Asiatic in its achievements, and has proceeded by direct ex-
tension of imperial boundaries, partaking to a larger extent
than in the other cases of a regular colonial policy of settle-
ment for purposes of agriculture and industry.

The recent entrance of the powerful and progressive nation The Uni
of the United States of America upon imperialism by the an- States
nexation of Hawaii and the taking over of the relics of the
ancient Spanish Empire, not only adds a new formidable com-
petitor for trade and territory, but changes and complicates
the issues. As the focus of political attention and activity
shifts more to the Pacific States, and the commercial aspirations
of America are more and more set upon trade with the Pacific
islands and the Asiatic coast, the same forces which are driving
European States along the path of territorial expansion seem
likely to act upon the United States, leading her to a virtual
abandonment of the principle of American isolation which has
hitherto dominated her policy.

The manner in which the Christian missionaries, especially the women, are able, by tact, patience, and example, to change the habits of the people among whom they work, and to introduce Western ideas, is well illustrated by the policy of a member of the American Presbyterian mission in Canton, China, Dr. Mary H. Fulton, who writes as follows:

missiona

I am doing what little I can in my small sphere to show an 359. Ma applied Christianity. In the first place, I try always to be neat in which in dress. This invariably calls out complimentary remarks. spread The Chinese women at once compare my pretty and fresh, Western though cheap, dress with their silken (and generally soiled) ideas an robes. Then they notice my clean, short finger nails, and through contrast them with their long ones, often a finger in length,- the worl which indicate that they are ladies of leisure. They at once want to know why I dress so differently from them. It is an Christia

customs

(from

Dennis's

easy sten to tell them that God who made us has put women Mission

360. How

Rev. Mr. Wil

iams revolu

ionized a

cown in the Society Islands

others who need our help. If we have such long nails and bound feet, we cannot go about to help them.

They all assent to this, and generally there is an inquiry on the part of some one present if she cannot have her feet unbound. Then you should hear the clamor! A dozen will admonish the one who has been so bold as to propose such a thing. Had she lost all her modesty that she wanted to go about like a man? Now you will laugh, but all my arguments are as nothing compared with showing them a well-fitting, pretty foreign boot or shoe. I have always thought, since feet are such a momentous question in this land, that we should be very careful to make our own as presentable as possible. To see us start off quickly and gracefully and go through the streets so independently often makes them desirous of imitating us, especially when they see women hobbling along painfully, or being carried on the backs of others.

The same is true of our homes. I try to make mine attractive in its simplicity. I have a weekly prayer meeting here just because I want to show my home to these women who have never seen cleanliness and order in their dark, damp, crowded quarters. I give them, after the meeting, tea and sponge cake, served in pretty cups and plates. Simple as all this is, it lifts them up and out of their sordid surroundings, for the time being, at least, and, I hope, will lead them to make their own houses more homelike. I always urge those coming under my influence to try and be as clean as possible, and I am happy to say that I observe year by year an increasing tendency to the use of foreign soap and handkerchiefs.

The two following extracts show what can be done among far less highly civilized peoples than the Chinese.

It was in 1818 that Mr. Williams settled at Raiatea, in the Society Islands, under the famous chief Tamatoa. The inhabitants welcomed them with every demonstration of delight, and provided a great feast, which included five hogs for Mr. Williams, five hogs for Mrs. Williams, and five hogs for the baby! With characteristic energy and practical common sense Mr. Williams devoted himself to stimulating the people to all

nese

kinds of good works. Apparently there was nothing that he
could not make, from a house to a constitution; and even the
notorious indolence of the Raiateans gave way under his ener-
getic leadership.

The main settlement of the natives lay in an exposed posi-
tion, which resulted in their huts and crops being frequently
destroyed by storms. Largely at Mr. Williams's instigation
there was an exodus of the entire settlement. A new town was
formed in a more healthy and sheltered position. Good houses
were built, wells were sunk, a beautiful place of worship erected,
gardens planted, until the whole place was a monument to
Mr. Williams's genius and industry.

the New Hebrides

In 1844 Rev. Charles Hardie with Rev. G. Turner, who A mission in the previous year had been obliged to flee for his life from school in the island of Tanna in the New Hebrides, established a selfsupporting boarding school for higher education at Malua, on the island of Upolu. They purchased three hundred acres of land covered with wild jungle and bordering on a lagoon, erected buildings, and enrolled one hundred students, in classes of twenty-five, for a four years' course of study. With the aid of the students the land was cleared of brush and planted with ten thousand breadfruit and cocoanut trees, thousands of bananas and yams, taro, maize, manioc, and sugar cane; and a road was made in circuit around the tract, and shaded by cocoanut palms. Besides cultivating the soil and catching fish from the lagoon, the students learned useful mechanical arts. The produce of the land and the fish of the lagoon supplied all their wants. In this school pupils were received from the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, and the Savage Islands as well as from the Samoa Islands.

In few fields have the missionaries been more strikingly successful than in carrying throughout the world modern scientific ideas of the nature, treatment, and pre

361. Medical missionaries and missionary hospitals

How Christian benevolence stimulates the

founding of charitable institutions

by the heathen

(Rev. T. W.

Pearce of Hongkong, quoted by

J. S. Dennis)

The total of medical missionaries at present is 680; of th number 470 are men and 210 women. There are 45 med ical schools and classes with 382 male and 79 female student making a total of 461. There are 21 training schools for nurse with 146 pupils. Neither of these statements includes 24 female medical students now in training as physicians, nurse and hospital assistants, under the care of the Lady Dufferi Association of India. There are 348 hospitals and 774 dispen saries. . . . The sum total of those annually treated will no be far from 2,500,000. There are 97 leper asylums, homes and settlements, with 5453 inmates. There are 227 orphar and foundling asylums, with 14,695 inmates. The statistics of temperance-reform and rescue societies have not been obtained with sufficient exactness to report at present. The same may be said of children's aid societies, prison-reform movements, and less prominent charities.

Missionary hospitals have led to the founding of native societies, in order that Christianity may be met on its own grounds and conquered with its own weapons. The Chinese Benevolent Society of Canton is a most noteworthy institution. . . . There are four native doctors in attendance at the central building. These men prescribe for all comers. Their diagnosis is, of course, from a Western point of view, incomplete and often absurd. There is, however, the fact of an institution known throughout China, with a yearly expenditure amounting to thousands of dollars, and with branches in different parts of the suburbs of Canton and in country districts.

Here again is an indirect result of Christianity manifest in the alleviation of suffering through heathen benevolence brought into play by the opposing force of Christian missions. Before missions were established in the south of China private benevolence was no doubt exercised by many of the wealthy Chinese. Some of these may have combined to heal the sick, to help the destitute and famine-stricken, and to bestow coffins as gifts when deserving families among their neighbors were found

without the means to bury their dead But anuthing in the

Section 102. Relations of Europe with China

From time to time during the eighteenth century and the early years of the nineteenth, the English sought in vain to obtain from China larger trading privileges than those afforded at the single port of Canton under the vigilant eye of Chinese officials. The commercial advantages which they thus tried to secure by negotiation were at last obtained as the result of the conflict known as the "Opium War." Traffic in opium had been long forbidden by the Chinese government, but the English, finding the business exceedingly profitable, continued to smuggle the drug into China. In 1839 the Imperial High Commissioner, Lin, was charged with suppressing the traffic at all hazards, and, after warning the foreigners in the following proclamation to deliver up the opium which they held illegally, he seized and burned many thousand chests of the drug, thus precipitating a serious conflict.

the years,

proclamati ordering

First. You ought to make haste and deliver up the opium, 362. Reas by virtue of that reason which Heaven hath implanted in all for the of us. I find that during the last several tens of money out of which you have duped our people by means foreigners of your destructive drug amounts I know not to how many to deliver tens of thousands of myriads. Thus, while you have been up opium smuggled scheming after private advantage, with minds solely bent on into China profit, our people have been wasting their substance and losing (1839) their lives; and if the reason of Heaven be just, think you that retribution? If bowOTO You wil1

there will b

enent

(condensed