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(I) Hearing or Trial.

§ 324 (N.Y.Sup.) Whether there was proper publication, and whether testatrix acknowledged the signature to her will before one of the witnesses, who did not see her sign, held for the jury. In re Raymond's Will, 151 N. Y. S. 648.

(M) Operation and Effect.

§ 428 (N.Y.) Decree of Surrogate's Court in admitting will to probate and approving executor's accounts thereunder held not to estop plaintiff from asserting, as residuary legatee, the invalidity of the trust under the will.Bailey v. Buffalo Loan, Trust & Safe Deposit Co., 107 N. E. 1043, 213 N. Y. 525.

VI. CONSTRUCTION.

(A) General Rules.

§ 439 (N.Y.Sur.) The court, in interpreting a will, seeks to apply the meaning of testator.In re Union Trust Co., 151 N. Y. S. 246.

§ 440 (N.Y.Sur.) Where testator's intention can be ascertained, the will should be so construed as to carry out such intention.-In re Clark, 151 N. Y. S. 396.

§ 446 (N.Y.Sur.) That construction should be adopted which upholds, rather than invalidates, a will.-In re Correll's Will, 151 N. Y. S. 962. § 448 (N.Y.Sur.) The language of a residuary clause of a will is, if possible, to be so construed as to avoid intestacy.-In re Correll's Will, 151 N. Y. S. 962.

§ 449 (N.Y.Sur.) Where testatrix made a will and a codicil, and named certain legatees, she presumably did not intend to leave a portion of her estate absolutely undisposed of.-In re Clark, 151 N. Y. S. 396.

§ 449 (N.Y.Sur.) Will construed, and held to disclose an intention of testatrix to dispose of her entire residuary estate, and not merely "the interest thereof."-In re Correll's Will, 151 N. Y. S. 962.

$ 450 (N.Y.Sur.) In construing a will, consideration must, if possible, be given to all the parts. In re Baker, 151 N. Y. S. 954.

§ 455 (N.Y.Sur.) The intent of a testatrix, as ascertained from the entire will, must be given effect, though it is necessary to supply or eliminate words, or give words a strained and unusual construction.-In re Correll's Will, 151 N. Y. S. 962.

$456 (N.Y.Sup.) The court, in construing a will, must find a rational scheme of disposition, though it is necessary to give words in the will a meaning other than they ordinarily have.-Seligman v. Seligman, 151 N. Y. S. 889. will, must find a rational scheme of disposi$462 (N.Y.Sup.) The court, in construing a tion, though it is necessary to supply words and phrases.-Seligman v. Seligman, 151 N. Y. S. 889.

testatrix

should be determined from the entire will, not $470 (N.Y.Sur.) The intent of a from isolated parts thereof.-In re Correll's Will, 151 N. Y. S. 962.

$473 (N.Y.) Where a certain clause in a will was contained in one paragraph, which constituted one entire trust scheme, parts of which were illegal under statute, the whole was enforceable.-Bailey v. Buffalo Loan, Trust & Safe Deposit Co., 107 N. E. 1043, 213 N. Y. 525.

Where to retain certain valid trust provisions in a single clause of a will and to reject other illegal ones would be to pervert the testator's intention and his attempted disposition of his property, the entire clause must fall.-Id.

Invalidity of a trust provision in a clause of a will held to invalidate the other subordinate trust provisions in the clause.-Id.

Where the clause of a will seeks to establish an invalid trust, it is not permissible to eliminate any language closely intermingled with the general plan to make and thereby create a valid trust.-Id.

Claim of beneficiary under will that declaration of trust valid as to him should be sus

tained, though the general scheme was invalid, as being repugnant to section 11 of the Personal Property Law, held not to be sustained. -Id.

§ 489 (N.Y.) Parol evidence held admissible to explain the latent ambiguity of a will as to the identity of a legatee.-Baumann v. Steingester, 107 N. E. 578, 213 N. Y. 328.

(B) Designation of Devisees and Legatees and Their Respective Shares. § 498 (N.Y.Sur.) A child never heard to cry, and who did not live, but whose heart beats were susceptible and could be heard, though no respiration could be induced, was born alive, and was "issue," within a will.-In re Union Trust Co., 151 N. Y. S. 246.

§ 523 (N.Y.Sup.) General legacies to one and her children, designated by name, and to "be divided among the four equally," held to them as tenants in common, and not as a class.-Carley v. Harper, 151 N. Y. S. 1056.

$524 (NY.Sup.) A bequest to each of testator's grandchildren being or becoming issue of a daughter vested in interest at testator's death.-Seligman v. Seligman, 151 N. Y. S.

889.

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151 NEW YORK SUPPLEMENT

§ 525 (N.Y.Sur.) Under a will whereby testator gave legacies to salaried employés of various periods of employment, the time spent by a piece worker subsequently becoming a salaried employé cannot be included in fixing the term of employment.-In re Altman's Estate, 151 N. Y. S. 1092.

§ 531 (N.Y.Sur.) The term "issue," in a will, when used in its primary signification, means all descendants taking per capita; but a distribution per stirpes may be implied, where testator indicates a purpose to that effect.-In re Union Trust Co., 151 N. Y. S. 246.

The term "issue," in a will, whereby testator gave his residuary estate to trustees to apply the income to two daughters for life, and on the death of either without issue to the survivor or her issue, means all descendants per capita. -Id.

(D) Description of Property. § 578 (N.Y.Sup.) Under Decedent Law, § 14, a devise of all testatrix's "right, tiEstate tle, and interest in the premises" held to pass an after-acquired interest therein.-Carley v. Harper, 151 N. Y. S. 1056.

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the will.-In re Seymour's Estate, 151 N. Y. S. 967.

(G) Conditions and Restrictions. provisions of will as to carrying on business § 658 (N.Y.Sup.) Surviving partner, accepting to be paid to the decedent's widow, held bound with right to the profits, except those directed to make such payment.-Sturmwald v. Poppe, 151 N. Y. S. 570.

(H) Estates in Trust and Powers. create a void and separable trust in the moiety of the residue of testator's estate on the death § 680 (N.Y.Sup.) Will construed, and held to of the widow; the trust as to the other moiety being limited on the life of the widow and valid. -Ripley v. Guaranty Trust Co. of New York, 151 N. Y. S. 12.

§ 680 (N.Y.Sur.) A will construed and held, of her property, deposit the share belonging to that testatrix intended that the executors and trustees should divide the proceeds of a sale grandchildren for their benefit, and hold the shares belonging to each of her children for 10 years, paying each child the income thereof.

$ 587 (N.Y.Sur.) Under a will and codicil,-In re Correll's Will, 151 N. Y. S. 962. held, that the one-fourth of the residuary estate which had been bequeathed to should be distributed one-third to the other livone brother ing brother of testatrix and one-sixth to each of four children of deceased brothers.-In re Clark, 151 N. Y. S. 396.

(E) Nature of Estates and Interests Created.

§ 601 (N.Y.Sur.) Will construed, and held,

that testator's wife took the whole estate contemplated in one paragraph of the will in fee or ownership as the nature of the property required. In re Biles' Will, 151 N. Y. S. 1097. Will construed, and held, that the interest of the testator's wife was conditional on her remarriage, and would remain absolute in the absence of that event, but on her remarriage would be reduced to dower and to her one-third of the personalty.—Id.

§ 612 (N.Y.Sur.) An absolute bequest cannot be cut down by a later provision of a will, unless such clearly appears to have been testator's intention. In re Baker, 151 N. Y. S. 954.

(F) Vested or Contingent Estates and Interests.

§ 634 (N.Y.Sur.) A will construed, and held, that the remainder interests therein provided for were vested, and not contingent.-In re Tapley's Estate, 151 N. Y. S. 951.

§ 634 (N.Y.Sur.) Will held to give testator's children a contingent remainder in the estate, less the dower and one-third of the personalty in the fund at their mother's remarriage.-In re Biles' Will, 151 N. Y. S. 1097.

§ 636 (N.Y.Sur.) The title to realty passing under the residuary clause of a will held to vest in the residuary legatee at testator's death, and to so remain until divested by execution of a power of sale given to the executors by

and pay her about half of the interest, and tees to hold property in trust for a daughter. § 684 (N.Y.Sup.) A will which directs trusafter 10 years the whole of the interest for life, gives the daughter the entire income for life after the 10 years.-Seligman v. Seligman, 151 N. Y. S. 889.

A bequest to trustees in trust for a grandgranddaughter, held to give to the granddaughdaughter, with directions to accumulate for five years, and then pay the interest to the ter the entire income.-Id.

§ 686 (N.Y.) Condition on which principal of ciary, to wit, payment of his debts independent a trust fund was to be paid over to the benefiof the trust fund, held not satisfied by the beneficiary's discharge in bankruptcy.-Hull Palmer, 107 N. E. 653, 213 N. Y. 315.

(I) Actions to Construe Wills.

V.

§ 695 (N.Y.Sup.) The rights of one, when derived from a will, must be determined in a suit Y. S. 889. to construe it.-Seligman v. Seligman, 151 N.

§ 695 (N.Y.Sur.) The surrogate will not construe a will to determine whether it provides for be binding in proceedings by the child under an after-born child, as required by Decedent section 28.-In re Sauer's Estate, 151 N. Y. S. Estate Law, § 26, which construction would not 465.

and trustees for directions as to how to pro§ 697 (N.Y.Sur.) An application by executors ceed with duties imposed on them by law, not being one for the construction of a will, within Code Civ. Proc. § 2615, should be denied.-In re Zitzlsperger's Estate, 151 N. Y. S. 950.

the court had power to make an allowance to de8707 (N.Y.Sup.) Under Code Civ. Proc. § 3253, fendants in addition to costs in proceedings involving the construction of a will.-Carley v. Harper, 151 N. Y. S. 1056.

VII. RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF DEVISEES AND LEGATEES.

(A) Nature of Title and Rights in General.

§728 (N.Y.Sup.) Where a legacy, payable on the legatee attaining full age, was vested from the time of testator's death, the accrued income belonged to the legatee.-Seligman v. Seligman, 151 N. Y. S. 889.

§ 733 (N.Y.Sur.) Under a will, held, that the executrix should be required to pay to testatrix's nephew the legacy given by one paragraph, and turn over to herself as trustee the bequest made to her in trust for the nephew under another paragraph.-In re Baker, 151

N. Y. S. 954.

§ 733 (N.Y.Sur.) Codicil giving executors power to pay principal funds to testator's daughter before the time provided in the body of the will where the right of such daughters to the principal of their legacies became absolute held not to subject payment of the legacies to the executors' approval in any event, but merely to authorize executors to make payment before the time set in the will.-In re Gross' Will, 151 N. Y. S. 1090.

§ 743 (N.Y.Sup.) An assignment, by a beneficiary in a will, of his interest to his wife and children for their support, is effectual, whether his interest is vested or contingent.-West v. Burke, 151 N. Y. S. 329.

An assignment, by a beneficiary under a will, of his interest thereunder to his wife and children for their support, is sustainable in equity, though no legal interest passed under the assignment.-Id.

$748 (N.Y.Sup.) In action by partner's widow against surviving partner for payments which her husband's will directed the surviving partner to make as a condition of carrying on the business, deceased partner's representatives held not necessary parties.-Sturmwald v. Poppe, 151 N. Y. S. 570.

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§ 821 (N.Y.Sur.) Where executors were given discretionary power to dispose of all realty not specifically devised, and the personalty was insufficient to pay funeral expenses, including eral legacies were a charge on realty passing a monument and bequests, held, that the genunder the residuary clause. In re Seymour's Estate, 151 N. Y. S. 967.

§ 822 (N.Y.Sup.) Matters held proper to be considered by the court in determining whether general legacies were charged on land not specifically devised.-Carley v. Harper, 151 N. Y. S. 1056.

§ 826 (N.Y.Sup.) Evidence held to show an intention of testatrix that general legacies should be a charge on land not specifically devised.-Carley v. Harper, 151 N. Y. S. 1056. The burden was on legatees to prove an intention to charge the legacies on land not specifically devised.—Id.

(H) Void, Lapsed, and Forfeited Devises and Bequests, and Property and Interests Undisposed of.

§ 849 (N.Y.Sur.) Where a lapse takes place in part of a residuary estate by reason of a legatee's death, the distribution takes place according to law, and not as the result of testator's intention. In re Clark, 151 N. Y. S. 396.

WITNESSES.

See Appeal, § 203; Evidence; Trial, §§ 140, 210; Venue, § 52.

II. COMPETENCY.

Communications.

§ 749 (N.Y.Sup.) Complaint alleging will directing surviving partner to carry on business (D) Confidential Relations and Privileged and make certain payments to decedent's widow, acceptance thereof by the surviving partner, and nonpayment by his executors after his death, held to state a cause of action.-Sturmwald v. Poppe, 151 N. Y. S. 570.

tions to her attorney relative to her will in the § 206 (N.Y.) Where a testatrix gave instrucpresence of a third person, the communications were not confidential so as to be privileged.-Baumann v. Steingester, 107 N. E. 578,

(C) Advancements, Ademption, Satisfac- 213 N. Y. 328. tion, and Lapse.

§ 775 (N.Y.Sup.) Will construed, and held that, on the death of the residuary legatee prior to the death of testator, the residuary devise did not lapse but passed to the legatee's heirs.In re Murphy, 151 N. Y. S. 529.

(E) Abatement.

Code Civ. Proc. §§ 835, 836, apply only to confidential communications by a client to an attorney, and not to those made in the presence of others.-Id.

III. EXAMINATION.

(A) Taking Testimony in General. § 227 (N.Y.Sup.) The admission of the unrilutz v. Savage, 151 N. Y. S. 808. sworn statement of a child held error.-Gav

§ 806 (N.Y.Sup.) A will and surrounding circumstances held to show intent to prefer a legatee, practically adopted by testator, and to provide for her support in respect of a home, so 8243 (N.Y.Sup.) The court must permit leadthat, the estate being inadequate, it would be ing questions where a foreign born witness, tespaid to exclusion of other general legacies.-tifying through an interpreter, is so illiterate In re Gibson's Will, 151 N. Y. S. 459. that he cannot be made to answer, except by

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leading questions.-Nicoletti v. Dieckmann, 151 on a former trial, introduce the former testiN. Y. S. 520.

(C) Privilege of Witness.

§ 293 (N.Y.) The personal privilege guaranteed by Const. art. 1, § 6, against self-incrimination, cannot be asserted, unless the person to whom the privilege is given is subject to criminal prosecution or a forfeiture.-People v. Cassidy, 107 N. E. 713, 213 N. Y. 388.

§ 304 (N.Y.) Penal Law, § 770, provides for immunity on trial for offense against the elective franchise, and one may be compelled to testify on the trial of one so charged, but his testimony cannot be used against him unless he has previously waived his right to immunity.People v. Cassidy, 107 N. E. 713, 213 N. Y. 388.

$ 304 (N.Y.Sup.) Const. art. 1, § 6, and Code Cr. Proc. § 393, do not apply to the testimony, or failure to testify, of officers of a corporation accused of a crime. People v. Hudson Valley Const. Co., 151 N. Y. S. 314.

$305 (N.Y.) The personal privilege against self-incrimination guaranteed by Const. art. 1, § 6, may be waived by the person offering himself as a witness, who may then be cross-examined like any other witness.-People v. Cassidy, 107 N. E. 713, 213 N. Y. 388.

One cannot waive his privilege against selfincrimination guaranteed by Const. art. 1, § 6, and give testimony to his advantage, and then refuse at the same time to answer questions to his disadvantage.-Id.

One voluntarily testifying at a hearing of charges in connection with a nomination at a judicial convention did not waive his right to decline to testify on a subsequent trial of one indicted for an offense in connection with the nomination.-Id.

IV. CREDIBILITY, IMPEACHMENT, CONTRADICTION, AND COR

ROBORATION.

(B) Character and Conduct of Witness. § 345 (N.Y.) A verdict of guilty upon which no judgment was rendered could not be introduced to discredit accused as having been convicted before.-People v. Marendi, 107 N. E. 1058, 213 N. Y. 600.

§351 (N.Y.) In cross-examining accused's character witnesses, the state cannot, without ascertaining whether a witness knew of a certain person, read an affidavit by that person charging accused with another offense.-People v. Marendi, 107 N. E. 1058, 213 N. Y. 600.

(D) Inconsistent Statements by Witness. § 380 (N.Y.) Where the evidence of identifying witnesses offered by the people was destroyed by cross-examination, the people could not impeach them by proving that they had at other times and places identified accused as the murderer.-People v. De Martini, 107 N. E. 501, 213 N. Y, 203.

$380 (N.Y.Sup.) Plaintiff may not, on his witness testifying differently from what he did

mony, either as primary evidence or to impeach his witness.-Morton v. Smith Hoisting Co., 151 N. Y. S. 1087.

WORDS AND PHRASES.

"Action on contract of conditional sale."-Edelson v. Wagman (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 40. "Actual malice."-Bresslin v. Star Co. (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 660.

"Actual possession."-French v. Wray (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 1015. "Adjoining."-City of New York v. Alheidt (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 463. "Adulterated milk."-People v. Martin (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 69. "Afterwards."-Lamoutte v. Title Guaranty & Surety Co. (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 148. "Agreement."—Dixey v. Ál. H. Woods Productions Co. (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 224. "Agreement in writing."-In re Holland (N. "Arrest."-People v. Marendi (N. Y.) 107 N. Y. Sur.) 151 N. Y. S. 239.

E. 1058, 213 N. Y. 600. "Born alive."-In re Union Trust Co. (N. Y. Sur.) 151 N. Y. S. 246. "Breaking."-People v. Toland (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 482.

"Breaking out."-People v. Toland (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 482.

"Building."-Mecca Realty Co. v. Kellogg's Toasted Corn Flakes Co. (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 750. "Burglary."-People v. Toland (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 482.

"Butter."-People v. Martin (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 69. "Change of grade."-Gas Engine & Power Co. v. City of New York (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 310. "Charitable corporation."-Brooklyn Children's Aid Society v. Prendergast (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 720.

"Check."-King v. Murphy (N. Y. Co. Ct.) 151 N. Y. S. 476.

"Cheese."-People v. Martin (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 69.

"Clerk."-John Mulstein Co. v. City of New York (N. Y.) 107 N. E. 651, 213 N. Y. 308. "Commerce."-Barlow v. Lehigh Valley R. Co. "Consent." In re Murphy (N. Y. Sur.) 151 N. (N. Y.) 107 N. E. 814, 214 N. Y. 116.

Y. S. 475.

"Constructive eviction."-Hyland v. Gillespie (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 498. "Contemplation of death."-In re Tilley's Estate (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 79. "Contract of marriage."-Barker v. Barker (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 811. "Covenant of seisin."-Hilliker v. Rueger (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 234. "Criminal intent."-People v. Borden's Condensed Milk Co. (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 547. "Domicile."-Hanson v. Hanson (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 861.

"Due attestation, execution, and validity."Primmer v. Primmer (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 1024.

"Duly addressed."-Century Bank of City of New York v. Breitbart (City Ct. N. Y.) 151 N. Y. S. 588.

"Emergency employé."-Denton v. Morgan (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 729. "Employé."-La Chicotte v. City of New York (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 566. "Fellow servant."-Larson v. Nassau Electric R. Co. (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 694. "Fraud."-King v. Murphy (N. Y. Co. Ct.) 151 N. Y. S. 476.

"Get off."-In re Szpakowski (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 211.

"Graded street in existence."-Gas Engine & Power Co. v. City of New York (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 310.

"Guardian."-In re Huebsch (N. Y. Sur.) 151 N. Y. S. 377.

"Heir at law."-Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. v. Polk (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. .Y. S. 618. "Improvement."-Green v. Horn (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 215.

"Inclosure."-Green v. Horn (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 215.

"Interest."-Seligman v. Seligman (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 889. "Interested."-People ex rel. Crowe v. Peck (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 835. "Interference or restraint of a legal authority." -Rice v. Miner (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 983.

"Interstate commerce."-Barlow v. Lehigh Valley R. Co. (N. Y.) 107 N. E. 814, 214 N. Y.

116.

"Issue."-In re Union Trust Co. (N. Y. Sur.) 151 N. Y. S. 246.

"Jeopardy."-People ex rel. Bullock v. Hayes (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 1075. "Jus accrescendi."-In re Capria's Estate (N. Y. Sur.) 151 N. Y. S. 385. "Kindred."-Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. v. Polk (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 618.

"Lawfully terminated."-Shufelt v. Boyles (N. Y. Co. Ct.) 151 N. Y. S. 783. "Legal malice."-Bresslin v. Star Co. (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 660.

"Legal title."-William P. Bonbright & Co. v. State (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 35. "Legatee or distributee."-In re Holzworth (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 1072. "Lien."-Benedict v. Higgins (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 42.

"Liquidation."-Lafayette Trust Co. v. Beggs (N. Y.) 107 N. E. 644, 213 N. Y. 280. "Marked ballot."-In re Murphy (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 267.

"Marketable title."-Hennig v. Smith (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 444.

"Murder in first degree."-People v. Marendi (N. Y.) 107 N. E. 1058, 213 N. Y. 600. "Occupation."-Green v. Horn (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 215.

"Officer."-La Chicotte v. City of New York (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 566. "Or otherwise."-In re Willcox (N. Y. Sup.)

151 N. Y. S. 141. "Pavements."-Uvalde Asphalt Paving Co. v. City of New York (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 927.

"Peacemaker's court."-Terrance v. Gray (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 136.

"Person."-People v. Dunbar Contracting Co. (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 164. "Place of work."-Landrigan v. Baker Smith & Co. (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 29. "Promise."-Dixey v. Al. H. Woods Productions Co. (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 224. "Promotion."-Murray v. Water Board of City of Lockport (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 419. "Property."-In re Willcox (N. Y.) 107 N. E. 499, 213 N. Y. 218.

"Public officer."-Meighan v. Rohe (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 785. "Purpresture."-People v. Steeplechase Park Co. (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 157. "Residence."-Hanson v. Hanson (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 861.

"Resident."-Barber v. Barber (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 1064.

"Rule of construction."-In re Union Trust Co. (N. Y. Sur.) 151 N. Y. S. 246.

"Rule of interpretation."-In re Union Trust Co. (N. Y. Sur.) 151 N. Y. S. 246. "Scaffolding."-Loesch v. Long Island R. Co. (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 499.

"Special proceeding." John Mulstein Co. v. City of New York (N. Y.) 107 N. E. 651, 213 N. Y. 308.

"Stock certificate."-Sohmer v. Herden (N. Y. "Structure."-Loesch v. Long Island R. Co. (N. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 346.

Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 499. "Subcontractor."-Curry

V.

Addoms (N. Y. "Thereafter."-Lamoutte v. Title Guaranty & Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 1017. To hunt."-People v. Jacobs (N. Y. Sup.) 151 Surety Co. (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 148.

N. Y. S. 522.

"Undue influence."-In re Williams' Will (N. Y. Sur.) 151 N. Y. S. 467.

"Use."-Green v. Horn (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 215.

"Vice principal."-Larson v. Nassau Electric R. Co. (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 694. "Warehouse."-Leavitt v. National Fire Ins. Co. of Hartford, Conn. (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 71.

"Waste."-Rogers v. Atlantic, G. & P. Co. (N. Y.) 107 N. E. 661, 213 N. Y. 246. "Waste or improper application."-In re Doscher (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 76. "Willful injury."-Cohn v. Melancon (N. Y. Sup.) 151 N. Y. S. 39.

WORK AND LABOR.

See Municipal Corporations, § 374.

§ 10 (N.Y.Sup.) Contract implied by law to pay what services were reasonably worth held promise of defendant's testatrix to pay, which to give plaintiff cause of action, where express had induced plaintiff to remain in service, was too indefinite for enforcement.-Plattenburg v. Briggs, 151 N. Y. S. 925.

§ 28 (N.Y.Sup.) In action to recover amount due for personal services, evidence held insuf

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