$68,292. 6,876.
$74,923.... 3,462....

Granada. Venezuela. Brazil. public.

.gallons.. 574.. 1,361..

28,778.. 3,552.. 72,386.. 12,366.. 528..
19.914.. 162.. 22,354.. 24,430.. 4,013..
11.217.. 2,595.. 7,356..112,757..17,009..
value..$63,739..216,081..2,040,607..22,503..168,751.. 87,194..12,069..
.value..$12,287.. 22,684.. 16,868.. 254.. 2,343.. 6,665..
...value..$74,340.. 95,410.. 613,403..

Non-enumerated-Manufact'd.... $22.152.. 38,780..

.25,111.. 33,842.. 8,926..13,252.. .$30,415.. 8,699.. 24,573.. 745.. 5,959.. 11,670.. 1,035..

The Amazon and its Tributaries-Interoceanic Route. 533

"Stern winter smiles on this auspicious clime,
The fields are florid in eternal prime;
From the bleak pole no winds inclement blow,
Mould the round hail, or flake the fleecy snow,
But from the breezy deep the groves inhale
The fragrant murmurs of the Eastern gale."

The Amazon is the ventricle of South America, as the Mississippi is of the United States. It takes its rise in ten degrees thirty minutes south latitude, in the lake Launchoca, and flows for a distance in two branches-the Tunguragua From the twentieth degree of south and the Ucayale-until, forming a junc- latitude to the twelfth degree of north tion, and uniting with it other rivers, it latitude, all the rivers of South America, at last empties into the Atlantic, almost except such as drain the narrow strip of under the equator. Its entire distance land on the Pacific, bounded on the east has been computed at 4,700 miles, and by the Andes, flow, as we have said, into it has an inland navigation, by connect- the Gulf of Mexico. Nor is there a ing tributaries, of over 70,000 miles! basin in the world, in which the naIts basin-although we have adopted the vigable streams are so numerous, so common estimate of 1,796,000 square diverse in their courses, so available in miles-is said to exceed 2,400,000 square dispensing with artificial mediums of miles. Rising at the eastern base of the intercourse and communication. The Andes, within sixty miles of the Pacific, Orinoco, which is an arm of the Amain the heart of Peru, one branch of this zon, takes up in its course the upper majestic river follows a course due north waters of New-Granada and Venezuela; to Jaen, in the State of Equador, thence and far down, beyond the equator, the through the southern provinces of Equa- Paraguay and the Parana, whose sources dor, eastwardly, until a junction is form- almost connect with the sources of the ed with the Ucayale, gathering in its Madeira, bear the rich fruits of Buenos way the rivers and streamlets of the Ayres and Uruguay to the mouth of the Andes, and draining a country-yet Plata. It is impossible to conceive that almost in a state of nature-among the the basins of South America, teeming richest in precious metals and agricul- with mineral treasures and agricultural tural fertility on the globe. The Ucayale products, overflowing with rivers and runs northeast, through the southern fakes, and enjoying every degree of provinces of Peru, and in its course is also fed by numerous tributaries. After its junction with the Tunguragua, they roll together their floods, connecting the navigable streams of Bolivia, Peru, Equador, New Granada, and the Guianas; and finally they receive the voluminous waters of the Madeira, a river of the first class, which takes its rise in the vicinity of Potosi, and courses in solitude through the unexplored regions, unpeopled valleys, and dismal forests of Brazil, until it is discharged into the Amazon, two thousand miles from its source. Thence the three branches, united, pursue their way in majesty to the ocean. This union is the Amazon. Absorbing in its swollen bosom the head streams of Paraguay, and the whole range of country bounded by the Andes, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean, affording a navigation of 70,000 miles, this great river is entirely shut up to foreign commerce, and is still, at the option of the Brazilian government, to be opened to the enterprise and rivalry of nations. Of the countries which it drains, it may be more truly said than of any other:

temperature and salubrity, can long remain under the sole dominion of a semicivilized people, or be the exclusive habitation of half savages, who luxuriate in indolence, or rove over the pampas and llanos in predatory hordes. Every impulse of reason combats such an opinion.

Three miles of cutting through a level and marshy country on the southeastern frontier of Bolivia, would give to the former the command of an interoceanic route of four thousand miles. One outlet would be the mouth of the Plata; the other, the mouth of the Amazon. Three miles of cutting would allow of a vessel of light tonnage to start from the mouth of the Orinoco, on the Caribbean, and navigate through Venezuela, New-Granada, and down the Amazon to its mouth; up the Amazon to Peru, and down through the northern provinces of Brazil to the Madeira; and down the Madeira to the Paraguay, and down this river to Montevideo; and up again to the Parana; and up the Parana through southern Brazil, to within sixty miles of Rio Janeiro, inland. But three miles of cutting is required to

open the whole of South America to ship navigation, and to bring its entire products into the Gulf of Mexico.

The export trade of these countries is in its infancy. It does not exceed $10,0000,000 per annum, viz:

Domestic exports of Mexico, (annual average)

Domestic exports of New-Granada

Brazil.

Venezuela

ever, might still be carried on with foreign nations, by exchanging, (instead of silver and platina,) cochineal, indigo, leather, sarsaparilla, vanilla, jalap, soap, logwood, pimento, &c., for fabrics and merchandise, which the nation cannot dispense with, but which are principally $18,000,000 smuggled into the state, causing a loss 2,800,000 of revenue to the national treasury, and 4,000,000 still contributing to the prostration of the 4,000,000 country. The moral, political and com900,000 mercial condition of Mexico is despe9,000,000 rate in the extreme. What it may be6,500,000 come under future dynasties, the hereaf8.000,000 ter will reveal.

3,000,000

43,000,000 The trade of Central America, and its

The trade of Mexico is declining, rapid augmentation, is an evidence of owing to the exhaustion of her precious the spirit of enterprise that has been inmines, her inability to pay for foreign fused into it by Anglo-Saxon contact and goods, the frightful contrabandism that example. The commerce of the states, prevails, and the political instability of foreign and coastwise, is estimated at the supreme government, still further $20,000,000 annually; the domestic exweakened by the constant defection of ports alone amounting, as stated, to its provinces. A splendid traffic, how- $4,000,000, namely:

Trade of Mexico, the Guianas, Brazil, Buenos Ayres, &c.

First, beyond the equator, we come to Brazil. The domestic exports of this

state are:

Hides.

Horse hair

Sheep's wool...

Chinchilla and nutria skins

Tallow...
Sheep-skins.

$2,000,000 All other.

535

.value.... $250,000 .value.

400,000

.value... 150,000

.value... 160,000

.value.. 150,000

.value.... 290,000

Coffee.

Cotton.

Sugar.

17,000,000

5,000,000

12,000,000

Dyewoods..
All other

1,000,000

The domestic exports of Peru are:

3,000,000

$40,000,000

Copper

.value..

80,000

Cotton..

Bullion, &c.

Hides

Skins

.number....430,000 Wool, &c...

Hair.

Wool..

Tallow

Beef

Grease.

Sheep-skins
Nutria-skins

...arrobas.... 18,000

.arrobas.... 34,000

.... arrobas....

Total...

.$9,000,000

..arrobas.... 36,000 The domestic trade of Equador is .quintals....200,000 7,000 growing. It already includes 70,000,000 .....number.... 17,000 pounds of cocoa a year, and the demand ..number.... 6,000 exceeds the supply. The exports of the state are principally

Proceeding up the Paraguay, we reach the frontiers of Bolivia. This state is entirely shut in from the Pacific; but it has a navigable water course to the Atlantic by the Amazon. Three miles of cutting, as stated, would also give them command of a river route to the mouth of the Plata. The inhabitants are not naturally indolent; but their want of enlightenment, which only can be had by frequent and general intercourse with the world, retards the development of their inherent energies. Their trade is entirely local. They neither import nor export, except through contiguous countries; and statistics of this trade we are not in possession of. Buenos Ayres, which is south of the Plata river, and intercepts the trade of the Paraguay and Parana rivers, exports:

If we are to have reciprocity, let it be a reciprocity founded in justice to the whole Union-that will invite the products of the basins of the continent to seek one great midway sea-and not a reciprocity confined to a single section, value.... $600,000 and designed to benefit but a single in..value.... 500,000 terest.

..value.... 4,000,000

ART. II-NEW-YORK IN EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTYTWO-FIFTY-THREE:

PROGRESS OF THE STATE-COMMERCE OF THE CITY-RAIL-ROADS-CANALS-EXPENDITURES -DISEASES-MORTALITY-PRICES AND RECEIPTS OF COMMODITIES-SOURCES OF POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION, ETC.

WE had occasion last autumn, when statistics of her growth from year to speaking of the approaching World's year, and many speculations pertaining Fair, in New-York, to express our opin- to her future, all of which were condension upon the causes which have led to ed into the volumes of the Industrial Rethe empire greatness of that city, and to sources. Nothing remains now but to add commend the wide and liberal policy to this material the facts and figures of the which she has pursued. On previous year which has closed, in order to make occasions we presented the facts and it complete upon almost all of the

points to which either interest or instruction can attach, and we are enabled to obtain these from the voluminous reports of the Herald, the Courier and Enquirer, and official papers before us.

We begin with some particulars relating to the state, for which we are in debted to the late annual message of Governor Seymour:

The number of patients in the State Asylum at Utica was:

Males. Females. Total. Commencement of the year ..220....215....435 Admitted during the year ......200....190....390

Total number treated.........420....405....825

ployed in the workshops. The introduction of new trades has been attended with great advantage to the inmates. The imposition of heavy assessments for grading the streets around the buildings of the institution, will require increased pecuniary aid from the legislature.

We have the following statement from the commissioners of emigration:

Whole number of aliens who arrived at the port of New-York, May 5th, 1847, 1,336,960.

Number arrived during this year, up to December 15th, 295,272.

Number of persons admitted to Immigrant Refuge Hospital, Ward's Island,

There have been discharged during during the year, about 15,000.

the year:

Number of persons admitted to Marine Hospital, Staten Island, 8,511.

Number of persons relieved in the various counties in the state, and 17... 39 chargeable upon the commutation fund, about 13,138.

.205....195....400

Number of persons lodged and relieved temporarily in the city, 18,391.

Number of persons for whom employment was found in the city, various parts of the state, and in other states, 517 from the office in this city under the charge of commissioners, 14,612.

488

1,005

Number of persons forwarded to various places at expense of commission469 ers, 4,962.

562

Of those admitted, 99 were natives, and 389 foreigners.

Of those discharged, 71 were natives, and 270 foreigners.

Of those who died, 29 were natives, and 99 foreigners.

The number of pupils now in the New-York Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, is two hundred and fifty-nine; of this number one hundred and eighty-five are supported by the state. At the last session of the legislature, the number of pupils thus supported was increased thirty-two, adding one from each senate district-making the whole number of state beneficiaries one hundred and ninety-two. This institution continues to improve its system of instruction, to increase the value of its results, and to gain in the estimation of the public.

The Institution for the Blind is successfully conducted. There are one hundred and fifty-three blind persons in the establishment; forty-two are em

Number of persons for whom special bonds have been demanded during the year, under the amended act of July, 1851, about 1,000.

The commissioners state that six years' experience has shown that the commutation of $1 50 for each person is sufficient to provide for the support of the poor and helpless emigrant, but not enough to cover the expenses of procuring buildings for their reception.Since May, 1847, the state has been relieved from all expense of both sick and destitute from abroad. Large numbers of emigrants have been aided in getting employment here, or in going to other states where their labor was in greater demand. The commission is indebted $170,000 for land and the erection of buildings.

On the 30th of September the public funds devoted to education amounted to the following sums: The Common-School Fund. "United States Deposit Fund.. "Literature Fund.

$2,354,530 00 4,014,420 00

272,980 99

$6,641,930 92