arly forty years with great regularity. In the latter is life he resided in London. He was much admired cher, and frequently gave his aid in behalf of public by delivering a sermon. He died while on a visit n at Tunbridge, Sept. 6, 1821. · . nox's chief works were-1, Essays, Moral and Litemo., 1777, which came out anonymously, and met with success that he republished them in 1778, with addiys, in 2 vols. 12mo.; many editions have been since 1. 2, Liberal Education, or a Practical Treatise on bods of acquiring Useful and Polite Learning,' 8vo., larged in 1785 to 2 vols. 8vo. This work was chiefly to point out the defects of the system of education in lish universities, and is said to have had some effect cing a reformation. 3, Elegant Extracts in Prose,' Winter Evenings, or Lucubrations on Life and Letols. 12mo., 1788. 5, Elegant Extracts in Verse,' 6. 6, Sermons intended to promote Faith, Hope, ty, 1792, 8vo. 7, Elegant Epistles,' 8vo., 1792. By Lectures,' 8vo., 1794. 9, Christian Philosophy, empt to display the Evidence and Excellence of Religion,' 2 vols. 12mo., 1795. 10, Considerations Nature and Efficacy of the Lord's Supper,' 12mo., D. Knox published a few other minor works, occans, and pamphlets. Biography and Obituary, 1822; Watt's Bibliotannica.) ELL, the name of several German and Dutch e painters, of whom the two following are the most sed: order Cyperaceæ. It has the spikes aggregate; the lower KOCH, JOSEPH ANTON, a celebrated German landscape painter, was born of poor parents at Obergiebln am Bach, in the valley of the Lech, in the south of Germany, in 1768. Some of his early attempts attracted the notice of Bishop Umgelder, vicar-general of Augsburg, who placed Koch with a painter in that city and provided for his maintenance. He was shortly afterwards sent by the bishop to the Carls-Academie at Stuttgardt, where he remained seven years, and became in the meantime an able landscape painter. Koch tried his fortune in Rome at an early date, and he met with complete success; he married a Roman girl and settled himself fixedly in Rome, where he enjoyed a great reputation for, with the exception of a short interval, at least half a century, and he was for many years looked upon as the Nestor of the Kat's writings were once much admired. His style German artists there. He died at Rome, January 12, 1839. erable neatness and elegance, but he has little ori- Koch was not exclusively a landscape painter, though he is er power of thought, and his popularity has for some chiefly distinguished as such. He is known for some clever ilradually decreasing. The selections in the Ele-lustrations to Dante. Among his pictures not exclusively landtracts' were made with much taste and judgment. scapes are, Noah's Sacrifice, the Emancipation of the Tyrol by re very useful works in their day, and had for many Hofer, the Flight of Laban, the fresco illustrations to Dante in arge circulation. the Villa Massimi, besides some others. He has painted several fine Alpine views; and many poetical landscapes, which are rather characteristic pictures of a peculiar class of scenery than prospects of particular localities. He frequently composed his landscapes out of such peculiarities of mountain scenery as were congenial with his individual taste, and the NAND KOBELL was born at Mannheim in 1740, and parts were always well arranged, and true and characteristic ated by his father with a view to his obtaining an in their details. In colouring he was not excellent, but rather dle position in the civil service of the Electoral go- heavy and monotonous. His latest works were comparatively 4, under which he himself held the place of hofkam- careless in execution. Koch was also an etcher of consideror counsellor of the exchequer. Ferdinand how-able skill, and among his works in this class are 24 designs an invincible passion for landscape-painting, which from the antient fable of the Argonautic expedition, after rement of the elector palatine, Karl Theodor, Carstens. La finally to follow, notwithstanding the opposition er. He studied eighteen months at Paris, in 1768expense of the elector, who appointed him his painter after his return to Mannheim: he was also ember of and secretary to the Academy of MannIn 1793 he removed to Munich, where he died in Robell was also a very able etcher: a set of his prints, aber, was published in Nürnberg in 1809 :-'Oeuvre K. cristata has a compact panicle, spiked, oval, and inde Ferd, Kobell, peintre de la Cour Electorale Ba-terrupted below, the outer palea 3-ribbed and acute; the afine, et graveur à l'eau forte,' &c. In 1822 a Cata- leaves narrow, rough at the edges, and ciliated. In dry aisonné was published by Baron von Stengel, in places the leaves are much shorter than the stem; in damper $7 prints are described. Nagler has printed a list places elongated, and often nearly as long as the stem. in his Dictionary. Kobell's landscapes are well (Babington, Manual of British Botany.) true in colouring, and executed with care; the them are painted by himself. Z KOBELL, the younger brother of Ferdinand, was Mannheim in 1749. He was intended for a merspent four years in a merchant's house at Mainz; love for the arts, especially landscape and architecture, erruled all obstacles, and his brother's patron, the Karl Theodor, befriended him also, and enabled him, to visit Italy, where he remained an enthusiastic stuItalian scenery, chiefly at Rome, for nine years. bell, though he executed a few pictures in oil, was punter, literally, for his works are almost exclungs, chiefly with the pen, and tinted with sepia. industrious in this style of art, that the number of ings is said to exceed ten thousand, the great bulk are in three collections-that of the Duke Albert of Teschen in Vienna, that of H. von Rigal in Paris, of Baron Stengel in Munich. He died at Munich a flattering notice of him appeared in the of the same year, from the pen of his friend author of an excellent work on Italian art of the Die Kunst in Italien,' 3 vols. 8vo., München, " and sel, Miscellaneen Artistischen Inhalts; Lipowsky, Lexicon; Nagler, Künstler-Lexicon.) OBRESIA, a genus of plants belonging to the natural (Nagler, Neues Allgemeines Künstler-Lexicon.) KOELE'RIA, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Gramineae. It has unequal glumes, the upper one with 2 or 3 ribs, shorter than the spikelet, which is compressed. The outer palea is nerved, keeled, and acuminate; the seed loose, and the styles terminal. There is but one British species of this genus. KONIGA, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Cruciferae. It has an oval compressed pouch, from 1 to 2 seeds in each cell, simple filaments, and 8 hypogynous glands. But one British species of this genus has been discovered, K. maritima, which is a procumbent plant, with bipartite hairs, linear lanceolate acute leaves, oval pointed glabrous pods. It is the Lobularia of Koch, and the Glyce of Lindley. The flowers are white and sweet-scented. (Babington, Manual of British Botany.) KOTTBUS. [COTTBUS, P. C.] KRAFFT, ADAM, a celebrated old sculptor and archi. tect of Nürnberg, where he was born about 1435; he married in 1470. There are several of his performances still extant in the city and churches of Nürnberg, but the principal is the remarkable tabernacle in stone, fixed against one of the columns of the choir of the church of St. Lawrence, Lorenzkirche. It is in the form of a square open Gothic spire, and is 64 feet high, the pinnacle being turned downwards, like the crook of the crosier or an episcopal staff, to avoid the arch of the church. The ciborium is placed immediately upon a low platform which is supported partly by the kneeling figures of Adam Krafft and his two assistants; the rail or baluster of the platform is richly carved, and is ornamented with the figures of eight saints. The whole tabernacle is also profusely ornamented with small figures in the round and bassi-rilievi immediately above the ciborium, on three sides, are repeat he Marannan mountains, lains, the Jawur Tr Tagh, and the Jelooh | down, by this affluent serves during the summer to keep up the to be the highest, and to level in the lower part of the Tigris. The water of the Zab etween 12,000 and 13,000 feet above the sea. The de- Ala is much colder than that of the Tigris, The other large ties of the ridges and the valleys present a vigorous vege- rivers of Kurdistan are the Zab Asfal, or Lesser Zab, and the in the numerous forests and in the growth of the dif- Diyalah. They rise in the elevated region dividing Southern kinds of grain and vegetables which are cultivated. Kurdistan from the table-land of Iran, and after draining the forests chiefly consist of different kinds of oak (Quercus first-mentioned country, they fall into the Tigris; they break and infectoria), from which those rumense quan- through all the lower ridges of Southern Kurdistan. gall-nuts are collected which constitute the most There are several considerable towns in Southern Kurdisarticle of commerce in this region. In the valleys tan. The most northern is Arbil (Arbela) or Erbil, built Empean cerealia are raised; and the orchards produce between the Great and Lesser Zab, in a plain which has a ears, pluhis, and cherries. Many of the valleys open very fertile soil, yielding rich crops without being irrigated. the plain of Mesopotamia, and these are wider, but The town is built on some considerable hills, which all traleger number extend from north to south, and are seldom vellers consider as artificial. It contains 6000 people, three than two miles wide, and generally not half so much. large mosques, and two baths. Altun Kupri, on the banks of portion of Kurdistan is in possession of some tribes of the Lesser Zab, contains 8000 inhabitants. Kerkuk, farther which are independent when the pashas of Bag-south, is a rather large place, which carries on a considerable and Mosul are not in arins to punish the least act of commerce with Suleimaniyah, to which place it sends large edient. It meet is as difficult for the Turks to penetrate quantities of gall-nuts, honey, sheep, and cattle, brought fron Be valleys of these regions as for the Russians to get the mountain-region lying farther east, and whence it receives a of those of Circassia. Probably more than half the European, Persian, and Indian goods. Its population may arion are Mohammedans, and the other half Christians, amount to between 10,000 and 12,000 individuals. There whom the Nestorians are the most numerous. Their are some manufactures of coarse calicoes. resides in Julamerik, a small town situated in the the river Zab Ala, or Great Zab, and enjoys almost or a sovereign, Near the southern extremity of e are the toins of Amadiyah and Rowandiz, thie two hence the gall-nuts are exported. Amadiyah lies in from five to six miles wide and very fertile, and is in isolated limestone rock elevated about 80 feet the valley it contains about 200 houses, many of which sted by Jews. The town of Rowandiz is some miles of the peak of Rowandiz. It is built on a tongue of land by the confluence of two rivers, and contains more 0 houses and perhaps 10,000 inhabitants. Numerous pes between this place and Mosul, They export als, madder, hides, and tobacco, and bring back several an and Indian articles. Southern portion of Kurdistan, or that which lies be Suleimaniyah, the modern capital of Southern Kurdistan, and the residence of the hereditary pasha or wall, who' however is dependent on the pasha of Bagdu, is not far from the baise of the Azmir tange, aiid of the peak called Pir Omar Gudrun, which rises to more than 10,000 feet above the sea-level. The plain of Banna, at the castern border öf which it lies, is between 3000 and 4000 feet above the sea. It was built in 1788, and contains more than 2000 houses and about 10,000 inhabitants, six caravanserais, five baths, and five mosques. The commerce with the adjacent countries is considerable, and is concentrated in this place!" ١٠٠٠ Little is known of the climate of Kurdistan, except that of Suleimaniyah, where the winters are very cold an and the summers very hot. Snow covers the plain of Banna for six weeks, or even two months. In May the climate is very agreeable, the thermometer standing at six o'clock in the morning at 66°; ut half-past one, at 78°; and at ten o'clock in the evening at 69° but in July the heat is very oppressive, especially during the north-eastern winds, which are called sherki, and which affect the human body y more than the sambun at Bugta, as they suddenly raise the temperature ten degrees and more, and produce the most unpleasant feeling. They continue to blow sometimes for eight or ten days, and return frequently, even as late as the end of September. When the sherki does not blow, the changes of the atmosphere are very regular in summer. At sun-rise it is quite calm but immediately afterwards a light breeze begins from the east, which increases gradually until the sun attains the meridian, when it blows a gale, or at least strong gusts of wind, from the south. Later in the day the wind turns to the west and moderates. The mornings are generally unpleasant, but the afternoons are very agreeable. The fields of Kurdistan produce wheat, barley, and Indian corn; millet and rice are grown only in the lower districts towards the banks of the Tigris. Tobacco and cotton are largely cultivated, and supply articles of commerce. Legumes, especially lentils, are much grown. Melons, watermelons, and cucumbers are very abundant. The orchards yield figs, pomegranates, olives, oranges, walnuts, apricots, peaches, plums, apples, pears, cherries, and abundance of grapes of good quality; in some places there are plantations of dates. Poplar and chinar trees (plantanus orientalis) are In the second range to see above the snow-fine, as it planted, and athong the forest trees are several kinds of oak, ss which appears the adjacent countries with ice all the year round. untain-region is united to the high masses' surrounding Rowandiz. It is well wooded, whilst the lower ridges are almost entirely destitute of trees. argest river of Kurdistan is the Zab Al or Great ses in the north-western corner of the table-land of and also wild pear-trees of great size, and between them wild rose-bushes. 14 Sheep, cattle, and horses abound; the best horses are imported from Bagdad. There are bears, wild hogs, wild goats, antelopes, and jackals, Land-turtles are frequent, but of small size. Bees are very abundant, and honey is a con ghwithin the boundary ece an elevation of siderable article of commerce; locusts sometimes lay waste a 4000 feet above the sea-level; by its numerous the drainage of almost the whole of Northern Kurnters Southern Kurdistan by a narrow glen where the mountains are connected with the Khair range, the Tigris about 30 miles below Mosul. At the their confluence the rivers ers are nearly equal in size. man of the Tigris are highest in April and Mer, but Zabin June and July, for about that season the greater snow with which the mountain-region is covered e long winter dissolves, and thus the water brought P.C.S. NO. 105. part of the country; birds are not numerous, except partridges and quails. Minerals appear to be scarce, except building-stone. In the mountain-region iron and sulphur are met with; and in some places these mines are worked on a small scale. There are several salt springs in the hills between the lesser Zab and the Diyalah, from which large quantities of salt are obtained. Naphtha and petroleum abound, especially in the vicinity of Kerkük, and some of the springs yield a considerable revenue to the wali; they are noticed by Sebo (p. 735, ed. Cas.). VOL. II.-X As the passes through the ranges of mountains and hills | (Anabasis, iii. 5, 15, &c.) called them Carduchi (Kaslary are rather difficult, single travellers are subject to be robbed and later historians Kopdiator, Topdiator, Gordiani. When and murdered. Commerce is therefore carried on by caravans.ject to the kings of antient Persia, they belonged partly t At least one caravan departs every month from Suleimaniyeh province of Assyria, and partly to Media, as at present for the Persian towns of Tabriz and Hamadan. They take to country is divided between Turkey and Persia. The r Tabriz chiefly goods obtained from Bagdad, as coffee, dates, of Gaugamela (Arbela) was fought in Kurdistan, nezr and European and Indian manufactures; and bring back modern town of Arbil. After the time of Alexander large quantities of silk for the manufacturers of Bagdad, country was united to the kingdom of Syria, but was and some silk stuffs. The exports to Hamadan consist membered from it in the third century before Christ is partly of goods obtained from Bagdad, and partly of the Parthians. It afterwards became a part of the new produce of the country, as tobacco, fruits, honey, gall- empire, and fell with it under the dominion of the cal nuts, &c.; the imports consist of butter, but especially of the Bagdad. After the destruction of the caliphat, Kun manufactures of Kasbin, as velvets, brocades, cotton goods, partook of the numerous revolutions in Persia and Mo &c. The commerce with Kerkuk, which is the chief market potamia. The famous sultan Saladin was a Kurd for the produce of Kurdistan, is very active; from that place tribe of Rewandooz, and appears to have got poss are brought to Suleimaniyah gall-nuts, honey, sheep-skins, least of a part of the country. But it soon passed al and cattle; and exchanged for fruits, rice, leather, coffee, dominion of the Moguls (1258), and finally (188) cotton stuffs, &c. There is also much commerce with Bag- conquered by Timur. After the establishment of the dad, where coffee, dates, and European and India goods are dynasty (1502), Kurdistan constituted a part of Peria obtained in exchange for the silk brought from Tabriz, and remained so till the seventeenth century, when the K for the produce of the country, consisting of sheep, gall- oppressed by the Persians, revolted, and subjected the nuts, sumach, cheese, butter, gummi, tallow, soap, and to the dominion of the Turkish emperor, tobacco. These articles are also taken to Mosul, where they are exchanged for calicoes and other cotton stuffs, silks of Damascus and Diarbekr, stuffs for turbans, boots, and shoes. The least active branch of the commerce of Suleimaniyeh is that with Erzerum, to which place hardly anything is exported except those articles which are imported from Bagdad, for which the returns are iron, copper, and mules. Armenia supplies the whole of Kurdistan and some neighbouring countries with these animals. The population of Turkish Kurdistan is estimated at about one million, of which four-fifths are Kurds, and the remainder Armenians, Persians, Jews, and Turks. The Kurdish population of Persian Kurdistan may amount to 20,000 individuals. But as a numerous colony of Kurds is found in Khorassan, and several tribes have also been dispersed over the hilly region in Mesopotamia, and as far west as Aleppo and the Taurus range, the whole population of the nation may perhaps not fall short of two millions. The Kurds are a stout race of men, of dark complexion, with black hair, a large mouth, small eyes, and a savage look. They are very regularly built, and attain a great age. Their language is derived from the same stock as that of the modern Persian, but not having been fixed by writing, it has degenerated much more.. There are several dialects, which vary considerably in proportion to the distance at which the different tribes live from one another. The name of Kurd signifies a valiant warrior, and is therefore adopted as an honourable denomination. In Turkish Kurdistan the nation is composed of two castes, the warriors, called Bebbehr or Babans, and the working people or agriculturists, called Guran. The latter are considered by the Bebbehr as a race of men totally different from them, and are treated as slaves. The Bebbehr never cultivate the ground, and the Guran never serve as soldiers. A great portion of the population is still addicted to a migratory life. Even when settled in villages, they leave them in summer, and retire with their herds to the adjacent mountain-ranges, from which they return when the harvest time approaches. Though the Kurds are as good Mohammedans as their neighbours, their women enjoy a much greater degree of liberty, and are frequently met with in the streets. Ladies of rank wear a veil, but the women of the middling and lower classes go about without. The Kurds are much more inclined to associate than their neighbours the Persians or Turks. The Kurds were known to the antients. Xenophon (Rich, Narrative of a Residence in Kurdistan; s Voyage up the Persian Gulf, and a Journey overland India to England; Ainsworth, Account of a Vint Chaldeans inhabiting Central Kurdistan,' in London Ge Journal, xi.; Ainsworth, Travels and Researches in Minor, &c.; Shiel, Notes on a Journey from T through Kurdistan, &c. to Suleimaniyeh,' in London Journal, vol. vii.; Rawlinson, Journey from Tabrit te Persian Kurdistan, &c.; Ritter, Erdkunde von vol. ix. and xi.) prod KYD, THOMAS, was one of those dramatic pa immediately preceded Shakspere. Three plays of La extant-1, Cornelia; or Pompey the Great, his fair nelia's Tragedy,' a translation, respectably executed, fra French of Garnier, printed in 4to. 1594, 1595; 2, The Part of Jeronimo,' 1605, 4to. 3, The Spanish Tra or Hieronymo is mad again;' of which there are many tions, the oldest known being of 1599, though the pla certainly printed earlier. All the three are in Dodsley Plays. The first Part of Jeronimo' is merely an Int tion to the Spanish Tragedy.' The former, and the latter also, must have been on the stage about the 1587 or 1588; and they kept their place in 1601 and when Ben Jonson was paid for making large additions Second Part, which are in the modern editions, and are worthy of his genius. The portions written by Kydl are the objects of continual ridicule to Shakspere and his temporaries, whose comic characters parody the most extr gant speeches of the mad Hieronymo. Yet the play, eve its Introduction, and still more in the Second Part, p great vigour, both of imagination and of passion. It irregular and rude work, belonging essentially to the inf of the drama, in its conception of character as well plan and in its language. But it was by no means un of the great popularity which it enjoyed. It is a tr bloodshed, after the manner of Titus Andronicus, to however, it is much inferior; and it has been observed more than one critic, that there are in it points which naturally enough be supposed to have suggested tho for Hamlet.' Kyd has also been supposed to have been author of the old Taming of a Shrew, 1594, and of th gedy of Solyman and Perseda, 1599. For the form position there is no ground; and for the other there is no reason than the particular mention made of the story Solyman' in the 'Spanish Tragedy.' Killigrew, Thomas, 138 King, Peter, Lord, 138 Kaufmann, Maria-Angelica, 135 Kiva, Khiva, or Khyva, 140 Klaproth, Julius Heinrich, von, 144 Kléber, Jean-Baptiste, 146 Klingenstierna, Samuel, 148 Knibb, Rev. William, 149 Knox, Rev. Vicesimus, 150 Koch, Joseph Anton, 151 AACHER SEE. [ANDERNACH, P. C.] L. of them, if carried too far, may be injurious to jurisprudence. LABEO, QUINTUS ANTISTIUS, a Roman of some He who handles the matters of law in an enlarged and comaction as a jurist, was the father of a more distinguished prehensive manner may improve jurisprudence; but if he He was at the battle of Philippi, on the side of M. does not well know what the law is, and if he is more eager and Cassius, and after the defeat he killed himself in to change what is established than to maintain its stability, nt, and was buried there. (Appian, Civil Wars, iv. he may destroy the edifice on which he is labouring. He Q. Antistius Labeo, the son, was a pupil of C. Tre- who merely studies the laws of his country as they exist, and but contrary to the practice of that time, instead of is satisfied if he can find authority for anything, however inng himself exclusively to one master, he attended consistent with fair dealing and the general interests of society, He lived in the time of Augustus. Labeo was dis- may be a good lawyer of a kind, but he is a bad citizen. The hed for his knowledge of Roman law and Roman Roman jurisconsulti were mainly engaged in writing on law and also for the freedom with which he expressed his and giving their opinions (responsa) to all persons who cons to Augustus (Suetonius, Octavianus Caesar, c. 54), sulted them. Their business was not that of the modern adwhose measures he set himself in opposition. Some critics vocate, who has to make the best of his client's case. The pose that he is alluded to by Horace (1 Sat. 3. 82); but opposition then between Labeo and Capito, between him re might be other persons of the name of Labeo. Ateius whose method, if judiciously practised, would lead to a prohis rival in legal knowledge, was raised to the consul-gressive improvement of law, and him whose method would Augustus in order that he might have that superiority stop all such improvement, if strictly adhered to, hardly conwhich his talents alone could not give him. Labeo stitutes a ground of like comparison between lawyers in this red any higher honour than the praetorship. (Ta- country. Numerous questions divided the respective followers dan, i. 75.) The character of Labeo is given by of Labeo and Capito; but it is not always easy to discover in ((m. 10): Labeo Antistius principally applied him- the questions, so far as we know them, sufficient to enable us the study of the civil law, and publicly gave his to trace the two opposing principles of the founders of the s to those who consulted him. He was also not un- schools to their just consequences. Much has been written inted with other liberal pursuits, and he deeply studied on this matter; and a great deal has been said for which there mar, dialectic, and antient learning; he was also well is little or no evidence. ted with the origins and principles of Latin words, availed himself of that kind of knowledge especially up most legal difficulties.' He was confident in his 6 and acquirements, and bold enough to advance many Opinions. He was a copious writer, and is said to have red four hundred different treatises, from which there are three excerpts in the Digest, and he is very often cited by oder jurists. Labeo wrote commentaries on the Twelve fifteen books at least on Pontifical Law, and fifteen iplinis Etruscis. His works which are mentioned in Best are, eight books of П0avá, of which Paulus made e with notes; and ten books of Posteriora, so called ing been published after his death, of which Javode an epitome; but Gellius refers to the fortieth book riora. He also wrote Libri ad Edictum, Libri PraeUrtani, and thirty Libri Praetoris Peregrini. trief notice of C. Ateius Capito may be appropriately red here, for he was the rival of Labeo, and founded or school which was opposed to that of Labeo. The of Capito attained the rank of praetor; his grandfather L. virosa, Acrid Lettuce, has leaves with a prickly keel, centurion who served under L. Cornelius Sulla. Capito horizontal, oblong, auricled and clasping, mucronate, dentate ale Consul Suffectus by Augustus A.v.c. 758, and it or sinuated, the beak white, equalling the fruit, which is aring his term of office that he decided that a patron black. This plant is found on hedges, old walls, and the skirts not take his freed woman to wife against her consent, a of fields throughout Europe. It yields a milky juice, which perfectly consistent with Roman principles. Capito when procured and dried has the name Lactucarium. [LACatterer; Labeo was an independent man and said TUCARIUM, P. C.] This substance is also procured from the thought. Instances of Capito's adulation are re-garden lettuce (L. sativa), and in the London Pharmacopoeia by Tacitus (Annal. iii. 70) and Suetonius. He died the L. sativa is the only plant recognised for supplying this time of Tiberius, A.D. 22. (Annal. iii. 75.) substance. Dr. Christison remarks, the London College however, and many cultivators, are wrong in restricting themselves to the garden lettuce, for the preparation of lactucarium. From information communicated to me several years ago by Mr. Duncan, chemist and druggist in this city (Edinburgh), who has often made lactucarium on a large scale, it appears that the Lactuca virosa yields a much larger quantity, and that the produce is of a superior quality. Nor is there any reason for dreading the narcotic properties of the wild lettuce, the scientific name of which has given rise to an exaggerated notion of its activity. The results obtained by Mr. Duncan have been since confirmed by those of Schultz in Germany; who found that a single plant of the garden lettuce yields only 17 grains of lactucarium on an average, while a plant of wild lettuce yields no less than 56 grains. Mr. Duncan has made the observation also that, although the milkiness of the juice increases till the very close of the time of flowering, namely in the wild-lettuce till the month of October in this climate, the value of the lactucarium is deteri orated after the middle of the period of inflorescence; for subsequently while the juice becomes thicker a material decrease takes place in the proportion of bitter extract contained in it.' For an account of Lactuca sativa and its uses as a salad, see The followers of Labeo were called Proculiani, from Proculus, one of the successors of Labeo. Those who attached themselves to the school of Capito were called Sabiniani, or sometimes Schola Cassiana, from Massurius Sabinus and C. Cassius Longinus. For further remarks on the subject of the two schools the reader may consult Puchta, Cursus der Instit., i. 98. LABIATE. [LAMIACEE, P. C.] LA'BIDUS. [MUTILLIDE, P. C. S.] LABYRINTHODON, a genus of fossil reptiles from the new red-sandstone strata. (Owen.) [SALAMANDROIDES, P. C.] LACE-BARK-TREE. [DAPHNE, P. C.] LACMUS. [LITMUS, P. C.] is often cited by other jurists, Proculus, Javolenus, and once by Labeo: they always call him Ateius. reputation as a lawyer was very great. He wrote on Law at least five books, as appears from Gellius (iv. and numerous books of Conjectanea (Gellius, xx, 2; xiv. He also wrote a single book De Officio Senatorio,' from Gellius gives an extract (iv. 10), and a book De Jure iciorum (Macrobius, Saturn. iii. 10). Gellius (xiii. 12) quotes a letter of Capito, in which he speaks highly of e's legal knowledge. There are no excerpts from Capito the Digest. Frm the time of Labeo and Capito we date the formation opposed sects or schools of law among the Romans. The nature of this opposition is collected from the words of (Dig. 1. tit. 2). Labeo was a man of greater ments than Capito and of a bolder temper. He apbis legal studies the stores of knowledge that were to him, and thus was led to many new views. Capito close to what had been transmitted by his predecessors: as one of those who appealed to authority. So far as general principles, we cannot condemn the method of either of these great jurists. Each has its merit, but either LACTU'CA, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Composite, the suborder Liguliflora, the tribe Cichoraces and the subtribe Lactucea of De Candolle. It has a cylindrical imbricated involucre with the scales membranous at the margin and few-flowered; the receptacle naked; the achenium compressed, wingless, with a long filiform beak; the pappus hair-like in several rows. 6 X 2 |