11. How is the demurrage to be claimed ?

Day by day, and on Saturday for Saturday and Sunday. 12. In the Charter-Party you promise that the goods shall be delivered at the port of discharge in the same good order in which they are received on board; what is the exceptional clause put in ?

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The Act of God, the Queen's Enemies, Restraints of Princes and Rulers, Pirates, Fire, and all and every other Dangers or Accidents of the Seas, Rivers, and Navigation, of what nature and kind soever, during the said voyage, being always excepted."

13. If it were a steamer, what additional clause would you have ?

"Accidents from boilers or engines."

14. What makes the Charter-Party legal?

The stamp.

15. Does a Charter-Party entered into abroad, where no stamp is required, require one when it reaches England ?

Yes a sixpenny stamp must be put on within a week of its reaching the United Kingdom.

16. What makes it binding?

The penalty clause.

17. What is the penalty clause ?

"The penalty for the non-fulfilment of this contract

to be the estimated amount of freight."

18. Who cancels the stamp ?

The person who signs last.

19. Who signs last?

The last contracting party.

20. How do you cancel the stamp?

By writing my name across it, and dating it.

21. What is the penalty for not cancelling a stamp ? Fifty pounds.

22. When is the Charter-Party considered to be complete ? When it is dated, signed, and the stamp cancelled.

23. When the cargo is all on board, what document has the master to sign?

The Bill of Lading.

24. What is a Bill of Lading?

The master's receipt for the goods on board, and his promise to deliver them in the same good order in which he has received them.

Note. As the Bill of Lading is the master's receipt, he should naturally make it out himself from the invoices filed by the mate; but it is the general custom for a clerk in the merchant's office to make it out, and the master goes to the office and signs it.

25. What is meant by a set of Bills of Lading?

Three or more copies of the same all stamped, and signed by the master.

26. How are they distributed?

One is sent by post to the consignee, one is kept by the master, and the rest by the merchant.

27. There being so many Bills of Lading, is there not a risk of having two or more presented to you at your port of discharge ?

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No there is always a clause in the bill to this effect:"IN WITNESS whereof, the master or purser of the said ship hath signed Bills of Lading, all of this tenour and date, one of which being accomplished, the others to be void."

28. What is the "exceptional clause" in a Bill of Laiding? The same as in the Charter-Party :-" The Act of God," &c. &c.

29. What is the general clause?

"Contents, weight, quality, and quantity unknown." 30. What special clause would you have in it?

"Freight, demurrage, and all other conditions, as per Charter-Party."

31. What extra clause would you have in for a steamer ? "With liberty to call for coal at any intermediate port or ports; to sail with or without pilots; and to tow and assist vessels in all situations of distress."

32. What would you do before signing the Bill of Lading? Read it carefully over, and see that nothing in it was contrary to the Charter-Party; see that all the goods

mentioned in it are actually on board by comparing it with the Cargo Book; get back the mate's receipts; see that the necessary clauses are in, and write any remarks opposite the different items that I thought the case required, to limit my responsibility.

33. Suppose the Bill of Lading specified that you had 500 tons of iron on board, what would you write opposite to it? Weight unknown.

34. One hundred sets of polished fire-irons ? Not accountable for damage through rust.

35. Grain?

Quality and quantity unknown.

36. Cargo consisting of such things as bales of hemp, flax, &c. ?

Weight and contents unknown.

37. Barrels of beer, wine, or any liquids in cask? Quality, quantity, and contents unknown; not accountable for leakage.

38. Cases of wine?

Quality, quantity, and contents unknown; not accountab e for breakage or leakage.

39. Crates of earthenware or glass?

Contents unknown; not accountable for breakage.

40. Six chests of silver ?

Weight and contents unknown.

41. Suppose you take goods at a reduced freight, but with the understanding that they are to be used as dunnage, what would you write opposite ?

Shipped as dunnage.

42. If live stock?

Not accountable for accidents or mortality.

43. What extra precautions would you observe if the goods were to be delivered in an open bay?

I should, besides the above remarks, write-" To be taken from ship's tackles at the risk and expense of the. consignee," unless I was paid extra freight for taking the risk on myself.

F

Bill of Health.

44. Before sailing for a foreign port, what document must you get?

A bill of health, and have it viséed by the Consul of the country I am bound to.

45. Where do you get this bill of health?

From the health officer of the port, if there is one; if not, at the Custom-house.

Documents necessary to clear a ship out, and to enter her inwards.

46. What document must you get from the shipping master before you can clear your ship?

A certificate stating that he has seen all the certificates of the officers, and that they are proper for the respective grades they are to hold.

47. What documents must you take to the Custom-house to clear your ship?

The ship's register, last light bill, shipping master's certificate, manifest, and jerking note.

48. And to enter her inwards?

The register, charter-party, bill of lading, manifest, bill of health, last light bill, list of stores, spare spars, and dunnage deals, a searching note from the customs officer who has rummaged my ship, and the post office declaration about letters brought by the ship.

Note. This last declaration must be made, although you have brought no letters.

Manifest.

49. What is a manifest ?

It is a document dated and signed by the Master, and should contain the name and registered tonnage of the ship, her port of registry, the Master's name, a list of crew and passengers (if any), an account of all the packages on board, with the marks and numbers thereon, and the contents; the names of the place or places where the goods have been shipped, and their destinations; also the names of the respective shippers and consignees.

In many foreign ports a list and description of the stores, materials, provisions, and private effects, &c. on board the ship are also required.

After Sailing-Survey, Protest, Bottomry, Respondentia, Dead Freight, Bill of Exchange, &c.

50. You have left port, what would you do before the pilot left you or before the tug cast off?

Muster the crew aft, and send a list of the absentees (if any) to my owners and to the Shipping Office.

51. You have bound yourself to make the best of your way to your port of discharge, may you deviate from your

course?

:

Yes to avoid an enemy; during severe weather; to obtain necessary repairs or provisions; or in case of sickness breaking out amongst the crew.

52. Suppose you enter a foreign port to land a man sick or disabled, describe how you would proceed?

I should enter with the quarantine flag flying. The proper officer would board me, and after examining the sick man and the whole of the people on board, and finding nothing infectious would permit me to land. I should go to my Consul and get permission to send the man to the hospital, then land him. I should have to take the ship's articles on shore to the Consul, and leave a proper discharge for the man, and whatever sum of money the Consul should demand for the man's keep and expenses; the balance, if any, will be returned to my owners; and if I wish to ship a man to fill the vacancy, I must ship him before the Consul; afterwards sail with the first opportunity.

53. Suppose you have put in with decks swept and bulwarks gone, &c., what would do?

Report myself to the port authorities and to my consul and note a protest.

54. What next?

Call a survey on my ship.

55. Whom would you call on this survey?

Two shipmasters, or other experienced persons.

56. Are you bound to call Lloyd's agent ?

No.

57. May you call him in ?

I may; not as Lloyd's agent, but as a private person

well qualified for the work.