Dorer furnishes about 280 quarts of milk a day to customers, 150 quarts being retailed by himself and 30 distributed by Mr. Himple, a dealer, living in Newark. The following is a list of dates of the typhoid cases reported in Newark and having any connection with. Michael Dorer's dairy.

1. May 23d.

2. May 23d.

3. May 23d. 4. May 29th.

5. May 31st.

Note. The total number of cases of typhoid fever reported in Newark during the month of May was 27.

6. June 3d.

7. June 10th.

Note. This case was supplied by Himple.

8. June 12th.

Note. This case was Himple himself. During the month of June there were nine cases of typhoid fever reported in the city of Newark, and three of them as having obtained milk from either Dorer or Himple.

9. July 3d.-Supplied by Himple.

10. July 10th.-Supplied by Dorer.

11. August 5th.-This was a man who worked for Dorer at the dairy from June 10th to July 10th, and was not well a portion of the time, and Mrs. Dorer informed us that just before leaving he was taken with a severe nose-bleed. During the month of July there were 19 cases of typhoid fever reported in the city of Newark. Two of these obtained milk from Dorer's supply. Up to August 16th, during the month of August, 16 cases of typhoid fever have been reported in Newark, and the workman is the only one at all connected with the Dorer milk-supply. In some of the cases mentioned above the milk-supply was obtained from other sources as well as from Dorer. The premises of Michael Dorer, located on Stuyvesant avenue, Irvington, were visited and the following was ascertained: Mr. Dorer himself was taken sick July 29th, although he had been ailing for some time before that, and his case was diagnosed as one of typhoid fever. He is just convalescing and is able to walk around. He has some 30 cows and the stables are located on a side-hill. water-supply for all purposes is obtained from a deep well located between the house and cow-barn. The milk is cooled in a springhouse surrounding this pump. Before the time of inspection the closet had been located some 30 feet higher up the hill and in the

The

rear of the well, but this had been removed to another location. It was not a vault-closet, but was supplied with a drawer. The well is driven down through rock to a depth of 100 feet, and it was driven through an old well, the outside casing being used to exclude surface-water from the deep well-water. The milk is cooled in a cement cooling-tank, and the water is allowed to flow onto a field below the house. The barns themselves were in a cleanly condition. The water in the well had been examined by the Newark health authorities, and the chemist reported unfavorably. There is an old well located about one hundred yards in front of the house and near the road. It was suggested to Mr. Dorer that he would have to give up the use of the deep well for the present, and that it would be necessary for him probably in future to obtain some new source of supply. As Mr. Dorer expressed a doubt as to the number of cases and wished to verify it himself, it was suggested that it would be well for him to call that afternoon at the office of the board of health in Newark and see the names of those reported as having typhoid fever and as having used his milk. A telephone message was received the same evening from Mr. Chandler, stating that Mr. Dorer had called at the office and expressed an entire willingness to do whatever was desired. Mr. Dorer stated that he would remove the pump at once, that the milk would be cooled in water taken from the well near the road, and that he desired the authorities to come up and fully disinfect the cooling-tank. Before leaving Newark he made. a contract to have a new well sunk, and also agreed to everything that had been requested of him.

Under the circumstances no prohibitive notice was needed and no further action was taken.

Although the well-water was unfit for use, and typhoid had existed on the premises, a careful examination of the cases does not point directly to this dairy as the cause of the number of cases occurring in Newark, and it will be noted that the dates of onset of the disease in persons using the milk are not grouped together, and the total number of cases using Dorer's milk, and occurring in any one month, are but a small percentage of the total cases occurring in the city in any given month.

The illness of the owner of the dairy would have, however, caused restriction of the business had he not made required changes, as the State board of health would have been unwilling to assume the responsibilities when any cases had occurred in persons using the milk obtained from this dairy.

It may be well to note at this point that serious objection has been made to the operation of the law in regard to restriction of the sale of milk from infected premises, on account of pecuniary loss to owners. The owners of each of the dairies which have been described, namely, Mr. Looby and Mr. Dorer, by immediately acquiescing in the orders given by the authorities, were able to continue business with but slight inconvenience.

New Jersey Sanitary Association.

The twenty-fourth annual meeting of this Association was held in Lakewood, December 9th and 10th, 1898. Among the papers presented were the following:

THE RELATION OF THE SCHOOL TO THE HEALTH OF THE PUPIL.

BY V. L. DAVEY, PH.D., EAST ORANGE.

The most impressionable period of man's life-not only mentally but physically-is that of childhood, and the precautions and safeguards which adults throw about themselves in their homes should be increased and extended in buildings to be occupied by children. The tendency in past years has been largely in the direction of considering the school as solely a place for strengthening mental powers and acquiring knowledge, with a slight attention to morality, but with hardly a thought with reference to physical condition, except to see that the rooms were warm. In all progressive communities, and, to a certain extent, in most localities, this has changed during recent years and the health of the pupil and his physical improvement have come to be considered as not only worthy of consideration, but as of at least equal importance with the three R's. Much has been accomplished in this direction, but there is a great and crying need in New Jersey, as well as other States, for more earnest attention to this matter. Unfortunately all good things are expensive, and the proper housing and care of children involve a greater outlay than is required by a system that ignores their health. The New Jersey Sanitary Association is made up of influential members of communities in many parts of the State. Through its membership it should be able to accomplish much in educating the people of the entire State to a proper conception of the fact that a generous outlay along the lines of securing and maintaining commodious, well-lighted and thoroughly-ventilated buildings is a wise and economical policy. The purpose of this paper is not to enter into a scientific discussion of some one important topic connected with this subject, but rather to enumerate the simple necessities of a modern sanitary school system and to urge the members of the association to see to it that the school buildings of their own towns are made to conform to such a system. It is desirable that every school-room should contain at least eighteen square feet of floor space to the pupil, and if possible twenty feet. The windows should contain one-fifth as great an area as the floor and should always be on the long side of the room. If this rule is

followed, and the rooms are 25 by 32 feet or 28 by 32 feet, there should be ample light even on cloudy days. The air of the hallways and the basement is certain to find its way to some extent into the class-rooms. The halls, therefore, should not be used as cloak-rooms, and the basement should be light, dry and airy, and kept scrupulously clean. The floors constitute an important item in the sanitation of the school house. Too often they are constructed of a low grade of North Carolina pine, the strips being 4 or 44 inches wide and poorly seasoned. The inevitable result is that with the dry air of winter the boards shrink, and wide-open joints yawn to receive all the indescribable filth that comes in from the street on the shoes of the pupils, and there are soon seventyfive or a hundred lines of solidifying filth, to be softened with every moistening of the floor, and to give off into the air no-one-knows-what germs of disease. Floor-boards, unless cone-grained, will soon form splinters upon the surface and present a roughness which will catch lint and dirt, and prevent the best janitor from cleaning the floor with either mop or broom. Floors should invariably be of kiln-dried maple or cone-grained Georgia pine, and the width of the individual boards should never exceed three inches. Of late numerous dustless floor-oils have been put on the market. An application of this oil once in three months will cause it to sink slightly into the wood. Any particles of dust falling on the floor will then, by capillary attraction, draw up a minute quantity of the oil. Thus loaded it cannot readily be blown about the room, and the janitor can sweep it up without raising any apparent dust in the air. It is claimed that filth cannot penetrate a floor

thus cared for, and that the absence of dust from the air means a reduction of the chances of acquiring disease. While there is undoubtedly a great gain in the absence of dust, it is unfortunately true that where there is oil enough to be drawn up by particles of dust, there is enough to be drawn up by dress skirts touching the floor, and the result is soiled and ruined garments. As now made, it seems, on the whole, advisable to use some brands of these oils, provided they are applied sparingly, and the floor is then brushed over with clean sawdust to take up the surplus oil. Sawdust so used should be burned at once to prevent any possibility of spontaneous combustion. The toilet-rooms, whether in the building or out, should be thoroughly ventilated. There is no true and proper ventilation of such a room except downward through the apparatus, so that no odor can exist in the room under any circumstances for even a second of time. If this cannot be secured, the toilet-rooms should be in a separate out-building. Such an exhaust is impossible, except with a flue kept heated by a special furnace or furnished with a fan. The color of the walls of school-rooms is important as affecting the eyes. If tinting in colors is felt to be too expensive, a sand-finish will have much less glare than hardfinish, and will, without the addition of any color, give a soft diffused light. One of the safest tints for school-room walls is a very pale neutral green. The ventilating system should supply and remove thirty cubic feet of out-door air for every pupil every minute. It is a very poor system of ventilation that will not supply this amount of air in the winter, when the difference between the temperature of the out-door and in-door air is great, and every minute crevice, and even every pore of a brick wall, becomes a ventilating-flue; but during April and October and the mild days of March and November, when the furnaces or steam coils are barely warm, the aspiration by these means