4. Where is the Wolf Rock?

Hearly midway between St. Agnes and the Linari. 5. Give its bearings from any neighbouring lights ? St. Agnes to the Wolf...ESE † E, 21 miles.

Longanips
Lizards

...SW } S, 7}
... WNW 24

6. How does Ushant bear from Scilly ?

S&E, 99 miles.

7. And from the Lizard ?

S by W&W, 89 miles.

8. What dangers are there near the Lizard ? The Manacles and the Stags.

9. How do the Lizard Lights bear when in one? W by N and E by S, 74 yards apart.

10. What is the mark for clearing the Manacles, coming from the westward ?

Keep Beast Point open of Black Head W by S, until the tower of Mawnan Church is well open of Nare Point N by W.

Night Mark.-Keep the Lizard Lights open S of Beast Point, WN, until Saint Anthony's rev. light bears NNE. 11. How would you steer for Falmouth harbour, coming from the West ?

The same marks as in the last answer, and stand in on NNE.

12. What danger is there at the entrance?

The Black Rock.

18. On which side would you pass it?

deoper.

On its East side, because the channel is wider and

14. What dangers are there off the Start?

The Peartree Rocks of a mile to the westward, and the Skerries to the northward and eastward.

15. What are the marks for clearing the Skerries, coming up Channel?

Prawl Point open of Start Point WN clears the South end.

Berry Head open of Downend Point NE clears the East side.

Night Mark. There is a fixed light shewn in the direction of Berry Head in the same tower as the Start light, and is only visible between the bearings of WS and SW by S, and clears the Skerries.

16. What dangers are there near the Bill of Portland? The Race and the Shambles. Portland lights in one NNW W lead between them.

17. What are the bearing and distance of the Casquets from Portland Bill lights?

S by WW, 47 miles.

18. Upon what bearings does the red light on the Needles shew white ?

Between the bearings of E to ESE, and a ray towards Hurst between SW by W and SW by W

19. Where is the Owers light vessel ?

W.

In 19 fathoms at 4 mile SSE from the elbow of the Outer Owers, and about 6 miles SE by E from Selsea Bill. 20. Are the Owers sand or rocks?

Rocks.

21. What danger is there near Beachy Head?

The Royal Sovereign Shoals with only 9 feet at low water on the Easternmost patch and deep water alongside. 22. What is the mark for clearing them?

Keep the light or lighthouse open of the next eastern cliff, NW W, and it will lead one mile south of Southern Head. A Light Ship, shewing a white rev. light, having 3 flashes in quick succession every minute; and by day a small ball over a ball is now placed here.

23. Suppose you are near Beachy Head in very thick weather, wind from the N, what would you do?

Heave my ship to, with her head to the North, and keep the lead going.

24. Why head to North ?

Because the set of the current is towards the French coast. 25. What danger is there near Dungeness?

Stephenson Shoal.

26. What is the mark for clearing it ?

South Foreland and Dungeness lights in line E by NN,

lead mile South of it.

27. Can ships anchor under protection of the Point? Yes; both on the East and West sides of it.

28. How would you know the anchoring ground at night? The light shews red between the bearing of SW by WW, into the land, to mark the anchoring ground to the E; and a red light is shewn from the lantern between the bearing of E and the land, to mark the anchoring ground to the West.

29. Beating into the Downs from the southward, when would you put your ship about ?

When the high South Foreland light disappears.

30. What do the South Foreland lights clear?

When in one, W by N, they lead clear of the South end of the Goodwin Sands.

31. In entering the Downs from the South, how would you steer for the anchorage ground?

Round the South Foreland at about one mile distant, in 12 to 14 fathoms; and when the lights are in one W by N steer NE by N for the anchorage.

32. What are the marks for anchoring in the Downs ?

Upper Deal Mill in one with Deal Castle W by SS; and South Foreland high light over the middle of Old Stairs Bay SW W.

33. What is the general course through the Gull Stream? SWW.

34. If you had to slip from the Downs, wind from the SW, what would you do?

I should have my three topsails, foretopsail aback; foretopmast staysail weather sheet aft, and a spring from my starboard quarter. Buoy the cable and slip, and when the ship is sufficiently round, cut the spring and fill away. Bring the high light over the middle of Old Stairs Bay, SWW (or high light SW W at night). When past the Gull L.V., keep the same general mark, or the L.V. SW W will lead through the remainder of the Gull Stream; and when North Foreland light is NNW, Goodwins lights ESE, haul out to the Eastward and lie to. 35. On which side of the Gull L.V. must you pass? On either side.

or

36. What mark is there to enable vessels to keep East of Margate sand?

A red ray of light from the North Foreland lighthouse between N by W W and NE for this purpose.

DANGERS AND NAVIGATION OF THE

EAST COAST OF ENGLAND.

37. What are the two lights on Orfordness for?

When in one, South of the Ness, they lead through Hollesley Bay, close to the NW edge of the Whiting, and across the Cutler in 4 fathoms. The high light is red

between the bearings of E by NN, and E N, invisible inshore.

When in one North of the Ness, they lead between the Napes and Sizewell Bank. The low light is red over Size

well Bank, invisible inshore.

38. How can you tell which way the Newarp L. V. is riding.

She has 3 masts at unequal heights. The mainmast is highest, the foremast next, and the mizenmast the lowest.

39. What danger is there off Whitby?

Whitby Scar Rock.

40. What is the clearing mark?

Whitby lights in one S 19° E, and N 19° W, lead right on to it. To clear it, keep the South lighthouse open eastward of the North one.

The northern light is red from over the Scar Rock to inshore, bearing N 28° W.

41. What local mark is shewn from the Hartlepool Heugh lighthouse ?

In the same tower with the bright light (which is shewn all night) there is a lower one which shews red from half flood to half ebb.

42. What local light is shewn from Souter Point?

In the same tower as the rev. light, but 214 feet below it, is a fixed light, shewing white from S 11° E to S 4° W, and shewing red from S 4° W to S 20° W.

When the white light is open, my ship is in the line of Mill Rock and Cope Carr Point; and when it changes to red in that of Whitburn Stile, Hendon Rock, and White Stones. HOW TO RIG A JURY RUDDER, &c.

1. If the pintles of the rudder were to give way, how would you act?

I would try to get the rudder on deck, and bore a hole about two-thirds down, through which I would reeve a short chain, with a good rope pendant attached to each end of it; and again putting the rudder into its proper place, I would take the pendants in at each gangway and set them up, with a good purchase leading forward to the windlass bitts, and in this manner bind the rudder close to the stern-post, taking great care to have these purchases well attended to in order to keep the rudder in a right position. I should,

of course, be obliged to allow it to hang in the sheers on deck, having a strong iron bolt or crowbar through the rudder head thwartways to hang it by, thereby leaving it with the greatest freedom of action under such circumstances, taking care to have the sheers well secured.

2. If your rudder was carried away during a gale, what would you do?

Pay out a hawser, or a spar attached to a hawser, to steer with. When the sea had gone down sufficiently, I should set about rigging a jury rudder.

3. How would you make a jury rudder ?

Take a spar topmast, cut it to a sufficient length, bolt lengths of spars to this main piece, each shorter than the last, so as to form the shape of a rudder, then plank it over on both sides diagonally to make it stronger.

4. Suppose you had no spare topmast ?

Then take the mizen topmast; or if a brig, the main boom.

5. Suppose you had no planks on board for planking it over with?

Strip the bulwarks.

6. How would you get the jury rudder placed?

Cross a chain around the main piece, about 2 feet from the heel, and cross another higher up, so that it shall come just below the rudder trunk casing. Get a pair of sheers