ΤΟ

Abstraction, definition of, 77; many ma-
terial ideas cease, or become weaker in,
77, 140
Action, muscular, animal when excited
by nerves, 163; from external im-
pressions and their direct nerve-ac-
tions, 452-465; from internal non-
conceptional inpressions, 507; may
be a sentient action or a nerve action,
or both, 514; nature of investigated,
161, 380; effected solely through
nerves, 388

Action, reflex, see Reflexion, and Im-

pressions, external and internal.
Actions, animal, see Animal actions.
Actions, sentient, defined, 6; are direct
and indirect, 97-110; the conceptive
force co-operates in, 111; how pro-
duced, 112; a conceptional impression
necessary to, 123; when produced
directly by external sensations, 129;
when produced by conceptions, 130;
character of those excited by cerebral
impressions, 133; when produced by
external sensations, how prevented,
134; when caused by spontaneous
conceptions, hindrances to, 136, 138;
when produced by external sensations,
how enfeebled, or prevented, 139;
occur in the œsophagus and intestinal
canal, 170; occur in the stomach,
174; in the liver, 175; in the kidneys,
176; in the urinary bladder, ib.; in
the organs of the external senses, 177;
in the sexual organs, 178; when not
direct results of the external sensa-
tions, 181; when at the same time
nerve-actions, 183, 363; how influ-
enced by the consciousness of an im-
pression, 184, ii; from other conceptions,
often confounded with those from ex-
ternal sensations, 185; of agreeable
and disagreeable external sensations,
195; of gratification, 197; of pain,
198; developed even in the non-mus-
cular membranes, 208; of external

Actions (continued)

sensations in the heart, stomach, &c.,
204-218; the incidental [zufällig],
219-224; the subordinate, 225; the
co-ordinate, 227; of imaginations, see
Imaginations; of the memory, 238;
of the foreseeings, see Foreseeings; of
the sensational desires and aversions,
255; of the sensational propensities
and emotions, 260; of the instincts,
281-292; of the passions, 306-329;
of the intellectual conceptions, 330;
may all be produced without brain, or
mind, or conceptions, 367; transfor-
mation of, into nerve-actions, or vice
versá, 367, 368; often result from
direct nerve-actions of external im-
pressions on the muscles, 448; substi-
tution of, for nerve-actions, 580-593
Affections, 91

Affectentriebe, the instinctive passions,
296-304

Afferent and efferent fibrils in the same
nerve, doctrine of, 127 note, 486-
488

Age, old, its phenomena, 701
Ahndungen, 73. See Forebodings.
ALBINUS, his doctrine of the anatomical
distinctness of the nerve-fibrils anti-
cipating Müller, 39 note; MSS. of, in
possession of Sir W. Hamilton, ib.
Anger, always a passion, 301; a de-
pressing one, 322; its sentient actions
how composed, ib.; its union with
revenge, 324; the special changes its
sentient actions produce, 325; means
of controlling, 326; its sentient ac-
tions may be induced by the vis
nervosa only, 572

Animal, a purely sensational, see Sensa-
tional animal.

Animal, a reasoning, see Reasoning ani-
mal.

Animal, a sentient, see Sentient animal.
Animal, an insentient, see Insentient
animal.

Animal, an, characteristic distinction of,
600; distinction indefinite, 601; its
life divided into four periods, 644
Animal actions defined, 6; how excited,32
Animal death, 6. See Death.
Animal forces, their natural subordina-
tion, 666; certain, not naturally sub-
ordinate to any other, 667, 670; those
subordinate to others, 668, 669; their
natural connecting points, 672; their
centres, 673; no general centre of,
674; primary, defined, 6; only two
known, 356; communicated, defined,
6; pure, see Nerve forces.

Animal function, the action of an animal
force, 666

Animal life, defined, 6; its most essen-
tial elements, 15, i; sensational, 640;
spiritual, 641; complete, 643; its four
periods, 641-658; the system of its
forces, 659; the heart and brain es-
sential to, 675; conditions of its
duration, 693; cessation of, 694; may
continue after proper animal death, 717
Animal machines, defined, 6, 9; the,
general, 15, ii; in no species defective,
ib.; constitute a special system, 671;
are centres of the animal forces, 673
Animal movements, primary, defined, 6;
when purely animal, 193; from non-
conceptional impressions, 356
Animal nature defined, 6; gives animal
bodies peculiar forces, 7; philosophy
of its great divisions, 8; treated of in
general, 600-728; the general princi-
ples on which its whole physiology
must be based, 618; its origin, 628-637
Animals, distinguished into sentient and
insentient, 603; all, do not require to
have a soul, 622

Animal sentient forces, see Forces.
Anticipation, or expectation, 92-95; of

the understanding, 96

Anxiety, a distressing passion, 313
Apparitions, imperfect external sensa-
tions, 148

Arbitrary, as applied to conceptions, 27
Arteries, their contraction and dilation
explained, 460

Artistic machines, differ from natural or
organic, 5

Attention, definition of, 51, v, 77; can
excite and maintain many sentient
actions, 140

Aversions, how developed, 81; if active,
three things to be distinguished in,
81-87; sensational and intellectual,
89; may be wholly sensational, or
more spontaneous, ib.; when a blind
abhorrence, or antipathy, 90; intel-
lectual, 96

Beseelte, rendered sentient, 349 note.
Bewegungsgründe, the motives, 96. See
Motives.

Bezauberung, the wonderful in instincts,
263, 270

Bladder, the gall, little susceptible of ex-
ternal sensations, 213; the effect of
anger and revenge on, 325; its irrita-
bility somewhat doubtful, 476
Bladder, the urinary, effect of vivid ex-
ternal sensations on, 176; the effect of
sensational conceptions and foresee-
ings on, ib.; its functions may be
nerve-actions of external impressions,
478; how situate as to nerve-actions
from non-conceptional internal im-
pressions, 537

Blood-vessels, how external sensations
act upon, 205

Body, definition of a, 1; physical nature
of a purely physical, 2; its mechanical
nature, 4; reciprocal connection of,
with the soul, 345-352

Brain, the seat of the soul and of con-
sciousness, 10, 25; if imperfect, the
mind imperfect, 25; the laboratory of
the vital spirits, 11; gives origin to
all the nerves, 12; has a double move-
ment, 24; the whole not immediately
necessary to thought, 25; its medul-
lary matter possesses an animal-sen-
tient force peculiar to itself, ib.; every
act of mind in connection with its
force, 29; the whole not put into
action by each conception, 124; com-
pression of, the results and cause,
128; certain fibrilli of the medulla
receive external impressions, 132; the
mechanical machines in connection
with the, 156-159; its cortical sub-
stance can be influenced indirectly by
sentient actions, 159; may not be re-
quired for all animal movements, 366;
its medullary and cortical substance
have some share in the vis nervosa,
373-4; when necessary to the con-
tinued production of nerve-actions,
416; when requisite to nerve-actions,
511; always imperfect at first, 649;
the effect of daily waste and repair on
its functions, 662; as a centre of the
animal forces, 673; whether one point
of it the seat of mind, doubtful, 719

Capillary vessels, effect of external im-
pressions on, 207, 462; their animal
forces, 682

Care, a distressing passion, 313
Cerebral forces, see Forces.

Cerebral impressions, 121-141

Conceptions, how caused, 25; impressions

or representations of, 26; definition of
natural, or organic and arbitrary voli-
tions, 27; dependent on material ideas,
ib.; preceded by sensations, 65; of
the understanding, 76; of the me-
mory, 71; their relation to attention,
abstraction, meditation, and reflection,
77; either please or displease, 80;
their relation to material ideas, 97-
151; necessary to true sentient ac-
tions, 123, see Actions sentient; their
course independent of others, 125;
sensational and intellectual, 347; in-
ternal impressions of, 359 note.
Conceptive force [Empfindlichkeit], 65
Congestion, theory of, 207, 462
Connatural, as applied to agreeable ex-

ternal sensations, 191, 196, 440
Connection, reciprocal, defined, 345
Consciousness, 80

Contractility, so called [Reiz], 3
Contranatural, as applied to disagreeable

external sensations, 191, 196, 200
Convulsions, their nature, 204

Death, definition of, 703; the spiritual
of a reasoning animal, 704; sensa-
tional, 705; complete, 706; natural,
707; animal, 708; from what com-
plete, may result, 711 716; animal
life may continue after proper, 717
Desires, how developed in the mind, 81;
three things to be distinguished in,
84-87; may be sensational or intel-
lectual, wholly sensational, or more
spontaneous, 89; sensational, nature
of, 90; intellectual nature of, 96
Despair, a distressing passion, 313; its
sentient actions may be induced by
the vis nervosa only, 571
Diaphragm, the, is sensitive, and sub-
ject to the will, 171; its sentient ac-
tions from external sensations, 208;
is capable of direct nerve-actions, 464;
may be excited by non-conceptional
internal impressions, 523; its natural
action in respiration, 525; a centre of
animal forces, 673, 688
Dichtungskraft, the poetic faculty, 248
Distress, how excited and developed,
309; its mental actions and various
forms, ib.

Dreams, the rules applicable to, 67-69;
70, 236; sensational foreseeings often
produced in, 75, 247

Emotions, the, nature of, 91; their effect
on the penis, 178; strong sensational
stimuli conjoined in, 258; effects of
the pleasing or distressing, how regu-
lated, 259

Empfindung, commonly used in a three-
fold sense, 34 note.
Empfindlichkeit, see Sensibility.
Erdichtungen, fictions, 70
Ersetzung, see Substitution.
Excitants of the feelings, see Feelings.
Exhilaration, the instinct for, 287, ii
Expectations, see Anticipations.
External impressions, see Impressions.
External sensations, see Sensations.

Faculty, the higher perceptive, 76; the
poetic, 228

Fear, a distressing passion, 313, in what
resembles and differs from terror, 320;
may be induced by the vis nervosa
only, 571

Feelings, incitements of the, 83; are
sensational or intellectual, 88; add a
special sentient action to those of con-
ceptions, 250; excite the origin of
those nerves by which vital move-
ments are regulated, 251

Flesh, the, 90; warring against the spi-
rit, 337

Food, the instinct for, its sensational
stimulus, 281; its effects as a foresee-
ing, 282

Forces of physical bodies, the general, 3;
their aggregate, 4

Forces, animal, see Animal forces.
Forces, animal-sentient, or cerebral, na-
ture of, 6 note, 82 and note; their
actions, 97-110; their relations to the
vis nervosa, 541-597; their reciprocal
connection, 590-597

Forces, nerve, defined, 6; depend on the

vital spirits, 21; what retard the ac-
tion of, 22; what strengthen and en-
liven, 23

Forces, primary vital, nature of the, 675;
the two reciprocally subordinate, 676
Forebodings, the nature of, 73
Foreseeings, nature of, 73, 239; relations
of, to desires and aversions, 81; rela-
tions of, to instincts and passions, 90-
94; in what differ from true expecta-
tions, 249; accompanying the depres-
sing passions, 315-328
Free will, 96. See Will.

Gall-bladder, see Bladder.
Ganglia, are possessed by the motor

nerves, 14; do not possess true cere-
bral tissue, 35 note; 624, iv; their
probable use, 48, iv; their functions
may be changed through habit, 49, iv;
probably deflect external impressions,
48, iv, 399; to the motor nerves per-
form the office of brain, 399
Gefühl, the external feeling of the
nerves, 402

Generation, definition of, 628; fissipa-

rous, oviparous, and viviparous, 629
Glands, the, their nature and function, 172
Gratification, nature of, 80, 187, 195;
its actions, when very vivid, allied to
pain, 199

Grief, a distressing passion, 313; what
favour, 317

Habit, distinct from expertness, 137
HALLER, the dead force of, 3; probably
the Göttingen reviewer of Unzer's
work, 35 note; his objection to the
hypothesis of afferent and efferent
fibrils in the same nerve, 127 note;
seems to think, the voluntary move-
ments alone produced by the soul,
162 note; has shown that respiration
is a sentient action, 285; his terms of
muscular and nervous irritability, 354;
his doctrine of vis insita refuted, 379,
388

HAMILTON, Sir W., his abstract of the

doctrines of Albinus, 39 note.
Heart, the, its action animal, 167; HAL-
LER's theory of its motion confuted,
386; the effect of sensations on, 211,
250; its action in grief and fear, 314;
its action in anger and revenge, anxiety
and terror, 323; its stroke probably an
indirect nerve-action, 517; a centre of
animal forces, 673; its proper motor
force, 678

Hunger, the sensational instinct of, how
excited, 265; stimulates the machines
which receive food to discharge their
functions, 281

Incitements of the feelings, see Feelings.
Ideas, material, the nature of, 25; neces-

sary to thought, ib.; their relations to
thought, 26; in what probably consist,
28; higher, abstract, or general, 66;
of imaginations, 67; of anticipations,
94; act either directly or indirectly,
115; their actions on the nervous
system, 117, 122, 142-151; their ac-
tions in the brain, 118, 159; the pri-
mary excite those of a second kind,
119; their action in the mechanical
machines, 160-180
Idiosyncrasy, 52

Imaginations, nature of the sensational,

66; their relation to external sensa-
tions, 68, 230-233; relations to in-
sanity, 69, 70; their action on the
mechanical machines, 228-238
Impression, a sense-like, defined, 31, and
note

Impressional, sinnlich, 31, 66
Impressibility, Sinnlichkeit, 32
Impressions, cerebral, 121, 133

Impressions, conceptional, 121 note;
359; characters of, 31; their course
along the nerves, ib.; respondence
to, a property of nerves, or "nerve-
feeling," 31 note; of pleasure and
pain, the bases of the desires, 82
Impressions, external,-why so termed;
32; a definite change in the nerve,
ib.; how developed, 32-36; to be felt,
must be propagated upwards to the
brain, 36, 37; all determined by the
mind, 38; conditions requisite to their
developing external sensations, 45;
the cause of all conceptions, 65, 66;
their course in animals, with a sen-
tient brain, 366; by their reflexion,
sentient acts may be performed without
brain, 367; their vis nervosa in general,
409, 443; every muscle, like the nerves,
has its own special, 451; their action
on the muscles and heart, 452-517
Impressions, internal,-their nature, 121;
propagated, without being commingled,
125; non-conceptional can produce the
same movements as the conceptive
force, 360; the reflexion of external
into, 366, 399; how non-concep-
tional originate; 371; their relation
to external and internal sensations,
402; course of the non-conceptional,
486, 487; when the brain and cere-
bral forces necessary to the nerve-
actions of the non-conceptional, 494;
non-conceptional subject to the same
law of deflection as those from con-
ceptions, 504; reflex action of, on the
heart, 515; action of non-conceptional
on the capillaries, diaphragm, viscera,
&c., 522-537; each of the two kinds
may reciprocally excite the other, 398;
excite whole series of acts, ib.
Inflammation, theory of, 207, 462
Insanity, the rules applicable to, 67-69,
70, 236; sensational foreseeings and
forebodings often produced in, 75,247
Insentient animal, an, its nature, 604;
how moved, 606; all their animal
movements dependent on the vis ner-
vosa, 608; excite all sentient move-
ments by the vis nervosa alone, 611
Instincts,sensational, their different kinds,
90; their actions in the economy, 93;
how developed, 94; how cease, or are
prevented, 95; doctrines applicable to,
256-259; arrangement of, 262; in
what differ from all other desires,
aversions, and passions, 263-265;
depend on no innate wisdom, 266;
the order of their phenomena, 268;
their stimuli, 270; general and special,
natural and unnatural,295; the felt im-
pression in, reflected by the brain, 564.

Intellect, see Understanding.
Intestinal canal, how the nerves act on
the, 170; often really sensitive, ib.

Joy, the nature of, 306; how far bene-
ficial or contranatural, 307
Judgment, the, may err respecting ex-
ternal sensations, 38; to what class of
conceptions it belongs, 76

Kidneys, the, have but few nerves, 176;
susceptible only of extraordinary ex-
ternal impressions, 215; their secern-
ing function, a nerve-action, 477; how
situate as to nerve-actions from non-
conceptional internal impressions, 526
Kitzel, titillation, or gratification, 80,
187, 195-197

KRUGER, his law as to the movements fol-

lowing external sensations, 218

Laughter, the instinct of, 284
Life, the love of, the fundamental in-
stinct in all animals, 280

Liver, the, its sensibility not great, 175;
is little susceptible of external sensa-
tions, 213; the effects of anger on,
325; how far capable of nerve-actions,
476, 535

Loathing, 282

Longing, its sentient and special actions,
327

Love, the enchantment of, 289; phy-
sical, 302; of offspring, 303; the passion
of, 306; the instinctive emotions of,
308

Lungs, the, little susceptible to ordinary
external impressions, 214; congestion
of, in the distressing passions, 310;
how situate as to nerve-actions, 475,
534

Machines, animal, see Animal machines.
Machines, mechanical,-meaning of the
term, 4, 155-159; divided into artistic
and organic, 5; how put in motion,
153, 505, 506; actions of the material
ideas in, 160-180; actions of external
sensations in, 181-227; actions of
imaginations on, 228-238; actions of
the sensational foreseeings on, 250-
254; actions of sensational desires and
aversions in, 255-261; actions of sen-
sational instincts in, 262-304; actions
of the passions on, 305-329; actions
of the understanding in, ib. ; actions of
intellectual pleasure and pain in, 334-
335; actions of the will in, 335-344;
direct actions produced by the vis
nervosa in, 444-481
Material ideas, see Ideas.

Meditation, the act of, 77
Membranes, the, are sensitive, 171; effect
of external impressions on the non
muscular, 208; the serous, how situate
as to external sensations, 208; nerve-
actions in the muscular, mucous, and
fibro-serous, 464, 527

Memory, an act of the, 71; the material
ideas induced by sensational, 72; to
what class of conceptions it belongs,
238

Merkmahlen, elements, 53

Merkmale, sub-impressions, 68, 73, &c.
Mind, an act of the, 6 note; 25, 34-36;
effect of injury of the medulla of the
brain on the, 25; material ideas are
not the ideas of the, 25; determines
the point of impression in external
sensations, 30; can produce voluntarily
many kinds of conceptions, 64; its
inner sense, 80; actions excited by
the, 97-111; not necessary to direct
nerve-actions in muscles, 449
Monstrosities, origin of, 636
Motives, the nature of, 88, 89; the im-
pressions they add to passive concep-
tions, 96; as stimuli, 250; excite the
origin of certain nerves, 251
Movements, the respiratory, generally
neither mechanical nor volitional, 285.
See Respiration.
Movements, voluntary, distinguished into
sensational and intellectual, 283 note;
the instinct to perform the sensa-
tional, 283; instincts for particular
kinds of sensational, 284
Movements, the free-will, with what

often confounded, 335; how produced
and hindered, 336, 342; why take
place in a given series, 341; their im-
portant influence in the economy,
343; power of the soul not to be
limited to, 351

MÜLLER, J., anticipation of his neurolo-

gical views by ALBINUS, 39 note.
Muscles, as mechanical machines, 161;
the nature of the action of the nerves
on, 162; their vis insita, 379-388;
have each their own special external
impressions, 451; reflexion of unfelt
external impressions in, 514

Natural, as applied to mechanical ma-

chines, 5; conceptions, 27; instinct,
90; subordination of animal functions,
666
Nerve-actions, definition of, 6; which
may be at the same time sentient
actions, 183, 184, 233, 364, 368, 441;
from the external impression, 358; from
the internal impression, 359, 360; may