-language of, how construed, 219-230;--revision of, how construed, 229
(n); strict and liberal construction, 250-328;-in derogation of the com-
mon law, 267-275;-remedial, construction of, 308-316;-directory or
mandatory, 316-325;-delegating authority to public officers, 329–331 ;—
revenue, 332;-penal, 333-336;--their effect upon contracts in violation of
them, 337-341;-their retroactive effect, 346-353;-interpretation and proof
of foreign, 362-364;-revision of, 365, 366;-construction of by the U. S.
courts, 366-370.
Power of the courts to pronounce them unconstitutional, 406–414.
Titles and subjects of, 517-530; amendments of, 530-533.
STATUTORY FORFEITURE, 78.
STATUTORY PROVISIONS, waiver of, 86-88, 358, 359.
STATUTORY REMEDY, when must be followed, 76, 77.
STAY laws, effect of on obligation of contracts, 611 (n), 612 (n).
"STEAL," meaning of, 378.
STRAY animals, 435 (n). (See "Police Powers.")
STREETS, railroads in, 458 (n), 459 (n) ;-injuries caused by alteration of, 459-
461, 455 (n), 456 (n).
STRICT CONSTRUCTION, cases of, 266-308;-viz., statutes conflicting with
a constitution, 266, 267,-construction preferred which makes a statute con-
stitutional, 267 (n);-
Statutes in derogation of the common law, 267-275,-old rule, 267-272,
267 (n), 268 (n),--original reason for the rule, 273,--partially abandoned at
the present day, 273–275, 270 (n), 271 (n),-how applied to certain statutes,
268 (n), 269 (n).
Statutes prescribing forms of procedure or modes of proof, 275-279.
Penal statutes, 279-287,-ancient rule, 280-282,-modified in modern
times, 282-287,-examples of, 279 (n),-plain intent should not be defeated,
279 (n), 280 (n).
Revenue laws, 288, 289,-liberally construed, 288 (n).
Usury laws, 290;-charters of corporations, 291-296; strictly construed
against the grantee, 291 (n), 292 (n).
Statutes authorizing exemptions or against common right, 296-298,-ex-
amples of derogating from common right, 296 (n),-exemptions from taxa-
tion, 297 (n).
Statutes authorizing summary proceedings, 299-306,-summary judicial
proceedings, 299-302,--administrative proceedings, 302-306,-e. g., tax
sales, 303-306,-stamp acts, 307,--statutes giving costs, 307.
SUBJECT-MATTER of statutes, 359.
SUBJECTS of laws. (See "Titles and Subjects.")
SUBSEQUENT clause, construction of, 229 (n).
"SUBSEQUENT purchasers," meaning of, 373 (n).
"SUCH," meaning of, 373 (n).
SUI JURIS, private statutes relating to persons not, 140 (n), 141 (n).
"SUIT," meaning of, 373 (n).
SUITS against the State, 537, 538.
SUMMARY proceedings, strictly construed, viz., judicial, 299-302,--adminis-
trative, 302-306;—when valid, as being "due process of law," 477 (n).
SUNDAY, laws regulating, 14 (n), 512 (n);-contracts in violation of, 341.
SURPLUSAGE, effect of, 354.
TAKING private property for public use; the necessity of, to be determined.
by the Legislature, 444, 444 (n),—or by those to whom the power has been
delegated, 445 (n), 446 (n) ;—who may take, 452-454, 452 (n), 453 (n) ;—
taking for private use forbidden, 446–451.
What constitutes a "taking," 454-463, 454 (n)-459 (n);-compensation
for, 463-471. (See "Compensation, etc." and "Private Property," etc.)
TAXATION, State power of, 425-434, 501-512;--in general, 425, 425 (n),
426 (n).
Local assessments, principles and rules governing, 426-434, 426 (n)-
429 (n).
What objects are public, so that local taxes may be laid in their support,
429 (n), et seq,—e. g. municipal aid to railroads, 429 (n)-431 (n),—to educa-
tional institutions, 431 (n),—bounties to volunteers, 432 (n),—other private
and local matters, 431 (n), 432 (n).
Limitations on the powers of, 501-512;-not limited by the constitutional
provisions relating to the taking of private property, 501,-is generally lim
ited by the State constitutions-certain of such provisions, 502, 503.
"Equal and uniform" taxation, construction of provisions requiring, 504-
510, 503 (n)-506 (n),—specific taxes not forbidden, 507, 508,-application
of the rule of uniformity to licenses, 503 (n), 504 (n),-to county taxation,
504 (n), to exemptions and commutations, 510-512, 504 (n), 505 (n),—
what violates the requirement of uniformity, 505 (n),-effect of omissions,
505 (n),—what does not violate, 505 (n), 506 (n).
Taxation and representation, connection between, 506 (n). State and na-
tional taxation, 507 (n), 508 (n);—double taxation and the place of laying
the tax, 508 (n), 509 (n);--what may be sold for taxes, 509 (n),-who may
complain, 509 (n).
Certain special restrictions in some States, 509 (n), 510 (n).
TAXES ON CORPORATIONS, when provisions exempting from, are con-
tracts, 597-599, 586 (n)-588 (n).
TAX PROCEEDINGS, irregular and defective, power of Legislature to validate
by a subsequent statute, 142 (n), 143 (n).
TAXING POWER of the States, over passengers passing into or out of the
State, 562 (n),-over non-resident traders, 562 (n),-or freight passing into
or out of the State, 563 (n),-effect of on the obligation of contracts, 608 (n),
609 (n).
TECHNICAL Words, construction of, 221-223, 224 (n), 225 (n).
TENURE of land from the Government, 387.
TERRITORIAL authority and effect of statutes, 59–65.
TEST OATHS, when laws prescribing, are ex post facto, 557 (n), 558 (n).
THREE readings of bills, 539 (n).
TIME, when statutes take effect, 65-68,-old English rule, 65,-French rule,
66,-rule in U. S., 66, 67, 67 (n),-amendatory statutes relate back to the
time of the original act, 68;-computation of, 356-358. (See "Computa-
tion, etc.")
TITLE, the, of a statute, 39-41 ;-old English rule in reference to, when may
be referred to as an aid in construction, 39, 39 (n),-made important by the
provisions of some State constitutions, 39 (n), 40, 41,-subtitles, 39 (n).
TITLES AND SUBJECTS OF STATUTES, 517-530, 518 (n)-530 (n) :-
Constitutional provisions, 518 (n),-evils they were designed to remove,
Construction of these provisions, 520–530,-held directory in Ohio and
California, 520 (n),-nature of them, 519 (n),-when the title sufficiently ex-
presses the subject, 520 (n),-when is there one subject, 521 (n),-in char-
ters of corporations, 521 (n),-in statutes relating to municipal corporations,
522 (n)-525 (u),-in tax laws, 525 (n),-in laws regulating the administra
tion of justice, 525 (n),—in amendatory statutes, 526 (n),-in miscellaneous
statutes, 527 (n),-effect of non-conformity with the provisions, 528 (n) ;—
local and private statutes in N. Y. and Wisc., 528 (n), 529 (n);—collection
of cases, 530 (n).
TOLERATION, religious, 512-515, 512 (n).
TOWNS, compellable by Legislature to construct highways, 446 (n).
TRANSPORTATION, means of, a public use, 446 (n).
TRAVEL, means of, a public use, 446 (n).
TREATIES, construction of, 384-387;-supreme law of the land, 385, 556 (n),
-power of U. S. Government to make, 385,-effect of war on, 386.
TRIAL BY JURY, 482-498. (See "Jury Trial.")
"TURNED loose," meaning of, 373 (n).
TURNPIKES in highways, 458 (n).
TWO-THIRDS, majority of, meaning of, 533 (n), 534.
UNANIMITY of verdict, 493 (n).
UNCONSTITUTIONAL repealing statute, effect of, 110 (n).
UNCONSTITUTIONAL STATUTES, 406-414; in part, 413 (n).
UNIFORM OPERATION of general laws,-provisions of certain constitu-
tions, 534 (n),-what are general laws, 534 (n),-construction of the consti-
tutional requirements, 434 (n), 435 (n).
UNIFORMITY OF TAXATION, 504-510, 503 (n)-506 (n). (See "Taxa-
tion.")
UNITED STATES, no common law of, 13;-courts of, their construction of
State statutes, 366-370, 367 (n) ;-has no police powers within the States'
jurisdiction, 437 (n);--erections, buildings, etc., of, when a public use, 448
(n), 453 (n);-taxation by, 507 (n), 508 (n).
UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION,-provisions of which directly protect
private or personal rights, 545-548,-these provisions not addressed to the
State governments, 547 (n), 548 (n) ;—legislative power of Congress, nature
of, 549, 550.
Construction of, general rules of, 551-556,-political rules, 551,-uncon-
stitutionality must be clear, 552,-contemporaneous interpretation, 552,—ex-
trinsic facts in aid of, 552, 553,—words taken in their natural sense, 553,—
transposition of clauses, 553, 554,-reference to clauses stricken out, 554;–
acts void in part, 554,-effect of unconstitutionality, 554,-power of the Fed-
eral judiciary, 555.
Treaties, force and effect of, under, 556 (n). (See "Treaties.") Habeas
corpus, 556 (see "Habeas Corpus"):-bills of attainder, 557 (see
"Bills of
Attainder");—ex post facto laws, 557-560 (see "Ex post facto Laws");—
judicial proceedings, faith and credit given to, 551, 562 (see "Judicial Pro-
ceedings ");-citizenship, privileges and immunities of, 562-568, 562 (n)–
566 (n) (see Citizenship");-fugitives from justice, 568, 569, and from
service, 569, 470 (see "Fugitives," etc.);-religious freedom, 571;-search
warrants and seizures, 571;-only one trial for same offence, 572, 573, 572
(n)-575 (n) (see "Jeopardy ");-due process of law, 576, 577;--jury trial,
577-579;-excessive bail, etc., 580;--obligation of contracts, 580-642. (See
"Obligation of Contracts.")
UNREASONABLE conditions, when void, 478 (n).
USAGE, effect of on construction, 215-218,-of a particular place, 216 (n).
USE, PRIVATE, property cannot be taken for, 446-451. (See "Private Prop-
erty, etc.").
USE, PUBLIC,-how far a matter for courts to decide, 443 (n), 444 (n);-what
(See "Public Use" and "Private
is, and examples of, 446 (n)-450 (n).
USURY laws, how construed, 290, 291.
VATTEL'S rules of construction, 230-243.
VERDICT, unanimity of, 493 (n).
VESTED RIGHTS,-effect of repeal on, 108 (n), 109 (n) ;—Legislature cannot
interfere with, 138 (n)-144 (u), 152;- effect of retroactive statute on,
161 (m), 346 (n).
General discussion of the doctrine, 643–662, 643 (n)−645 (n) ;—general effect
of the constitutional guaranties over legislative power, 646-653;-examples of
rights over which Legislature has power, 654-660,—of judicial proceedings,
ditto, 655-660;-statutes of limitation, 658,-change in rules of evidence,
658,-and in remedies generally, 659, 660;-examples of rights which can-
not be affected by subsequent legislation, 643 (n);-examples of rights and
interests which may be thus affected, 644 (n), 645 (n).
VIOLATION OF STATUTES,-contracts in, 69-74;-remedies for, 74-78;
-penalties, 78, 79,-not excused by good faith, 79, 80.
VOLUNTEERS, bounties to, 432 (n).
VOTERS, registration of, laws requiring not ex post facto, 559 (n).
WAGERS, statutes in relation to, 361.
"WAGON," meaning of, 373 (n).
WAIVER,—of statutory provisions, 86--88, 358, 359;-of constitutional ditto,
88;--of objection to the constitutionality of a statute, 88 (n) ;--of jury trial,
495 (n). (See "Jury Trial.")
WATERS, grants of, 391, 392;-public, diversion of, not a taking of private
property, 455 (n), and see Public Waters."
WITNESSES, religious belief of, 514;-confronting of, provision in U. S. Con-
stitution relating to, construed, 548 (n).
WORDS,--when to be taken in their ordinary sense, 220, 224 (n), 225 (n);—
technical, construction of, 221-223, 224 (n), 225 (n);-general, how qualified,
(see "General Words ");-particular, construction of, 371-379.
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