Nerve-actions (continued)

occur without cerebral force, or brain,
362; change of sentient actions into,
367; advantages to reasoning animals
from, 370; machines must be supplied
with nerves, to be capable of, 390, 391;
of the heart, 392; of the oesophagus,
stomach, &c., 393; of the glandular
tissues, 394; of the sexual organs, 395;
of the instincts, 396; of unfelt in-
ternal impressions, 397; of reflected
impressions, 398; of the brain's vis
nervosa, 409; from several external
impressions at the same time, do not
confuse each other, 412; different kinds
of impressions difficult to be discrimi-
nated from their, 413; from a reflected
external impression occur in the proper
machine, 415, ii; from reflected im-
pression often misunderstood, 415, iii;
how far the brain necessary to, 416,
494, 511; direct and indirect, 419, 425;
how enfeebled or prevented, 427-430;
their relation to external sensations,
433, 438; how resemble the sentient,
435-437; why they excite our wonder,
438; are connatural or contra-natural,
440; muscular fibre peculiarly adapted
to direct, 445; in muscles, 449-453,
513; in the heart, 455, 517, 518; in
the membranes, 464; in the capillaries,
463; of the stomach, 469, 470; of the
viscera, 475-479; of the senses, 480;
of the sexual organs, 481; of non-con-
ceptional internal impressions, 483,
494, 506, 507, 524-544; produced by a
primary internal impression, 490, 496,
498; of imaginations or foreseeings,
549; of the sensational desires and
aversions, 530; of the blind instincts
and emotions, 551; of the sensational
instincts, 552, 561; of the instinctive
passions, 562; of the passions, 563-
567; three principal kinds of, in the
mechanical machines, 580; threefold
division of those of primary non-con-
ceptional internal impressions, 581;
substitution of, for sentient actions and
vice versa, 541, 589; from a sensational
conception, 591; in the fœtus, 634
Nerve feeling, its nature, 31; from with-
out inwards, 32; internal, 121
Nerve forces, see Forces.
Nervous fluid, see Vital spirits.
Nerves, all arise from the brain, 12; their

course, 13; their external terminations,
14; division of, into motor and sensitive,
14; contain the vital spirits, 15; dif-
ferent effects of impressions on different
parts of, 31; how animal actions ex-
cited in their medulla, 32; of motion

Nerves (continued)

and sensation, no difference of in
receiving and transmitting impressions,
33; sensational force of, 34; external
impressions on, 35-39, 55; impressions
on the cerebral origin of, 121; action of
material ideas in, 122, 142-151, 405;
impressions of the conceptions on, 124,
125; probably have afferent and efferent
fibrils, 126-127; hidden movements
in them inferred, 145, 404, 405; erec-
tion of their terminations, 147-150;
vivid impressions probably deflected at
their bifurcations, 151; effect of a
cerebral impression at their loops, 160;
their action on the muscles, 162-164,
510; various ways in which may in-
fluence the secretions and circulation,
167-180; the action of external sensa-
tions through them, 181-227; actions
of imaginations through them, 228-
238; actions of the sensational foresee-
ings through them, 239-249; actions of
sensational pleasure and pain through
them, 250-254; actions of the sensa-
tional desires and aversions through
them, 255-261; actions of the sensa-
tional instincts through them, 262-304;
actions of the passions through them,
305-329; actions of intellectual plea-
sure and pain through them, 333-334;
actions of the will through them, 335-
336; the principal seat of the primary
vis nervosa, 372; vis nervosa must be
a general property of, 375; impressions
on the sensory, 376, 377; external
feeling of, 402; internal feeling of, 405-
407; secondary points in them, probable
for the reflexion of impressions, 428;
nerve-actions explained from the doc-
trine of afferent and efferent fibrils in,
486-488; their ordinary stimuli caus-
ing internal impressions, 489; the pe-
culiar kind of irritation of their medulla
to produce a certain kind of internal
impression, unknown, 492; changes in,
from non-conceptional internal impres-
sions, 504; effect of opium on, 558;
their growth, and development in new
growths, 647; their daily wear and
repair, 662

Esophagus the, action of the nerves on,
170; direct nerve-actions of, 466-468;
nerve-actions from non-conceptional
internal impressions, 531
Offspring, the instinct for, 262, iv
Organic life, what, 5

Organic machines, in what differ from

artistic, 5; when termed animal, 6

Organism the, how far the general forces

of physical bodies belong to, 3; to
what extent the laws of mechanics
applicable to, 5; a sensible and in-
sensible, 52; an irritable and inirritable,
432; as a living animal, 600
Organs, of the external senses, 55; as
mechanical machines, subject to same
laws, 177; effect of external sensations
on, 216; seat of the same nerve-actions
as the muscular system, 539
Organs, the sexual, are extremely sensitive,

178; their functions may be induced
by the vis nervosa alone, 481; nerve-
actions from non-conceptional internal
impressions on, 340; all animals born
with, 654; as centres of animal forces,
673

Pain, in what consists, 80; sensational
and intellectual, 88; action of, on the
organism, 136-200; its actions on the
mechanical machines, 204; its action
on the vital movements, 250, 333
Passions, the, 91; each of, how com-
pounded, 93; what doctrines apply
to, 256; instinctive, 302; incidental
action of the primary, 305; actions of
the joyous, 306-308; actions of the
painful and distressing, 309-328; the
instinctive as nerve-actions, 562; their
sentient actions as nerve-actions, 563-
573

Penis, effect of foreseeings and desires on
the, 178; HALLER'S opinion on the
swelling of its corpora spongiosa, 178
Perceptions, sensational, 76
Physiognomy, 166

Physiologically free, as applied to con-
ceptions, 27, 89
Pleasure, impression of, distinct from
that of pain, 80; sensational and in-
tellectual, 89; its action on the organ-
ism, 191; its action on the vital move-
ments, 250, 333; calm, more favorable
to health and life than when in excess,
252, 253

Pleasure and pain, nature of their im-
pressions, 124
Preservation, pain the sentinel of, 184;
impressions necessary to, in insentient
animals given by nature, 609; move-
ments, necessary to, effected by the vis
nervosa, 610

Procreation, see Generation.

Propagation of the species, instinct of,

262, iii, 289; its excitement and satis-
faction, 263; analysed, 273; its sensa-
tional stimulus, 289; its sentient as
nerve-actions, 560; as a period in the
life of an animal, 652-657

Propensities, actions of the sensational,
260, 261

Pulse, the arterial, how far may be a nerve-
action, 519, 520; influenced by all non-
conceptional impressions exciting mus-
cular action, 521

Reasoning animal, a, 605
Reasons, 88

Reciprocal connection, defined, 345; of
the animal-sentient forces with the vis
nervosa, 590-597

Reflection, the act of, 77
Reflex action, of an external impression
on the heart, 515; of the brain in the
instincts, 564

Reflexion, of an external impression in a
sentient brain, or ganglion, 365, 415,
ii; see also Nerve-actions and impres-
sions, external and internal

Regret, its nature and sentient actions,
312

Reiz, so called contractility, 3
Repose, the instinct for, its nature and
natural stimulus, 287; its nerve-actions,
558

Respiration, the instinct of, 285; how
far a nerve-action in the newly-born,285,
286, 526; may take place independently
of brain or mind, 475
Revenge, the desire of, an instinctive
passion, 301; a depressing passion, 322;
the heart's action in, 323; its union
with anger, 324; the special changes
by its sentient actions, 325; means of
controlling it, 326; may be induced
by the vis nervosa only, 572
Reverie, [dichtet,] 237

Schmerz, suffering, 80, 187, 195
Secretion, animal, but sometimes a sen-
tient action, 172; may be a direct nerve-
action, 471-473

Seelenwirkungen, mental, sentient, or sen-
sational acts, 6, 99, iii

Self-defence, the instinct of, 262, ii, 288
Self-love, sensational, 280
Self-preservation, the instinct of, 262, ii,
263

Sense-like impression, a, 31

Senselikeness, 32; its varying degree in
the conceptions, 112

Sensation, the term used in a threefold
sense, 34 note; precedes all other
conceptions, 65; a certain use of the
term proposed, 402

Sensation, as used by BUFFON, 402
Sensational, 31 note; force, or sensi-
bility, 34; memory, 72; foreseeings
and expectations, see Foreseeings and
Expectations; pleasure and suffering,

Sensational (continued)

see Pleasure and Pain; stimuli, 88;
instincts, see Instincts; desires and
aversions, see Desires and Aversions.
Sensational animal, a, 605; of what vital
actions capable, 614; perform nerve-
actions as sentient actions, 624
Sensations, external, nature of, 34-36;
what requisite to their development,
45; what interrupts or hinders them,
46-51; the material ideas of, 53, 54;
their organs, 54; special, 55; their
relation to the material ideas of ima-
ginations, 67; of pleasure and suffer-
ing, 80; material, how excited, 132;
imperfect, 148, 378; actions of, on
the mechanical machines, 181-227;
the majority of their sentient actions
at the same time nerve-actions, 183;
agreeable and disagreeable, 189, 190;
of imaginations and instincts, 229-
276; external feeling of the nerves to
be distinguished from, 402-404; their
nerve-actions, 436-452

Senses, the, their number and seat, 55-

64; their nerve-actions, 480
Sensible, meaning of the term, as used
by the French, 31 note.
Sensibility, 34, 65; may co-exist with
irritability, 432

Sensual gratification, or titillation, 80,

88; propensity, or inclination, 90
Sentient actions, see Actions, sentient.
Sentient animal, a, the idea of, 349; how
moved, 612, 613

Sentient faculty, what, 10

Shame, its nature and sentient actions, 328
Shivering, how ought probably to be
classed, 147

Sinnlich, in what sense used by Unzer,
31 note, 66 note.

Sleep, as an impediment to external sen-
sations, 49, v; the instinct for, see
Repose.

Somnambulism, the rules, 67-69; appli-
cable to, 70, 236; foreseeings in, 247;
the movements during it explained,

454

Sorrow, its nature and actions, 310; in-
jurious to health and life, 311

Soul, the seat of the, 10, 25; acts of the,
27; its union with the body, 29; its
reciprocal connexion with the body,
345-352; error of the ancients con-
cerning the, 404; not indispensable to
animal acts, 594; its disseverance
from the body, 717-726
Spasms, their nature, 204
Spleen, its nerve-actions, 479

Spinal cord, reflexion of impressions in,
35 note.

Spontaneous, as applied to conceptions,

27
Stomach, the, has many and considerable
nerves, 174; is susceptible of impres-
sions from conceptions, ib.; the exter-
nal sensations excited in and about,
212; its direct nerve-actions, 466,
468, 531; a centre of animal forces,
673, 688

Substitution of nerve-actions for sen-
tient, and vice versa, 541-589

Suck, the instinct to give, 290; the in-
stinct to, ib.

Suffering, impression of, 80; a sentinel
of our preservation, 184; a natural
medicine, 196

Sympathy, 90; of sentient actions in the
muscles, 165

Temperament of an animal body, defined,
52; mainly determines the sensational
faculty, 329; how and when deter-
mined, 651

Terror, its nature and actions, 318; in
what resembles and differs from fear,
320

Thierische-seelen Kräfte, rendered by

"cerebral forces," or, " animal-sentient
forces,' 6 note, 82 and note.
Thierischer Körper, the equivalent of
animal organism, 6 note.
Thierischer Kräfte, the vis nervosa, 6

note.

Thierischer Maschinen, what used for,
9 note.

Thirst, the sensational stimulus of, 282
Thought, on what dependent, 25; effect
of, on abstract subjects, 333
Titillation, 80; excites vivid contrac-
tions in muscles, 204; as a nerve-
action, 434

Triebfedern des Gemüths. See Feelings.

Understanding, conceptions of the, 76;
their sentient actions, 331, 332, 380;
the direct cannot be induced as nerve-
actions, 574; the motives and desires
of the, cannot be induced by the vis
nervosa, 576

Viscera, action of the nerves in the, very
complex, 173; their nerve-actions,
474-479

Vis nervosa, its synonyms, 6 and note; the

functions the body is rendered capa-
ble of, by the, 354; of the external im-
pression, its nerve-actions, 358; of the
internal impression, its most prominent
examples, 359; properties of both
kinds of, 361; does not necessarily
require the cerebral force, 362; seat
of the primary, 372-374; of nerves,

Vis nervosa (continued)

excited by non-conceptional internal
impressions, 381, ii; no animal motor
force independent of, 389; machines
not endowed with nerves not adapted
to, 390; of the heart, 392; of the
œsophagus, stomach, &c., 393; of the
glandular tissues, 394; of the sexual
organs, 395; in the movements of the
limbs, 396; either kind of, may be
excited without the conceptive force,
398; of external impressions, 409-
413; of non-conceptional internal im-
pressions, 482-540; all the sentient
actions of imaginations and fore-see-
ings, sensational conceptions, desires,
and aversions, instincts, and emo-
tions, imitated by, 545-553; effect of
opium on, 558; how far the passions
may be imitated by, 562-573; intel-
lectual conceptions and motives can-
not be induced by, 575, 576; how
far the influence of the will can
be induced by, 577; as possessed
by sentient and insentient animals,
604-617; causes movements, neces-
sary to the preservation of animals,
610; of a reasoning animal, 618, 626;
a large class of animals endowed alone
with, 621-624; of a purely sensational
animal, 626; abolition of, 709, 710
Vital spirits, the, how secreted, 11, 362,
416; their existence probable, 15, i;

War-instinct, the, its nature, 301, 326;
its sentient actions may be nerve-ac-
tions, 559

Whytt, his renewal of an erroneous pro-

position of the ancients, 404

Will, the free, 96; sentient actions of its
desires and aversions, 335; conflict
between the sensational faculty and,
337; satisfaction of, prevented, 338;
the flesh has always a part in, 339;
how far its incidental influence may be
exercised by the vis nervosa, 577; how
far its desires and aversions may be
induced by vis nervosa, 378; move-
ments of, see Movements.

Wille and Willkühr, how used, 283 note.
Willkührlich, how rendered, 283 note,
335 note.

Yawning, its nature, 287, ii.

ΤΟ

ALBINUS shows the cortex of the brain

not altogether vascular, 377, 389
Anatomy of the nervous system - its
bibliography, 383 note.

Animal functions, see Functions.
Animalcules shown by SPALLANZANI to
be true animals, 386; how feel and
move, 387

Arabs, the, located the animal functions
in the ventricles, 369

ARISTOTLE, his opinion as to the use of

the brain and heart, 365
Arteries, irritability and muscular con-
traction of, 411

ASTRUC, quoted, 377

Anger, its effect on the secretions, 419-
421

BARTHOLIN, 373

BAUHIN CASPAR, the first to deny the
doctrines of GALEN, 370
BENEVENIUS, his doctrine as to the ani-
mal functions, 369

Blood-vessels, action of the nerves on
the, 408-412

BLUMENBACH, his hypothesis of a nisus
formativus, 426

BOERHAAVE, doctrines of his school on

the brain, 377; his opinion on the
animal spirits, 377; where places the
sensorium commune, 429
BOHADSCH, his description of the lernæa,
388

Bones, morbid, sensibility of, 394;
MURRAY on, 394; BRAMBILLA on
395 note.

BONNET, 386

Brain, its use, according to Aristotle,
365; the opinions of HIPPOCRATES,
PLATO, GALEN, and others, as to its
functions, 365-369; its systole and
diastole, 367, 369; intellect, according
to GALEN, does not depend on its
convolutions, 368; case of injury of,
by GALEN, 367; the use of its cir-
cumvolutions, according to COLUMBUS,

CALDANI opposed the doctrine of animal
spirits, 379

CAMPER, his opinion on the consensus
of the nerves, 433

Capillaries, action of the nerves on
the, 408-412

Cerebellum, use of the vermiform process
of the, according to GALEN, 368; the
seat of involuntary motions, according
to WILLIS, 375; description of the,
381

Cerebrum, why softer than the nerves,
and double, according to GALEN, 367;
its use, according to WILLIS, 375; de-
scription of the, 381; what portion of,
subservient to this or that faculty, un-
known, 446

Circulation, influence of the nerves on, in
the capillaries, 408; excited by a sti-
mulus to the nerves, 409; can it be
repelled by the nerves? 417
COLUMBUS, his opinion on the use of the
circumvolutions of the brain, 369
Conarium, see Pineal Gland.
Congestion caused by the action of
nerves, 409; theories of, 410; various
phenomena caused by, 416

Consensus of the nerves, inquiry into,
433; where it takes place, ib.; when
in the ganglia, 435

Consciousness, to what it belongs, 441
Corpora striata, functions of their ascend-
ing and descending fibres, 375