Reliques. Addison's copy appears to have agreed almost word for word with that from which Percy printed the newer version.

P. 386, 1. 12.

The old version has :

The swane fethars that his arrowe bar,

With his hart blood the wear wete.'

P. 387, 1. 2. Hud. i. 3, 97. The bear, though brought to the ground by his numerous assailants, still fights desperately :—

P. 389, 1. 20.

P. 390, 1. 16.

'As Widdrington, in doleful dumps,

Is said to fight upon his stumps.'
Richard Bentley. (Tegg.)

The day of the battle of Blenheim.

P. 392, 1. 18. The Essay on Criticism, by Pope, had been advertised in the Spectator on the 15th May, 1711, about seven months before this paper was written, as to appear on that day. It was this poem which first brought Pope prominently into notice, for his Pastorals, which had appeared in 1709, had neither received nor deserved much attention. Addison's warm praise in this paper, which must have been the means of making the poem known to thousands of readers who would otherwise never have heard of it, doubtless contributed largely to the success of the Essay. Pope, under the impression that the number was written by Steele, wrote to him (Dec. 30, 1711), saying that he had just read the Spectator of the 20th, 'wherein, though it be the highest satisfaction to find oneself commended by a person whom all the world commends, yet I am not more obliged to you for that, than for your candour and frankness in acquainting me with the error I have been guilty of, in speaking too freely of my brother moderns.' In a tone of rather exaggerated humility, he asks the Spectator's corrections for the future, kisses the rod of his criticism, and almost protests against the too liberal expression of his praise. The 'strokes of this nature,' (i. e. attacks on Pope's brother poets,) which Addison refers to, are all general, unless we except the lines which Dennis took to himself, beginning 'But Appius reddens at each word you speak.' In a passage at 1. 36, those writers who have joined poetry to criticism are castigated:

Some have at first for wits, then poets, passed,

Turned critics next, and proved plain fools at last.'

But the passage which Addison had chiefly in view was probably that beginning at 1. 604, where, speaking of the obscure versifiers of his day, Pope says:

What crowds of these, impenitently bold,
In sounds and jingling syllables grown old,
Still run on poets in a raging vein,

Ev'n to the dregs and squeezing of the brain,

Strain out the last dull droppings of their sense,

And rhyme with all the rage of impotence.'

P. 393, 1. 9. Petronius the satirist, and Quintilian the critic and rhetorician, both flourished in the first century of our era.

P. 394, 1. 30. Wentworth Dillon, earl of Roscommon, (1633-1684,) was the author of the Essay on Translated Verse, which, with great inequality of merit, contains not a few vigorous passages. Some of the best lines in the Essay on Criticism were suggested by, not to say borrowed from, passages in Roscommon's poem. John, Lord Sheffield, (1649-1721,) wrote this Essay on the Art of Poetry, suggested, probably, by Boileau's L'Art Poetique, and also an Essay on Satire, in which he was said to have been helped by Dryden. The Essay on Poetry was much commended both by Dryden and Pope; the latter quotes in the Essay on Criticism the second line of Sheffield's poem,

'Nature's chief masterpiece is writing well.'

All the poems here named are of that critico-æsthetic class, for which Horace's Ars Poetica supplied the inspiration and the prototype.

VII.

TALES AND ALLEGORIES.

P. 398, 1. 21. So Pope, in his beautiful description of the red man's heaven, paints it as

Some safer world in depth of woods embraced,
Some happier island in the watery waste,

Where slaves once more their native land behold,

No fiends torment, no Christians thirst for gold.' Essay on Man. P. 399, 1. 10. Cowley's Essay On the Danger of Procrastination— 'There's no fooling with life when it is once turned beyond forty.' (Morley.)

P. 400, 1. 5. A verb, such as dictate,' which can not have a person for its object in the active voice, can never have a person for its subject in the passive. Bishop Hurd says, 'if used at all, it should be dictated to;' but that is not precisely Addison's meaning. All that he wished to say was, that the father's natural affection, no less than the rules of prudence, dictated that he should try to make himself beloved by his son.

P. 404, 1. II. The coarse word in the original is meant to convey the sarcastic suggestion that doctors, equally with soldiers, often put a premature end to human life.

P. 406. In the preceding number (omitted from this selection), Addison tells us that the circumstances which he has woven into the tale of Constantia and Theodosius were related to him by a French priest, with whom he was travelling in a stage coach. I hazard the conjecture that this tale suggested to Goldsmith his poem of 'The Hermit,' though the ending is different.

P. 410, l. 6. 'Noviciate,' which is the state of a novice, or the period during which a person remains a novice, is here wrongly used.

P. 411, 1. 9. The materials for the story of Herod and Mariamne are taken from Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews.

་

P. 415, 1. 11. The last petition I heard.' It should not be 'I,' but 'Menippus,' for Addison is not relating the fable in the first person, as in the Vision of Mirza.

P. 416, 1. 4.

P. 419, 1. 13.

The passages quoted are, Il. viii. 69, Æn. xii. 725.
See No. 445, page 98.

v. 27.

1. 22. Daniel P. 421, l. II. This story forms the plot of Aristophanes' comedy, or morality, of Plutus.

VIII.

VARIA,

P. 427, No. 50. Of this paper Swift wrote to Stella,-Yesterday it (the Spectator) was made of a noble hint I gave (Steele) long ago for his Tatlers, about an Indian supposed to write his travels into England. I repent he ever had it. I intended to have written a book on that subject. I believe he has spent it all in one paper, and all the under hints there are mine too.' Imagining that the paper was by Steele, whereas it was really written by Addison, and that it was suggested by the noble hint' which he had given, Swift seems to have fancied, his memory playing him false, that the 'under hints' were also his own original property; but the presence of the Addisonian humour throughout the paper is too evident to permit of a doubt as to its true parentage. The 'hint' has been abundantly followed up by various writers; witness the Lettres Persanes of Montesquieu, Goldsmith's Citizen of the World, and Morier's Hadji Baba in England.

1. I.

The four kings here mentioned were chiefs of the Iroquois Indians who had been persuaded by the British colonists to come and pay their respects to Queen Anne. (Morley.) In a book called 'Some Account of the English Stage from 1660 to 1830' (Bath 1832), it is stated that on the 24th April, 1710, the four kings went to see Macbeth at the Haymarket; but the 'gods' in the gallery raised such a clamour and disturbance, because, they said, they had paid their money to see the Indian kings, and their majesties, being seated in a retired box, were hardly visible, that the play could not proceed; at last four chairs were brought and placed upon the stage, and the kings, with great good-humour, consented to sit upon them, so as to become the observed of all observers.

P. 429, 1. 37.

Men and women have changed parts since then!

P. 430, l. 1. The allusion is to the patches then so much worn; see No. 81, page 256.

P. 432, 1. 27. Dorset became Lord Chamberlain at the Revolution, and had the unwelcome duty imposed upon him of depriving Dryden of his post

and pension as poet laureate. It is said indeed by Lord Macaulay (Hist. of England, iii. 24), that Dorset gave to the poet during his life out of his own pocket an annual pension equal to that which he had lost. His authorities are,—I. An assertion to that effect made by Prior in the dedication of his Works to the son of this Lord Dorset, an assertion made at the time when Prior was a Whig (he afterwards ratted), and a personal and political opponent of Dryden; 2. Some scurrilous lines by that dull poet and furious partisan, Sir Richard Blackmore, written in 1695, intimating that Dorset— 'Despised the flatterer [Dryden], but the poet fed.'

It is likely enough that Prior had no other authority for his assertion than the loose words of Blackmore, which need not imply more than that Dryden experienced the occasional bounty of Dorset, a thing by no means improbable. On the other side we have several distinct declarations of Dryden that he was pressed by poverty since, and because of, the loss of his pension. It becomes therefore a question between the veracity of Dryden and that of Prior, and, of the two, we prefer to believe Dryden.

1. 36. Alceste, the misanthrope of Molière's play, prefers to a fantastic and affected sonnet which its author has just recited, an old song, such as that which I am going to repeat to you: '

The

'Si le roi m'avait donné

Paris sa grand'ville,
Et qu'il me fallût quitter
L'amour de ma mie,
Je dirais au roi Henri :
Reprenez votre Paris ;

J'aime mieux ma mie, oh gai!

. J'aime mieux ma mie.'

P. 437, 1. 12. Bayle' here quoted is perhaps François Bayle, a native of Languedoc, who died in 1709, and was a celebrated medical writer in his day. The work referred to might be his 'Dissertationes physicæ, ubi principia proprietatum in œconomiâ corporis animalis in plantis et animalibus demonstrantur' (1677).

1. 18. Cic. De Nat. Deorum, ii. 51.

1. 20. William Dampier, a Somersetshire man, born about 1652, one of the most famous of the English buccaneers or sea rovers, who were the terror of the Spanish colonies and commerce in the seventeenth century, published his Voyage round the World in 1691. His Voyages were afterwards published in three volumes between the years 1697 and 1709.

P. 438, l. I. Neque calce lupus quenquam, neque dente petit bos.'— Horace.

1. 19. Essay on Human Understanding, Bk. II. Ch. ix. § 13. (Morley.) 1. 33. The passage is in Dr. Henry More's Antidote against Atheism, ook II, ch. x. Henry More (1614-1687) was one of the ablest of the Cambridge school of Platonizing divines. Jerome Cardan, a native of Pavia, a celebrated medical and philosophical writer, died at Rome in 1576.

P. 439, 1. 31. Pennant, in his British Zoology, says nothing about the mole's eye having but one humour in it,' but states that the eye, besides being very small and closely covered with fur, has a third very wonderful contrivance for its security, being furnished with a certain muscle, by which the animal has the power of withdrawing or exserting it according to its exigencies.'

P. 444, l. 25. Addison is referring to the colossal works of the schoolmen of the middle ages, such as Peter Lombard, Aquinas, and Scotus, whose treatises are made up of Quæstiones, Objectiones, and Responsiones, and divided into Distinctiones.'

P. 445, 1. 5. The lane in question still retains its name; it turns out of High Street, just below University College.

1. 8. Father Martinus Smiglecius, a Polish Jesuit, died at Kalicz in 1618. His treatise on Logic is highly praised by Rapin, whose eulogy is endorsed by Bayle. 'The English,' says Bayle, have done justice to this work of Smiglecius; they have caused it to be reprinted in their country.' It was printed at Oxford in 1658.

1. 10.

Desiderius Erasmus (1467-1536), the great promoter of learning in the sixteenth century, was a native of Rotterdam. The Greek Testament was first given to the world in print under his care.

1. 23. Louis XIV of France, whom the victorious logic of Marlborough's guns at Blenheim and Oudenarde had baffled at his own weapons.'

1. 33. The story is told of the Emperor Hadrian. See Bacon's Apophthegms, No. 160. (Morley.)

1. 37. Hudibras, Part ii. § 1, 297 :

'Quoth she, I've heard old cunning stagers

Say, fools for arguments use wagers.'

1. 40. The French Huguenots who were forced to take refuge in England, Holland, and other countries, upon the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685.

P. 446, 1. 3. The reference is to the article in Bayle's Dictionary on Andreas Ammonius, an Italian scholar who lived in England during the early part of the reign of Henry VIII, and died in 1520 (Morley). What Ammonius said as to the price of wood being raised by the executions at Smithfield, had reference to the burning of Lollards, not of Protestants.

1. 5. A Sorites, so called from oŵpos, a heap, is a series of propositions, the predicate of each becoming the subject of the next. An instance isAll A is B, all B is C, all C is D, therefore all A is D. The reasoning of a sorites is unanswerable, and so, Addison would imply, is commonly that of fire and faggot.

1. 17. A more exact acquaintance with English history would have made Addison see that not all the methods of coercion here named could fairly be called 'popish refinements.' Racks, gibbets, and dungeons' were used by the government of Elizabeth to convince English Catholics with little les