Before declaring any dividend one-tenth of the net profits of the half-year must be carried to the surplus fund until that shall (R.S. 599.) amount to 20 per cent. of the capital. As will be seen, the required proportion was reached so long ago as 1869.

Besides these surplus funds, however, the banks have accumulated very large amounts of undivided profits. These constitute their reserve against losses, as the surplus fund is not available for meeting general losses, but is contemplated as for the protection of depositors, and as an addition to the working capital of the bank.

Annexed is a table showing the progress of these accumulations and their proportion to the capital:

(R S. 5204,)

No dividend may be declared greater than the amount of net profits on hand after deducting all bad debts; that is to say, debts on which the interest is past due and unpaid for six months. This provision is held to include stocks and bonds upon which interest is past due for the same period. Of late years the bank examiners

have had special instructions to scrutinise the accounts and securities in view of this section, and to report all bad debts to the Comptroller. We have, therefore, since March, 1876, very full information as to the losses of these banks, and the amounts charged off half-yearly since that time are given below:

The following table gives the geographical divisions in which these losses occurred. To economise space I have selected the first and the last of the years quoted, and also given the proportions of the whole of the losses :

It will be observed that in 1881, although the amounts had considerably decreased, they were borne by a much larger number of banks.

The following shows the losses in some of the principal cities :

These losses fall upon the undivided profits, and only when they exceed the amount of that fund can any portion of them be charged to the surplus fund. Unless, after charging the bad debts, there remain sufficient undivided profits no dividend can be declared, and the number of banks that have had to pass dividends during these

named years is not inconsiderable. I have arranged them below, first under dates, and afterwards according to geographical divisions.

In the following table I have selected the same two periods referred to in the geographical table of losses :

It will be observed that at those periods at least, the regions where the largest amount of capital was without dividend were not those where the largest amount of losses had occurred.

The next point for us to notice is that relating to the pecuniary burdens imposed on these banks. They are required to pay every (R.S. 5214.) half-year one-half per cent. upon the average amount of their note circulation; one-quarter per cent. upon the average amount of deposits; and a quarter per cent. on the average amount of capital, after deducting the amount they have invested in United States bonds. These taxes do not relieve them from liability to whatever duties may be imposed on their capital by the State in (R.S. 5219.)

which they are situated; but it should be added that these burdens are borne in common with all classes of banks. They have also to reimburse the Treasury for all charges incurred in respect of the redemption of their notes, and for the cost of engraving the plates required for printing them. Further, they have to pay fees, ranging from £4 to £15 for the visits of the bank examiners. These taxes have been the cause of very great dissatisfaction among the banks, and the Comptroller has many times recommended their repeal. There can be no doubt that they were originally imposed for the purposes of the war, and afterwards were continued to assist in the vigorous efforts at redemption that were being made; but those necessities have passed away and there would seem to be no just causes for continuing the tax, particularly that upon deposits, which is economically unsound. Last year, owing to anticipated opposition to the measures for refunding, a Bill for the repeal of this tax was hastily passed through the Senate, but it did not come before the House of Representatives.

The amount of taxes paid by the national banks to the United States from the commencement of the system to July 1, 1881, has been £21,771,000-composed as follows:

It should be mentioned that while the tax paid on the circulation has been, as above quoted, nearly ten millions, the whole cost to the government of the national bank system has been but £1,030,000. The ratio of taxes, both United States and local, to capital since 1866, is given below:

Great inequalities exist in the rates of taxes imposed on bank capital by the various States, and also in the mode of assessment.