were repeatedly appointed by King William, on occasion of his going abroad, under the great seal, namely, 5th May, 1695; May, 1696; 22nd April, 1697; 16th July, 1698; and 31st May, 1699. dians of the realm, during his absence; and similar aptments were very frequent under the early Norman and tagenet kings. There is a commission of a Custos Regni Viner of the reign of John. One by Edward I. to the of Pembroke describes the powers of the office in terms One of the provisions of the statute of 12 & 13 Wm. III. b imply that it had long been familiar, as extending over (passed in 1700) for settling the succession in the House of hose things which pertain to the said custody (quae ad Hanover, was, That no person who shall hereafter come to custodiam pertinent); and the same words are common the possession of this crown shall go out of the dominions of bsequent commissions. And down to the present time England, Scotland, or Ireland, without consent of parliament.' officers have been appointed under various names, and This clause, however, was repealed in 1716, by 1 Geo. I. stat. more or less extensive powers according to circumstances. 2, c. 51. The repealing act was passed to gratify the king, ator, lieutenant, or locum 'tenens, and regent, have | whose impatience to visit his German dominions, says Coxe among the other names by which they have been known. in his Life of Walpole,' i. 77, now became so great as ats and councils of regency, during the nonage of the totally to overcome every restraint of prudence and suggestion queen, have been sometimes named by the preceding of propriety, and imperiously to demand indulgence. The sor of the crown ; but in modern times such arrange | ministry, continues the historian, were considerably emhare been usually made by statute. Coke remarks (4 barrassed on this occasion ; and drew up a strong remonstrance, 58) that the methods of appointing a guardian or regent representing the inconvenience which would result from the been so various, that the surest way is to have him projected journey. The remonstrance, however, not only by authority of the great council in parliament.' failed of success, but so far exasperated the king, that he demost familiar case of the appointment by the crown of clared he would not endure a longer confinement in this esentative to exercise the supreme executive power, not kingdom.' It was thought more respectful to his majesty to colony or dependency, is that of the appointment of a obtain a repeal of the restraining clause at once, than to ask a for Ireland, who has commonly borne the name of parliament merely for the leave of absence; and the bili Ard Lieutenant or the Lord Deputy; or of a council of passed through all its stages in both Houses without a dissentest composed of Lords Justices. ing voice, the Tories being favourably disposed to the pringovernor-general of Ireland under the crown has been ciple, and the Whigs averse or frightened to offend the king. different times custos (keeper or guardian), justiciary, His majesty, who was at variance with his eldest son, now , procurator, seneschal, constable, justice, deputy, and interposed another difficulty, refusing to intrust the governart. Viceroy is a popular name of modern introduction. meut during his absence to the prince, without joining other ly, upon the avoidance of the king's lieutenant for Ire- persons with him in the commission, and also limiting Iris death or otherwise, the privy council there was au- authority by the most rigorous restrictions. Upon this point, to elect a successor, with the restriction that he should however, he yielded at last to the representations of the Englishman and no spiritual person, who held office till ministers, who concluded a long exposition of reasons against ag appointed another. The antient powers of this his leaving the kingdom at all at that crisis by stating that, were almost regal; he performed every act of govern- upon a careful perusal of the precedents, finding no instance thout any previous communication with England; and of persons being joined in commission with the Prince of be left the country he even appointed his own deputy. Wales in the appointment of a regency, and few, if any, bout the time of the Revolution, however, till after the restrictions upon such commissions,' they were of opinion that cement of the reign of George III., the lord-lieu- the constant tenor of antient practice could not conveniently resided very little in Ireland; in several instances the be receded from. (See the paper in Coxe, ii. 51-54.) Upon appointed to the office never went over; in other cases this the king submitted to give the prince the sole direction over once in two years to hold the session of parlia- of affairs; yet,' says Coxe, quoting from the work called d the government was very often left in the hands "The Political State of Great Britain,' 'he appointed him . justices, without a lord-lieutenant at all. In modern Guardian of the Realm and Lieutenant, an office unknown in appointment of lords justices for Ireland has only England since it was enjoyed by Edward the Black Prince.' e on the occasional absences of the lord-lieutenant, In point of fact the title given to the prince in the original by the interval which has sometimes occurred between Latin commission was Custos Regni nostri et Locum tenens, ise of one lord-lieutenant and the appointment of which were the same words that had been commonly used in The lords justices have usually been the lord pri- all such commissions down to the reign of Henry VIII., with be lord chancellor, and the commander of the forces. this difference only, that one of the two titles (more frequently Infand lords justices and regencies have been repeat- Custos Reyni) was alone employed. The earliest use of the pointed since the Revolution, on occasion of the king term regent appears to have been in the commission from broad; and the appointment has usually, if not always, Henry VIII. to Queen Katherine Parr, when he went over de by royal letters patent under the great scal, in the to Boulogne in 1544, in which she is styled Rectrix et Guberinner as the lords-lieutenant or lords justices of Ire-natrix Regni nostri. Queen Mary, the wife of William III., ve always been appointed. In some cases, however, of parliament has been called in for certain purposes. King William went over to Ireland, in 1689, he of authority appointed the administration of the governbe in the hands of the queen during his absence out kingdom, not, however, we suppose, by letters patent, ly by declaration at the council-table; and at the same act of parliament was passed, 1 & 2 Wm. and Mary, a the preamble of which that declaration of his mapleasure was recited, and it was enacted, that whend as often as his majesty should be absent out of this f England, it should and might be lawful for the queen rise and administer the regal power and government ames of both their majesties, for such time only, their joint lives, as his majesty should be absent. 1 was considered to be necessary or expedient, in cone of the peculiar circumstances in which the queen red by the Act of Settlement, which had declared that e. perfect, and full exercise of the regal power and ent should be only in and executed by his majesty in s of both their majesties during their joint lives. It the same time provided, That as often as his majesty ra into this kingdom of England, the sole adminisof the regal power and government thereof, and all the as, territories, and plantations there unto belonging or 1, shall be in his majesty only, as if this act had bon made. After the queen's death lords justices P. C. S., No. 102. whose case is the next that occurs, seems, as already stated, to have had no commission; and, being queen regnant in her own right, she was not even popularly styled regent. When George I. went abroad the next time, in May, 1719, he intrusted the government during his absence not to a regent, or any single person, but to thirteen lords justices, namely, the Archbishop of Canterbury and the principal officers of the state. A translation of the commission issued on this occasion, or rather, of the warrant to the attorneygeneral to prepare the commission, has been printed in the report of a committee of the House of Commons which sat in December, 1788, and affords us probably the most complete information to be found, in a printed form, on the subject of the present article. The committee state that they had found no entry of any earlier commission, except of the one issued in 1695, and that that was nearly the same with this of 1719, which appears to have been also closely followed in others subsequently issued. The commission begins by reciting that his majesty had determined, for divers weighty reasons, speedily to go in person beyond the seas.' The persons commissioned are appointed to be our guardians and justices (Justiciarii must be the Latin term) of our said kingdom of Great Britain, and our lieutenants in the same, during our absence out of our said kingdom, or till further signification of our pleasure;' and they were authorized, four being made a quorum, to execute the office and place of guardians, &c., and to order, do, and perform all and every act and acts of VOL. II. - S KAFFA, a country in the eastern parts of Africa, of which we have only lately got some information, and which hitherto has not been visited by any European traveller, so far as is known. It is said to be of considerable extent, larger than Shoa [ABYSSINIA, P. C. S.], and appears to occupy the space between 30 and 50 N. lat. and 30° and 34°E. long. It contains several high mountains, which are separated from one another by wide valleys. Numerous watercourses drain the country, and all of them join the Goshop, a large river originating in several branches to the south and west of Kaffa, which probably falls into one of the rivers whose embouchures have been recognised on the coast of Zanguebar. On the north of Kaffa is Enarea, and on the west a wilderness, in which numerous herds of large quadrupeds (elephants, giraffes, &c.) are found. The country is fertile, and partly well cultivated. Cotton is grown to a great extent. The coffee-tree is there, as well as in the neighbouring country of Enarea, indigenous and a forest-tree. It is not stated that coffee is an article of export, but it is thought that the coffee called in these parts gava has derived its name from this country, as the Arabs assert that it has been transplanted to Yemen from that part of Africa. The capital is Soonee, a town which, according to the accounts of African travellers, has between 6000 and 7000 inhabitants. This place and some others are visited by the merchants of Enarea, who exchange their goods (rock-salt, copper, horses, cattle, and some India stuffs, brought from Gondar), for cotton, cotton-cloth, which is made in the country, and slaves; this is the only way by which the inhabitants dispose of their produce and obtain foreign goods. The inhabitants, it is said, call themselves Christians, but none of the practices by which the Abyssinian church is distinguished. are in use among them. (Krapf, Bericht von dem Flusse Goshop und den Ländern Enarea, Kaffa, und Doko, in the Monatsberichte der Berliner Gesellschaft für Erdkunde.) KAIN, LE, ÎIENRI-LOUIS, a French actor, so often spoken of in the memoirs of French literature in the middle of the eighteenth century, that some account of him may be use ful. He was born in 1728, and died in 1778. He was a protégé of Voltaire, who observed the natural strength of his histrionic genius, and removed him from an humble operative profession. He acquired his chief celebrity in the characters of Voltaire's plays; yet, owing to a singular series of events, that author never saw him on the stage. He was unable to make his début until seventeen months after Voltaire's departure for Prussia, in 1750, and on the author's return, after an absence from Paris of twenty-eight years, he found the actor about to be buried. Louis XV. stamped the reputation of Le Kain, by saying, Il m'a fait pleurer; moi qui ne pleure guère.' Like the English actor to whose name that of Le Kain bears a great resemblance, he was small in person, and his success arose from his power of representing deep passion and vehement emotion. The character of his acting was novel, and while it fascinated the audience, it did not at first satisfy the critics, who termed him le convulsionnaire. He was critical and accurate in costume, and attended minutely to its topical and chronological applicability. (Biographie Universelle.) KALEIDOSCOPE, a name compounded of two Greek words (Kalds and okóros), and denoting the exhibition of beautiful forms, is the designation of an optical instrument which was invented by Dr. (Sir David) Brewster, and made public in 1817. About three years before that time Sir David Brewster, being engaged in making experiments on the polarization of light by reflexion from plates of glass, observed that when two plates were inclined to one another, and the eye of the spectator was nearly in the produced line of the common section of their planes, the farther extremities of the plates were multiplied by successive reflexions so as to exhibit the appearance of a circle divided into sectors, also that the several images of a candle near those extremities were circularly disposed about the centre; and these circumstances suggested to him the construction of an instrument of the kind above named. It may be observed, however, that the multiplication of the image of an object by successive reflexions from mirrors in K. clined to one another had long before been a subject of i tigation in treatises on optics; and both Baptista Ports Kircher had given descriptions of instruments consisting mirrors united at two of their edges, which, being opened two leaves of a book, were capable of multiplying the in of objects. Bradley also, about the year 1717, constr an instrument consisting of two plates of glass inclined to another, which being placed on a drawing, with the line section perpendicular to the paper, exhibited to the eye s images of the figures, disposed by successive reflexions al a centre. But the optical investigations alluded to are r remotely connected with the properties of the kaleidosc and the application of the latter to objects which may moveable and situated at any distances from the t render Sir David Brewster's instrument very different in and far superior to the simple contrivances of Porta, Kir and Bradley. The essential parts of the instrument consist of two mirrors of glass, having their posterior surfaces blacketed order to prevent any reflexion of light from thence; of polished metal would, however, be preferable: each is from six to ten inches long, and of a trapezoidal fum, larger end about an inch and a half long, and the sha about three-quarters of an inch; and the two are pla contact with one another at a long end of each, so as a dihedral angle, the like ends being placed together: object to be viewed is disposed contiguously to the ends, and the eye should be near the opposite extreraity a little above the line of contact. The effects produced the reflexions of the light may be understood from the foll ing considerations :Let A C, BC, in the first of the figures, be the two tremities of the mirrors on the side farthest from the eye the observer, which is supposed to be near the opposite tremity of the line of section passing through C perpendi larly to the plane of the paper. These lines A C, BC the sectoral space between them (which in the figures eighth part of a circle), will be visible by rays coming. rectly to the eye; and, at the same time, rays from the A C falling on the mirror B C at a certain angle of incide will, on being reflected from thence to the eye, give the image Ca of that line; in like manner rays from the BC falling on the mirror AC at an equal angle of incide will, after reflexion, give rise to the image Cb of the These, with the intermediate rays, produce the first relief sectors BC a and A Cb. Other rays from the sector A at the surface of the mirror AC will fall on the mirror and, while a portion of them arrive at such angles of incides as to be reflected to the eye and produce the perception of sector a CV, another portion of them will be reflected to the mirror AC at such angles of incidence as to be reflected to the eye and cause the perception, of the soc ' C b. In a similar manner the rays first reflected fre BC a will, by subsequent reflexions, give rise to the perce tions of the sectors b Ca', U Ca". Thus it is easy to perceive that an object, as M, on AC with its immediately reflected image M', will give rise to th appearances of similar figures at mm, mm; and an ulje as N, on AB, with its immediately reflected image X wil give rise to the appearances of similar figures at an, " also an object, as P, between AC and C, will appear reflexion similarly situated in all the other sectors. If the angle ACB beth of four right angles, in which m however, if necessary, be assisted by a concave or a con cessive reflexions from the mirrors, produced in the field of Sir David Brewster's account of his invention is contained in his Treatise on the Kaleidoscope' (Edinburgh, 1819): but Dr. Roget has shown (Annals of Philosophy,' vol. xi.) that the properties of the instrument may be greatly extended by employing, instead of two, three and even four plane mirrors, united together at their edges so as to form a hollow prism, or a frustum of a pyramid, the reflecting surfaces being towards the interior. Of these, which are called Polycentral Kaleidoscopes, the instruments constructed with three plane mirrors appear to produce the most pleasing effects; the mirrors may be disposed so that a section perpendicular to the axis shall be an equilateral triangle, a right-angled isosceles triangle, or a right-angled triangle having its two acute angles equal to 30° and 60°. The first disposition of the mirrors affords regular combinations of images in three different directions which cross each other at angles of 60° and 120°; and to instruments of this kind Dr. Roget gave the name of Triascope. With the second disposition the field is divided into square compartments having the hypotenuse of the triangle for their sides: this is called a Tetrascope. The third disposition exhibits a field of view divided into hexagonal compartments; and hence the instrument is designated a Hexascope. and several opticians of London and other places were duly Sir David Brewster obtained a patent for the kaleidoscope, authorized by him to execute and sell them: but the refine ments of taste are too often disregarded in the purchase of I frst kaleidoscopes constructed by Sir David Brewster works of art; and, apparently, the public did not adequately al simply of the two mirrors, which were fixed in a encourage the manufacture of the instruments of a superior ital tube; the objects were pieces of variously coloured kind; while, in violation of the patent, imitations of the attached to the farther ends of the mirrors and project-kaleidoscope, rudely and inaccurately constructed, were sold the sectoral space A CB between them; or the objects at low prices, by unprincipled persons, in such numbers that placed between two plates of very thin glass, and held it is doubtful whether the distinguished philosopher to whom optical science is on many accounts so highly indebted derived any pecuniary benefit from his invention. the hand or fixed in a cell at the end of the tube. In some David Brewster subsequently found means to obtain ed images of such objects as flowers, trees, and even or things in motion: and thus the importance of the t was greatly increased. For this purpose he caused Let mirrors to be fixed in a tube as before, but this tube ontained in another from which, like the eye-tube of a pe, it could be drawn at pleasure towards the eye: at psite end of the exterior tube was fixed a glass lens of ent focal length, by which there were formed images of distant objects at the place of the sector ACB. These ages thus became objects which, being multiplied by suc It has been KALENDAR, REVOLUTIONARY. pointed out that there is a mistake in the commencement of the French revolutionary years as given in YEAR, P. C. On examination we find that not only the article cited, but many other works give an account of this kalendar which is more or less incorrect. The decrees of the National Convention, which fixed the new mode of reckoning, were both vague and insufficient, so that it is no wonder that many detailed accounts neither agree with each other nor with the truth. To learn what the truth was, we have recourse to a French work, in its sixth edition: Concordance des Calendriers Républicain et Grégorien,' par L. Rondonneau, Paris (Gième édition), 1812, 8vo. This work puts every day of every year, from An II. to An XXII. both inclusive, opposite to its day of the Gregorian calendar: it also gives the decrees of the National Con vention. By these decrees it appears that the year is to begin at the midnight of Paris Observatory which precedes the true autumnal equinox. It is to consist of 365 days, with 12 months of 30 days each (the 30 days being 3 decades of 10 days each), and 5 complementary days, which were tastefully called sansculotides (a name afterwards repealed). A sixth complementary day was to be added, not according to any rule, but selon que la position de l'équinoxe le comporte: and although it was stated that it would be ordinairement nécessaire to add this 366th day once in four years, yet it is not even stated in what particular coming years the necessity would arise. The first decree, dated October 5, 1793 (the new month not having been introduced), declares the year then current to be the second year of the French republic, and enacts that An I. began with September 22, 1792, and An II. with September 22, 1793. The second decree, fixing the months, is dated the 4th of Frimaire, An II. (November 24th, 1793). The Gregorian reckoning was restored from and after January 1, 1806, by an imperial ordonnance, dated 22 Fructidor, An XIII. (September 9, 1805). It is to actual usage then that we must appeal to know what the decrees do not prescribe, namely, the position of the leapyears. For though every period of four years was a Franciad, and the last year of the Franciad was called Sextile (having six complementary days,) yet in fact An IV., An VIII., &c., are not leap-years. The following list, actually made from the work above mentioned, must be used as a correction of that in YEAR, P. C. For various matters connected with the public debt, &c., it was necessary to construct the table up to An XXII. 21, 22, 23 21, 22, 23 20, 21, 22 19,-20, 21 is March 21, 22, 23 is April 20, 21, 22 is May 20, 21, 22 is June 19, 20, 21 is July 19, 20, 21 is Aug. 18, 19, 20 12, 11, 10 13, 12, 11 11, 10, 9 12, 11, 10 12, 11, 10 13, 12, 11 1 Jan. is Niv. But when the Gregorian year is leap-year the beginnings of the months are as follows, according as the republican year begins on September 22, 23, or 24: 1 Vendém. is Sept. 22, 23, 24 1 Frim. 1 Niv. 1 Pluv. 1 Vent. 1 Germ. 1 Messid. is Oct. 22, 23, 24 is March 20, 21, 22 1 Flor. is April 19, 20, 21 1 Prair. is May 19, 20, 21 is June 18, 19, 20 18, 19, 20 17, 18, 19 1 Thermid. is July 1 Fructid. is Aug. 1 Jan. is Niv. 1 Feb. is Pluv. 12, 11, 10 13, 12, 11 12, 11, 10 13, 12, 11 13, 12, 11 14, 13, 12 1 March is Vent. 1 April is Germ. 1 May is Flor. 1 June is Prair. 1 July is Messid. 1 Aug. is Thermid. 15, 14, 13 1 Sept. is Fructid. 16, 15, 14 14, 13, 12 9 1 Oct. 1 Nov. 1 Dec. is Vendém. 11, 10, is Brum. 12, 11, 10 is Frim. 12, 11, 10 For instance, what is 14 Floréal, An XII. The reside year begins Sept. 24, 1803, so Floreal falls in 1804, which Gregorian leap-year. Look at the third Table, and wis year begins Sept. 24, the first of Floréal is April 21;. quently the 14th is May 4, 1804. Again, what is 1800, in the French calendar? The year is not Gre leap-year; and An VIII. contains it, which begius S Look in the second Table, and in such a year it apa June 1 is the 12th of Prairial; therefore Juae 17 Prairial 28. KALGUJEW is a considerable island in the relat Mesen, in the Russian government of Archangel, and to the north of the peninsula of Schemonkonski. I tween 68° and 69° 40′ N. lat., aud 47° 30′ and 48 1/ and is about 66 miles in diameter. The surface is u it has some low mountains, which rise in the centre, tarivers, and several brooks of fresh water. The s covered, as in Mesen, with mosses; there are ex morasses; the ground bears nothing but berries, s® | scorbutic plants, and stunted bushes. The surround 2 shallow, but swarms with fish; the coast abounds a walrusses, and other such animals. The cliffs are with an incredible number of sea-birds; the interior of polar bears, foxes, &c. Except a few Samoides the no settled inhabitants. A colony of Raskolnicks et themselves here in the 18th century: but soon ic island. At present it is only frequented by fisher seal-hunters from Mesen and Archangel. The little Plokti-Kockti and some others are near to Kalgujes (Hassel, Handbuch, vol. xi.; Cannabich, Lehrbet v KALMIA, a genus of plants named by Linnaeus ta of Peter Kalm, professor at Abo in Sweden. It h five-leaved calyx, a cyathiform corolla, with an ana open limb having ten niches in its sides. The cap celled and many-seeded. The species are evergreen with alternate or verticillate leaves. K. latifolia has its leaves on long petioles, seati three in a whorl, smooth and green on each side, native of N. America from Canada to North Carolina. sides of stony hills. It has various names in the States, Laurel Ivy, Spoonwood, Calico-bush, &c. The are red, and when in blossom have a very elegant appe The leaves of this species are said by Barton to be pe to man and beast, but their action can be but feeble z portant, for animals are known to feed on the plant wi any evident effect. Bigelow however states that tb đề pheasants having eaten this plant has produced so severe disease attributable to this cause alone. Ter of the K. latifolia exude a large quantity of sweet Š juice, which is greedily collected by bees and wasje, honey formed from it is injurious to man, and the swallowed itself, will produce an intoxication of an kind. A brown powder which adheres to the sh branches is used as a sternutatory by the Americans. K. angustifolia, Haulm-leaved Kalmia, has petiolate le scattered or three in a whorl, oblong, obtuse, rathe clothed with glandular pubescence. It is a native o beneath; corymbs lateral, bracts linear; peduncles and America from Canada to the Carolinas, in bogs and and sometimes in dry mountain lands. It is a shrun eight feet in height, with dark red flowers. It is called h Laurel in North America, as it is supposed to be very inj to sheep. Several varieties of this plant with lighter ane da flowers have been described. There are several other s all of them natives of North America. They are all re ables for the irritability of their stamens, and cach of stamens has a little cavity formed for it in the cor", serve as a protection to the anthers. They are handsome shrubs when in blossom, and are g favourites in gardens and shrubberies. They grow be peat soil, or they may be planted in a very sandy lo vegetable mould. They may be propagated by Ly seeds. When the seeds are used they should be sown in the spring in flat pans or pots filled with peat earth, very slightly covered over; the pots may be then I close frame, or in the front of a hothouse, till the come up, when they may be transplanted to other pots, w should stand in a close frame till they have struck root, t should then be hardened to the air by degrees. " (Don, Gardener's Dict.; Burnett, Outlines of Bota y KATER, HENRY, an English mathematician of a eminence, and an excellent practical philosopher, we | Bristol, April 16th, 1777, but of his early lite very . He obtained a commission in the army; and in while holding the rank of lieutenant in the 12th regiment fantry), he became a student in the senior department of Royal Military College, Sandhurst. During his residence institution he was promoted to a company in the 62nd t: and on quitting the College he received a certificate erst class. He was afterwards made brigade-major of estern district. Besides these valuable papers, Captain Kater was the author of a large portion of the work entitled A Treatise on Mechanics,' constituting one of the volumes of Dr. Lardner's Cyclopædia'-this volume being the joint production of Lardner and Kater. In it is a chapter on the subject of pendulums constructed on the principle above mentioned; and it may be observed that, for the purpose of measuring the distance between the knife-edges, Captain Kater employed a scale furnished with powerful microscopes, to one of which a micrometer was adapted: with this apparatus the 10,000th part of an inch becomes a measurable quantity. He published in 1832 An Account of the Construction and Verification of certain Standards of Linear Measures for the Russian Government,' 4to., London. ain Kater was first engaged in making experiments to ce the relative merits of reflecting telescopes conaccording to the methods of Cassegrain and Gregory; conclusion was that the ratio of the illuminating power mer to that of the latter kind was as 24 to 1. On this be wrote two papers, entitled On the Light of the rainian telescope compared with that of the Gregorian,’ wa were published in the Philosophical Transactions' fordon, and in 1814 he received from the Emperor of Russia the 3. Captain Kater was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Londecoration of the Order of St. Anne. After a life spent in philosophical research, he died in London, April 26, 1835, leaving behind him many proofs of his zeal for the promotion of physical science. The determination of the precise length of the seconds' an, an object of high importance in physical science, the attention of Captain Kater during several years. thods which had previously been employed to deter- (From the papers in the Philosophical Transactions.) rately the centre of oscillation in an irregular and KAUFMANN, MARIA ANGELICA, was born at ous body vibrating as a pendulum were found Chur in the Grisons, or Graubündten, in 1741 or 1742. Her adequate to this purpose; but Captain Kater suc- father, Joseph Kaufmann, was a portrait painter, of very orsurmounting the difficulty by availing himself of a dinary ability; he, however, devoted unusual attention to the y of that centre which had been demonstrated by education of his daughter, who displayed uncommon abilities : this property is that, if the centre of oscillation at an early age, both for painting and for music. He took her, pended body be made the point of suspension, the while still young, to Milan, where they dwelt some time; and perform a vibration about it in a time equal to that in 1763 they visited Rome, and there Angelica attracted uniit performs a vibration about the original point of versal notice among the virtuosi, and obtained considerable The distance between the two points, experi-reputation for her portraits in oil: in singing too, according ly obtained, is evidently equal to the length of a ma- to Winckelmann, she was equal to any of her contempora fal pendulum vibrating in the same time as the given ries. She painted a half-length of Winckelmann and made . The knife-edge mode of suspension was first used an etching of it herself. Winckelmann, in a letter to a friend, Captain Kater in these experiments; and the details of speaks in admiring terms of Angelica's accomplishments, onstruction of the pendulum are contained in a paper especially her facility in speaking the German, Italian, French, was published in the Philosophical Transactions' for and English languages. PENDULUM, P. C., pp. 408, 409.] In 1765 Angelica visited Venice, and in the same year A having been introduced into parliament for establish- came, in company, with Lady Wentworth, to England, where or system of weights and measures in this country, she was received in a most flattering manner: she was elected Kater distinguished himself by the experiments which one of the original thirty-six members of the Royal Academy, * to ascertain the length of the seconds' pendulum, for founded in 1768. She returned to Italy in 1782, having in se of assigning the physical value of the English the previous year been married to Antonio Zucchi; she did 4l these experiments gave for the length of such pen- not, however, change her name, but was always known as a London, in vacuo and when reduced to the level of Angelica Kaufmann. She died at Rome in 1807, or accord13929 inches. At the request of the Royal Societying to some accounts in 1808. She etched several plates, and Captain Kater proceeded, with the instruments, many of her own works have been engraved by Bartolozzi and 1518, to Dunnose in the Isle of Wight, to Arbury other eminent engravers. Angelica is said, previously to her Chiton, Leith Fort, Portsoy, and the island of Unst, marriage with Zucchi, to have been cheated into a marriage e made the necessary experiments; and he subse- with an adventurer who gave himself out as a Swedish count: computed for those places the several lengths of the as the story, however, though often repeated, does not appear pendulum: an account of the experiments, with the to be sufficiently authenticated, an allusion to it is sufficient. * results, was published in the Philosophical Trans- The account of her which appeared in Huber's Manuel des for 1819. Captain Kater also investigated, by the Amateurs,' &c., in 1796, was declared to be wholly incorrect Clairant's theorem, the diminution of terrestrial gravity by Angelica herself, in an Italian periodical in 1806; but the he pole to the equator; and the great accuracy with story of the impostor does not occur in this notice. the force of gravity may be determined by means of dalum suggested to him the application of the latter to *urtant purpose of finding the minute variations of that m different parts of a country whose substrata consist of s having different degrees of density. 6 Angelica, though not beautiful, had a very graceful person and most agreeable manners, and she was very highly accomplished generally. To these attractions must be attributed her success, for as a painter she did nothing of value beyond an elegant female portrait, or an occasional female figure. Her compositions are deficient in every essential quality of art; in drawing she was extremely feeble, and her male and female characters are not otherwise different than in costume. the name of Captain Kater will be transmitted to posin connection chiefly with his invention of the floating or, an instrument which has conferred on practical essential benefits, its object being the determination position of the line of collimation in the telescope d to an astronomical circle; and this end is obtained collimator with greater certainty than by the spiritthe plumb-line, or by the reflexion of an object from e of a fluid. [COLLIMATOR, P. C.] Accounts of Kater's horizontal and vertical collimators are given Philosophical Transactions' for 1825 and 1828. Philosophical Transactions' contain also a paper by Kater on an improved method of dividing AstronoCirries and other Instruments; one on the length of the Metre estimated in parts of the English Standard; one able Volcanic Appearance in the Moon in February, 21; two papers on the comparison of British Standards of Measures; one paper entitled An Account of Exs made with an Invariable Pendulum belonging to Dard of Longitude; and two papers on the 'Construcand Ajustment of the New Standards of Weights and Measures in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.' | or two day-schools in London, but, as may casily be supposed, (Goethe, Winkelmann und sein Jahrhundert; Fiorillo, Geschichte der Zeichnenden Künste in Deutschland, &c.; Nagler, Künstler-Lexicon.) KEAN, EDMUND, was born about 1787, in London. His father, Edmund Kean, seems to have been a stage-carpenter; his mother was Miss Ann Carey, daughter of George Savile Carey, and grand-daughter of Henry Carey. [CAREY, HENRY, P. C. S.] George Savile Carey, who was born in 1743 and died in 1807, supported himself by delivering public lectures interspersed with recitations, songs, &c. He was the author of numerous songs and nine dramatic pieces. Miss Carey was an actress at minor theatres and with strolling players and in showmen's booths. have cared little about him, his mother neglected him, and when he was two years old Miss Tidswell, an actress at the large theatres, who was acquainted with Miss Carey, took charge of him, and, probably from this circumstance merely, was reported to have been his mother. He was sent to one Kean's father seems to |