93. What would you do with the cargo ?

Discharge it into a warehouse. If the consignee turned up, he could get it upon paying the charges; if he were still not to be found at the end of the lay-days, then, if it were a perishable cargo, I would sell it; but if it were not, I should get some responsible person to advance the freight and charges, he holding the cargo as a security till the consigeee appeared, or instructions could arrive from the original shipper.

94. In the last case, would you not be obliged to lay the demurrage days?

No.

95. In all cases of dispute, detention, or difficulty, what should you do?

Write home to my owners a full account of the case, with copies of any documents.

96. What precautions should you take with reference to bills, vouchers, protests, &c., before leaving port ?

I would enclose verified copies in a letter to my owners. 97. Suppose a merchant has stipulated to supply a full cargo, but finds he cannot, what would you do?

Have the unfilled space measured, calculate the freight

I should earn upon that space, and claim the amount from the merchant as "dead freight."

98. Suppose he refuses to pay, have you any lien upon the cargo already in for this "dead freight."

No.

99. How can you recover the money then?

Only by going to law to enforce the penalty clause in the charter-party.

100. Describe how you would act if left thus, with only a part of the promised cargo ?

As before stated, I should measure the unfilled space and calculate what freight I could earn on it; then I should try to find another freight for the space; and if the rate of freight is against me, I should claim the difference from the first party; taking care to refuse anything that would damage the cargo already in.

101. When you go to to sign the Bills of Lading, and you find more put down than is on board, what would you do? I would object, and if he persisted in keeping the wrong amount, I should sign "so much" or "so many" in dispute.

102. If he wont let you, and will have a clean bill signed? I should go out and buy three blank bills, fill them in myself for the amount on board, sign them, give the merchant two of them, and proceed on my voyage.

103. If your ship is engaged for a lump sum, what would you be very careful about?

To see that she was not too deeply laden.

104. How would you do that?

By having the draft she is to be loaded to stated in the Charter-party.

105. You are offered a charter in a foreign port for a place you were never at; what would you do before accepting it? Go out and ascertain full particulars about the place; if my ship can always lie afloat; whether, to be afloat, I must lie a long way from the shore; the prevailing winds and storms; whether ships there have often to slip; port charges, and its capabilities for food, fresh water, &c.

106. You are kept on demurrage abroad; what would you do when you got your Bill of Lading back?

Write on it the number of days I have been on demurrage.

107. What is a common bill?

It is a written agreement on stamped paper, in which the debtor agrees to pay his creditor, on a day specified, the sum of money which he owes him.

108. Here is a form of one; explain it.

£250.

Sunderland, November 6th, 18

Sixty days after date, pay to me or my order the sum

of two hundred and fifty pounds, value received.

To Mr. William Cross, Merchant,

Sunderland.

SAMUEL HORN.

This bill was drawn by Mr. Horn on Mr. Cross, who owed him the money, and Mr. Cross accepted it by writing his name and the word "accepted" across it, also stating where it would be paid.

109. Could Mr. Horn make use of it before the 60 days had expired?

Yes he could pay it away by endorsing it; and the second holder could pay it away again by endorsing it under Mr. Horn's endorsement.

110. If, when abroad, you were offered a bill as above, and endorsed, what would you do before taking it?

Note the names and go and try to find out if they were good names or not.

111. What is a bill of exchange?

It is almost similar to a home bill; but on account of the risk incurred in sending it home, it is drawn in sets of three, and usually made payable so many days after sight. The following is the form of one :-

Exchange of £100.

No. 106.

Odessa, September 9th, 18

Sixty days after sight of this FIRST of EXCHANGE, (second and third of same tenour and date unpaid) pay to the order of John Thompson & Co. the sum of one hundred pounds sterling, value received.

To Messrs. Jones Brothers, Merchants.

London.

GEORGE WINTER.

112. If you took a bill of exchange for your freight, how would you transmit to your owners ?

Send No. 1. by post to my owners, and No. 2 by the next post to my wife or some other trustworthy friend, to be given to my owners, and retain No. 3 till I heard if the others had arrived or not.

113. Suppose the crew complain of the provisions when in port, what should be done?

A survey should be called on the provisions, and the award entered in the Official Log Book.

114. If the crew refuse to go to sea through the alleged unseaworthiness of ship, what should be done?

A survey must be called.

115. Who pays?

The ship, if she is found to be unseaworthy; but the

man or men who complained, if she is not.

be deducted from their wages when paid off.

The money can

116. If scurvy should make its appearance amongst the crew when at sea, what you do ?

Increase the allowance of lime juice to one ounce (two tablespoons-full) per day; give them preserved potatoes or onions, and greens, carrots, turnips, &c., if I had them; a plentiful supply of good water; attention to personal cleanliness, and to cleanliness, dryness, and ventilation of the quarters of the crew, and give them gentle exercise. If in port, get fresh vegetables, watercresses especially, or fruit. Average.

117. What are the two kinds of average ? Particular average and general average.

118. What is meant by particular average ?

Where the loss falls on the ship, the cargo, or the freight, and which cannot be held as a loss for the benefit of all concerned.

119. And by general average?

Where the loss falls on the value of the ship, freight, and cargo.

120. Can you describe what is necessary to bring the loss under general average?

It must be a voluntary sacrifice, that is, the master, after consulting with his mates and crew, deliberately orders the cargo to be thrown overboard, the masts to be cut away, or anything else necessary to save the ship. Secondly, there must be an absolute necessity for this loss; that is the ship must be so situated, that without this sacrifice the ship and cargo would be lost.

121. A ship at anchor sees that she must be run into by another vessel, if she does not slip; she therefore slips. Would the loss of chain and anchor come under general average ?

Yes because it was voluntary sacrifice necessary to save the whole ship and cargo, and it did save them.

122. A vessel at anchor is fouled by another vessel, and loss sustained, would this come under general average?

No it would be particular average.

123. A ship at sea is caught in a squall, whereby her masts are lost, is this a case of general average ?

No it would be particular average.

124. If she had been thrown on her beam ends, and the masts had been cut away by the master's orders?

Yes that would bring it under general average.

125. Suppose you have incurred losses during the voyage which are proper subjects for a general average, what would you do on your arrival at your port of destination?

Make a regular protest, inserting the whole particulars of the jettison entered in the log-book as soon after it as possible; and along with two or more of the crew, I would make oath that the goods were thrown overboard, or the loss incurred, for the safety of the ship and the rest of the cargo, and for the preservation of the lives on board, and for no other cause.

126. Have you any lien on the cargo for the shipper's share of the loss?

Yes.

127. If you have been so placed during the voyage that you were forced to do something that will have to be settled by a general average, what would you get from the consignee before you delivered the cargo to him?

An average bond; a document by which he binds himself to pay his share of the general average when it is ascertained how much his contribution amounts to.

DANGERS AND NAVIGATION OF THE ENGLISH CHANNEL.

1. Between what bearings is the Bishop Rock Light hidden ?

Between the bearings of SW by W and W by N N. 2. How does the Bishop Rock Light bear from the St. Agnes' Light?

WN, about 4 miles.

3. What dangers are there near the Land's end?

The Runnel Stone, Longships, and Seven Stones.