Order of Hibernian delegate, Philadelphia, Pa.
Henry J. Phillips. secretary Robert Emmet branch, Philadelphia, Pa.
Patrick King, Young Men's Union, Philadelphia, Pa.

Joseph P. O'Neill, Federation of Irish County Societies, Philadelphia, Pa. O'Neill Ryan, St. Louis, Mo., former justice supreme court.

Michael Heffernan, Chester, Pa., Thomas Clarke branch, Friends of Irish Freedom.

William J. Hurley, New York, N. Y., secretary Maj. John McBride branch, Friends of Irish Freedom.

John J. Buckley, New York, N. Y., president Roger Casement branch, New York City.

P. J. Kilduff, Hoboken, N. J., State organizer.

Dr. T. C. McNamara, Hoboken, N. J., State organizer, Friends of Irish Freedom.

Thomas O'Brien, New York, N. Y., president St. Columcille branch, Friends of Irish Freedom.

Rev. William T. McLaughlin, Jersey City, N. J., State president, Friends of Irish Freedom.

Michael J. O'Connor, New York, N. Y., Innisfail branch, Friends of Irish Freedom.

Thomas J. Maloney, Jersey City, N. J., president P. Lorillard Co.

Kate M. Kelly, New York, N. Y., Irish Women's Council.

John Regan, New Bedford, Mass., president Thmas Clarke branch. Rodger Power O'Neill, M. D., New York City, N. Y., National committee. Thomas McNamara, jr., Youngstown, Ohio, chairman Ohio committee. Shaemas O'Sheel, New York, N. Y., William Pearse branch, Friends of Irish Freedom and William Rooney Society.

Thomas F. J. Connolly, Port Chester, N. Y., Friends of Irish Freedom, Port Chester and Rye, N. Y.

Roderick J. Kennedy, New York City, N. Y., confidential attendant Supreme Court, State of New York.

W. E. Hogan, Bridgeport, Conn., vice president of De Valera branch, Bridgeport, Conn.

John O'Dea, Philadelphia, Pa., national secretary Ancient Order of Hibernians.

John J. O'Neill, Bridgeport, Conn., president T. F. Meagher branch, Friends of Irish Freedom.

Attorney Thomas D. Shea, Nanticoke, Pa., local council, Luzerne County; headquarters, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Secretary, Matthew O'Connor Ford; vice president, T. R. Callam; treasurer, R. R. Fitzpatrick; trustees, P. J. Calligan, J. V. Moylan, C. A. Judge, M. D.

John Stratton O'Leary, New York, N. Y., member of grievance committee, Bronx Builders' Protective Association.

Cornelius F. Murphy, Shelton, Conn., president of P. H. Pearse branch, Friends of Irish Freedom.

Rodger Power O'Neill, M. D., New York City, N. Y., member national committee.

James D. O'Neil, Jenkintown, Pa., organizer.

Thomas McCourt, New York, N. Y., Con Colbert branch, Friends of Irish Freedom, Sunburst Club.

Frank Hague. Jersey City, N. J., member Jersey City branch.

Charles F. H. O'Brien, Jersey City, N. J., member Jersey City branch.

Eugene F. Kincaid, Jersey City, N. J., former Member of Congress.

Thomas Shea, Nanticoke, Pa.

Michael J. Enright, Chester, Pa.. Thomas Clarke branch, Friends of Irish Freedom.

James B. Mulherin, Augusta, Ga., delegate John F. Armstrong branch, Friends of Irish Freedom, Augusta, Ga.

Margaret Bowles, New York City, N. Y., Bishop D. Dwyer branch, Friends of Irish Freedom.

Peter J. Fleming, M. D., Boston, Mass., medical committee.

Daniel Foley, Winthrop, Mass., professor of economics, Trade Union College, Boston, Mass.

John Morton, Dorchester, Mass., advisory committee chairman, Boston, Mass. Rev. Edward S. Brock, S. J., Washington, D. C.

Joseph J. Hall, Naugatuck, Conn., assistant purchasing agent of Rubber Regenerating Co.

James O'Sullivan, Lowell, Mass., treasurer of two important corporations. Jeremiah Flahavan, Ansonia, Conn., president of James Connelly Club, Friends of Irish Freedom, Ansonia.

Francis B. McKinney, Boston. Mass., lecturer Joseph Plunkett branch, Friends of Irish Freedom.

John G. Fitzgerald, Ansonia, Conn., vice president.

Michael B. McGreal, New Haven, Conn., City Board Ancient Order of Hibernians, New Haven, five divisions, three auxiliaries; Division No. 7, Ancient Order of Hibernians; Sarsfield G. A. Club. Friends of Irish Freedom, New Haven, Conn.

Matthew Cummings, Boston, Mass., president Boston Council, Friends of Irish Freedom.

John H. H. McNamee, Boston, Mass., banker and manufacturer.
Hon. Edward W. Quinn, Cambridge, Mass., mayor of Cambridge.

Richard Dwyer, national vice president Ancient Order of Hibernians, South Boston, Mass.

Paul F. Spain, Cambridge, Mass., treasurer bench and bar committee, Boston, Mass.

James A. Dorsey, Boston, Mass., chairman finance committee, bench and bar committee, Boston.

Michael L. Fahey, Boston, Mass., secretary committee bench and bar.
Daniel H. Coakley, Boston, Mass., chairman committee bench and bar.
Joseph C. Pelletin, Boston, Mass., bench and bar committee.

Edw. F. McSweeney, Framingham, Mass., member national council, member advisory committee, Boston.

John J. McDonagh, New York, N. Y., delegate from the Archbishop Plunkett branch, Friends of Irish Freedom.

H. Miller, New York, N. Y., Archbishop Plunkett branch, Friends of Irish Freedom.

James E. Deery, Indianapolis, Ind., national president Ancient Order of Hibernians.

E. F. White. Chester, Pa.

Rossa F. Downing, Washington, D. C., Washington branch, Friends of Irish Freedom.

Wm. J. Boyle, Central Labor Union of Philadelphia, Pa.

N. J. Sinnott, Member of Congress from Oregon.

Daniel J. Moran, Lynn, Mass., recording secretary and director of publicity. (Mrs.) Honor Walsh, Germantown, Pa., editorial staff, the Standard and Guild.

Robert E. Ford, New York, N. Y., editor Irish World.

Patrick King, Catholic Young Men's Union, Philadelphia, Pa.

Patrick Fitzgerald, United Irish Societies of Western Pennsylvania.

Patrick Cronin, Duquesne University.

Thomas Lee, New York, N. Y.

William J. Noonan, 37 Raleigh Avenue, Richmond borough, City of New York. Thomas Rock, Central Federated Union, New York City.

Louis D. Kavanagh, president of Irish Self-Determination Club, Omaha. James O. Reilly, Philadelphia, Pa.

Joseph McGarrity, Philadelphia, Pa., chairman Irish Volunteer Committee. John J. Liddy, Indianapolis, Ind.

William H. Foley, Indianapolis, Ind.

P. J. Conway, president Irish-American Athletic Club, New York City. John H. Dooley, 535 West One hundred and twenty-first Street, New York, N. Y.; representative position, National Executive Committee, New York City. Annie Lester Lyons, delegate Yorktown branch, F. O. I. F., Norfolk, Va. Lawrence Craddock Lawless, delegate Yorktown branch F. O. I. F., Norfolk,

Va.

Margaret Elward Lawless, delegate Yorktown branch F. O. I. F., Norfolk, Va. James C. Gordon, president Yorktown branch F. O. I. F., Norfolk, Va.

M. J. Lyons, vice president Yorktown branch F. O. I. F., United States deputy marshal's office, Norfolk, Va.

Henry McNally, president of Patrick Henry branch, Friends of Irish Freedom, Girard, Ohio.

Thomas F. Martin, secretary of state of New Jersey.

John Mannix, Glens Falls, N. Y.

Patrick O'Hagerty, Springfield, Mass.

Patrick J. Kennedy, Glens Falls, N. Y.
Rev. Joseph O'Keefe, Akron, Ohio.
J. B. Shannon, Kansas City, Mo.

Casinn J. Welch, Kansas City, Mo.
Martin Owens, Newark, N. J.

Rev. Thomas J. Hurton, Philadelphia, Pa., St. Enda's Gaelic School and St. Edna bran of the Gaelic League.

H. J. Phillips, Philadelphia, Pa., Robert Emmet branch, Friends of Irish Freedom.

J. T. Lawler, Norfolk, Va., member national committee, Friends of Irish Freedom.

Hugh Montague, Passaic, N. J., general contractor.

Roderick J. Kennedy, clerk Supreme Court State of New York.

D. J. Lawless, Marcellus Falls, N. Y.

R. E. O'Malley, Michael Davitt branch, Friends of Irish Freedom, Kass City, Mo.