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according accurate admit agencies already amongst amount appeal appeal to Probability apply assertion assigned assume average bability belief causation causes certainty chapter characteristics circumstances conception Conceptualist conclusion consequence consideration course degree direct discussion distinction enquiry equally examination example existence experience expression extent fact Formal Logic former frequency games of chance given ground groups happen height individual Induction inference instance Inverse Probability irregularity justify kind large number Law of Error Laws of Thought Least Squares less limit logician long run Material view mathematical matter mean merely metical mind modality nature objects observed obtained occur opinion particular penny possible practical precisely present principles proportion proposition question reader reason reference regarded remarks rule rules of inference science of Probability seems simple speaking statistics succession supposed supposition syllogism theory things throws tion truth uniformity universal propositions words
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225 페이지 - It is seldom, if ever, between a consequent and a single antecedent, that this invariable sequence subsists. It is usually between a consequent and the sum of several antecedents; the concurrence of all of them being requisite to produce, that is, to be certain of being followed by, the consequent. In such cases it is very common to single out one only of the antecedents under the denomination of Cause, calling the others merely Conditions.
473 페이지 - In a given state of society, a certain number of persons must put an end to their own life. This is the general law ; and the special question as to who shall commit the crime depends of course upon special laws ; which, however, in their total action, must obey the large social law to which they are all subordinate.
331 페이지 - Conclusive, or as they are elsewhere termed imperative or absolute presumptions of law, are rules determining the quantity of evidence requisite for the support of any particular averment which is not permitted to be overcome by any proof that the fact is otherwise1.
466 페이지 - The science of human nature is of this description. It falls far short of the standard of exactness now realized in Astronomy; but there is no reason that it should not be as much a science as Tidology is, or as Astronomy was when its calculations had only mastered the main phenomena, but not the perturbations. The phenomena with which this science is conversant being the thoughts, feelings, and actions of human beings, it would have attained the ideal perfection of a science if it enabled us to...
iii 페이지 - Are God and Nature then at strife, That Nature lends such evil dreams So careful of the type she seems, So careless of the single life...
225 페이지 - The cause, then, philosophically speaking, is the sum total of the conditions, positive and negative, taken together; the whole of the contingencies of every description, which being realized, the consequent invariably follows.
x 페이지 - His treatment of the subject is however very brief, and a considerable portion of the space which he has devoted to it is occupied by the discussion of one or two special examples. There are moreover some errors, as it seems to me, in what he has written, which will be referred to in some of the following chapters. The reference to the work just mentioned will serve to convey a general idea of the view of Probability adopted in this Essay. With what may be called the Material view of Logic as opposed...
255 페이지 - The notion that what is of primary importance to the logician in a proposition, is the relation between the two ideas corresponding to the subject and predicate (instead of the relation between the two phenomena which they respectively express), seems to me one of the most fatal errors ever introduced into the philosophy of logic...
14 페이지 - ... extent within which this uniformity can be observed. At the present time the average duration of life in England may be, say thirty; but a century ago it was decidedly less; several centuries ago it was very much less; whilst if we possessed statistics referring to our early British ancestors we should probably find that there has been since that time a still more marked improvement. What may be the future tendency no man can say for certain. It may be. and we hope will be the case, that owing...
81 페이지 - ... right of discussion about the things; or else we take part with the things, and so defy the mathematics. We do not question the formal accuracy of the latter within their own province, but either we dismiss them as somewhat irrelevant, as applying to data of whose correctness we cannot be certain, or we take the liberty of remodelling them so as to bring them into accordance with facts. § 13. A critic of any doctrine can hardly be considered to have done much more than half his duty when he...