MY R

il of Polycletus under Agelades; he was therefore in the ne of life at about the time that Phidias died; and he lived he height of his fame in Athens, where he was domicied, at the commencement of the Peloponnesian war. liny gives the following account of Myron :-he first obed reputation by a brazen heifer, much celebrated by the ts, which gives Pliny occasion to reflect that men derive e good from the wit of others than from their own. He le also a dog; a quoit thrower; Perseus killing Medusa; , as Bottiger explains prista, sea-monsters; also a satyr ring a flute; Minerva; Delphic pentathletes; pancrats; a Hercules which was in the temple of Pompeius in the eus Maximus; and also a statue of Apollo which Marcus tonius brought from Ephesus, and Augustus restored to the hesians, being warned to do so in a dream.

343

Myron is said to be the first who represented in sculpture ture in her multiplicity of forms: he represented man and mal with equal success; he almost, says Petronius (Satyric. 8), gave the souls of men and animals to brass. He was, Pliny, more numerous and various than Polycletus, but not so exact in his proportions: he was curious in all coreal detail, but paid little regard to expression: whether ny means this or not by the words 'ipse tamen corporum curiosus, animi sensum non expressisse,' it is a characstic which would very probably distinguish a sculptor who excellent in representing animals, a quality indicating a ng love of the variety of forms. Myron seems to have bered in the head and face to the earlier type, as rendered red by age, for he kept the hair, beard, and features in the mal manner of the earlier artists, which he much more bably did from taste than from any want of perception, as ny seems to imply. From an observation of Pliny's, Winckelmann placed Myron k to the time of Anacreon and Erinna: Pliny supposed han epigram of Erinna spoke of a monument to a grasspper and a locust by Myron; this epigram is in the Greek thology, and is ascribed to Anyte, but the Myro, not ron, there spoken of, says Sillig, is a virgin whose charms ere, sometimes fatal to her rivals. Myron executed many forks besides those mentioned by Pliny, though some of them ere preserved at Rome. Augustus placed four oxen in the erties of the temple of Apollo on the Palatine Mount, and tatue of Hercules is mentioned by Cicero as one of the works fundered by Verres. A statue of Apollo also, with the name of lyron on the thigh in silver letters, was plundered by Verres om the temple of Esculapius at Agrigentum, where it had een consecrated by Publius Scipio: Pausanias mentions the erseus killing Medusa. A great work by Myron was a group the Heraum at Samos, of Jupiter with Minerva and Herales, one on each side, of which the figures were colossal: it removed to Rome by M. Antonius, but the Minerva and fercules were restored to their place again by Augustus: the opiter he placed in the Capitol. A Bacchus is mentioned by snsanias, which, he says, after his Erectheus, was Myron's best ork at Athens. The Athletes by Myron must have been very merous, as he was particularly distinguished for works of ne class; there is mention of several in Pausanias and other atient authors; as Ladas, a celebrated Lacedæmonian runner; oof Lycinus, a Lacedæmonian charioteer, at Olympia; manthes of Cleonæ, a pancratiast; Philippus of Pallene, a venile pugilist; and one supposed to be Chionis of Lacelemon, also an Olympic victor, but denied by Pausanias to be Chionis (vi. 13).

All the above works were executed in bronze of Delos; Polycletus used the Ægina bronze. But Myron was also a culptor in marble, a carver in wood, and an engraver of metals. Pliny mentions a celebrated marble statue of a drunken d woman, at Smyrna, by Myron; and Pausanias describes by him a single-bodied Hecate with one head, in wood, which he saw on the island of Ægina: she was the chief divinity of the Eginetans according to Pausanias (ii. 30).

The most celebrated of all Myron's works was his Cow, Towing, and according to some suckling a calf; there are no less than thirty-six epigrams on this work in the Greek Anthology. No human figure has attracted so much notice, and doubtless much of the admiration this work excited was owing to its novelty. Athens was full of gods and men, but bronze animals were certainly rare, and this Cow may have been the Brst good work of its class that was set up at Athens: the horses of Phidias were mere bassi-rilievi placed under a colonmade and of a small size, and, however excellent, would have Hale effect compared with an isolated bronze, perhaps gilded, figure of the natural size, and fixed upon a marble pedestal in

MYR

the centre of a public place. So according to Cicero it still
stood in his time, though it was removed before Pausanias
visited Athens, for he did not see it: in the time of Procopius
it was in the temple of Peace at Rome. Ausonius wrote the
following beautiful epigram on this work :

Bucula sum, cælo genitoris facta Myronis
Erea; nec factam me puto, sed genitam.
Sic me taurus init; sic proxima bucula mugit;
Sic vitulus sitiens ubera nostra petit.
Miraris quod fallo gregem ? gregis ipse magister
Inter pascentes me numerare solet.

(Epig. 58,)

The same idea is still more happily expressed in an old
Greek epigram, incorrectly attributed to Anacreon; the fol-
lowing English version of it is from an old translation of
Anacreon printed by Curl, and is adopted by Fawkes:--

This heifer is not cast, but rolling years
Hardened the life to what it now appears :
Myron unjustly would the honour claim,
But Nature has prevented him in fame.

Sonntag has collected all the numerous epigrams on this
work of art. The Discobolus by Myron was one of the most
celebrated works of antient art: the original was in bronze,
but there are still several antient copies of it in marble, though
not one entire: one in the Campidoglio, one in the Vatican,
and a third was in the Villa Massimi at Rome; that in the
British Museum was found in the villa of Hadrian near Tivoli,
in 1791, and passed into the possession of Mr. Townley
through the hands of Mr. Jenkins, a well-known dealer in
works of art of that time. Some other trunks of antient statues,
which have been variously restored, are also said to be marble
imitations of this work of Myron. The Townley copy ac-
cording to some critics has been incorrectly restored, and the
head is said not to belong to it. In Lucian's description of
the Discobolus of Myron the head is noticed as being turned
and looking back, as it does in some other of the reputed
copies of this celebrated work. It must be observed however
that there is no proof whatever that any of these marbles are
copied from the celebrated Discobolus of Myron. The Abbate
Fea appears to have been the first to suggest the identity,
which occurred to him from the similarity between the Mas-
simi Discobolus found in the Villa Palombara in 1782, and a
Discobolus by Myron as described by Lucian and in part by
Quintilian. Quintilian (ii. 13) merely alludes to its distorted
position and elaborate execution; Lucian (Philopseudes 18.)
describes it more in detail: he says-The Discobolus,
in the twisted posture with the hand reversed and one
knee bent, as if about to vary his attitude and rise with his
throw, his head being turned to rǹy or Tov diкopópov-the
quoit-bearer,' which Fea interprets by the hand in which he
has the quoit.' These words are however sometimes rendered
the girl or boy who holds the quoit;' implying that the
thrower was not yet in action, having only assumed his posi-
tion, turned his head back, and extended his hand to receive
the quoit from the bearer in attendance, who is implied only
by the attitude of the Discobolus, not expressed. The Townley
marble is however throwing the quoit, both knees are bent, and
the toes of the left foot, on which the figure partly rests, are
turned back: the action is perfectly momentary, and he is
already giving the impetus to his throw. Barry preferred the
forward direction of the head, as in this statue, to the turn
spoken of by Lucian and seen in other statues of this subject,
as much more consistent with the necessary impetus of the
the same direction as the body, is very remarkable in Mr.
throw: he says- The position of the head, hanging down in
Townley's figure, as it is a deviation from the original of
Myron, as described by Lucian, and consequently from the
In all other respects these figures agree, and this
Massimi copy, which corresponds perfectly with that descrip-
tion.
deviation appears to have been not unwisely made, as in this
way all ambiguity in the intention of the figure, by the di-
rection of the eyes (which are not wanting in the action), is
ingeniously avoided and in finishing the action, at least an
equal acceleration of impetus is produced by the head shooting
Myron had a son Lycius who was likewise a sculptor. He
upwards and forward, along with the other extremities.'
is mentioned by Pliny, and Pausanias (i. 23.) says he saw
in the Acropolis at Athens a brazen boy holding a laver, by
Lycius the son of Myron (Kühn and Amasaeus read Aurier
instead of Avciov in this passage): Pliny calls Lycius the
pupil of Myron.

(Pliny, Hist. Nat. xxxiv. 8. 19; xxxvi. 5. 4; Junius. C logus Artificum; Sillig, Catalogus Artificum; Sonntag. haltungen für Freunde der alten Literatur, &c., i. Winckelmann, Werke, vol. vi.; Bottiger, Allgemeine 2 cust

sichten und Geschichte der Plastik bei den Griechen, in his many individuals have lived and borne our wilters for Kön Andeutungen zu Karträgen über die Archaeologie, Gothe, hundred years! The myrtle appears to have been introduced Propylen Barry, Works, vol iSee also Specimens of An-into England in the sixteenth century. There are af the e tient Sculpture, published by the Society of Dilettanti, vol. 1, and vol. i. of The Townley Gallery of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, in both of which the Discobolus is engraved.) ALERTÓSA/OH

MYRRILLS, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Umbelliferæ, and to the tribe Scandicineæ. It has an obsolete calyx; obcordate petale, with an inflexed point; the fruit not beaked; the carpel covered the outer membrane with elevated to with a double membrane; hollow within, the inner one close to the seed; no vittæ. The species have

sent time thany fine myrtle trees in Great Britain and Fren
At Cobham Hall, in Kent, there are several specimens
feet high. In the Isle of Wight it forms the ledges of
gardens. It cannot however be relied on, but may
cultivated by protection during the winter. Several are
of the Myrtus communis are found in gardens, of which
following from Don's Gardener's Dictionary, may
garded as the principal of stung by
Mi mekniocarpa (D. C. Prod: 1. p. 239), Turdick
This variety of myrtle is frequent in the south of Europe
and variegated leaves. ill tell to send-awa
Var, a Romana (Mill. p. t. 184. p. 1), leaves dur
O pedicles longer. The common broad-leaved or
to man myrtle... It is sometimes called flower
zo bei tle, because it flowers more freely in England the
any other variety
Vary B. Tarentinu (Milf. Dict.), leaves ovate

leaves three times decomposed, the leafed the in gardens, where there are varieties of it with double now

involucrum wanting; the involucels of many

cili

ated leaves, the central flowers of the umbel staminiferous;
the petals white.
M. odorata, Sweet Cicely, or Great Chervil, has then
leaves downy beneath, the leaflets of the partial involucres.

lanceolate acuminate. This plant has a stem 2 or volucres

high,

976 5196

small, and open late in the autumn. Leaves Vary. Italica (Mill, Diet.), Feaves ovate-lanceol acute branches more erect. The Italian dre myrtle,us end of the word

W

round, leafy, and hollow. It is a native of Middle and South Europe and Asia, from Spain to Asia Minor, also of Germany;ries rounder. The box lived myrtle, Flor Switzerland, Austria, South of France, and the North of Italy In Great Britain it is found in pastures and hilly districts. This plant was formerly much used in medicine. It yields a volatile oil, which has a pleasant odour. The young to leaves and seeds were used in salads, and the roots were sai boiled or eaten cold, or in tarts or in a and in the North of England they are employed for polishing and perfuming old oak floors and furniture. M. sulcatum has hoary leaves, and is a native of Spain, Both species may be grown in any common garden soil, and propagated by seeds or division of

Var. 8. Bætied (Mill: Diet), leaves lanceolate,

Germany the seeds were added to of sauces. In aminated! The brange-leaved myrtle,

the roots.

(Babington, Manual of British Botany; Burnett, Outlines of Botany.)

MYRTUS (Greek, μúpros), a genus of plants, the type of the natural order Myrtacea. It has the calyx-tube somewhat globose, with the limb 5+ion very rarely 4 partite the petals 5, or very rarely 4; the stamens distinct; the berry 2 or 3 celled, somewhat globose, crowned with the segments of the calyx; several seeds in each cell, or very rarely solitary; uniform, with a bony testa; the embryo curved, cotyledons semicylindrical, very short, the radicle twice the length of the cotyledons. The species are shrubs with opposite quite entire pellucid-dotted leaves; peduncles axillary 1- or rarely 3-flowered.

N

M. communis, Common Myrtle, has solitary 1-flowered pedicels about the length of the leaves, bearing 2 linear bracteoles under the flowers; the 5-cleft; the leaves ovate, lanceolate, or acute. This beautiful platit is a native of the south of Europe; it is found wild in France about Marseilles, and extends from that city along the sea coast to Genoa, thicken, and throughout Italy. In these districts it forms sometimes grow within reach of the spray of This plant has been in all ages a great favourite in Europe. It It was called by the Greeks poros.Mupalay is the name under w r which Hippocrates refers to this plant (Morb. Mul. i. 599). Theophrastus also uses this word and uprin and upris, in speaking of the myrtle. The Romans knew this plant by the name of Myrtus (Plin. 12-13). This name has been adopted in most European languages: it is Myrto in Italian and Spanish; Murte in Gér

the sea.

a Var. e. Lusitanica (Lin: Op), leaves lanceolate ov dia bacute(M. acuta, Mill, Diet. The Portlan myrtle. The nutine myrtle appears to be only variety of this. 3619 daiqo15 Var. Belgica (Mill Dict), leaves fan fancomic 1910 9minateddedThe broad-leaved Dutch wyrde. to alterowded, dark green. The double flowering qoditle appears to be of this variety sys

Vur 0. mucronata (Lim. Op.), leaves linear, lance e vis 1896 acuminate. M. minima (Min.), rosemary aranz botodeaved myrtle, si pusybod gill mot slozdo Moleucocarpa (D. C. Prod: m.p.4239) Fril Native of Greece and the Balearic Isles, The fruit of dis Va rather large, edible, with a grateful taste and smell The above varieties are constant; but there are often the garden which are more variable. It will suffice to gi the names of a few of these.

ToGold-striped broad-leaved myrtle." yov 12v Broad-leaved Jew's myrtle. This variety 29709 quently has its leaves in threes, on which account gnola enis said to be in esteem among the Jews in ther noɔ silgious ceremonies.) zidord, sil♬ do as nog wa Gold-striped leaved orange myrtle, 94004.1Silver-striped Italian myrtle. I de

5. Striped box-leaved myrile

90 16. Silver-striped rosemary-leaved myrtle, to na ended 7 Silver-striped notieg myrtle. Jan 23 od 18. Cockscomb, or bird's nest myrtle.

9. Spotted-leaved myrtle, ubod hot. to y About forty other species of myrtle besides those of the genus myrtus now refered to the genera Myreia, Syzyg Eugenia, &c, have been described. None of them yield ducts used in urts or medicine, and only a few of them been cultivated, quoms roll () ba

M. tomentosa is a native of Cochin Chint. It is a hand shrub, and has been found to grow well against walls in south of England, oldauts out of

Mummularia is a creeping species found at the Strait of Magellan; and M. myrsinoides, a native of the colder parts Peru, would probably be found to be half-hardy in the climate.

man; Myrter er in Danish, Myrten in Swedish, Mirte in French: Murta in Portuguese. mont musul The volatile leaves of the myrtle, like the whole order, contain a possesses medicinal properties, and they were used as stimulants by the antients. The buds and berries of this plant also contain volatile oil, and were used by the antients as a spice, and are at this day, in Tuscany, The species of the genus Myrtus grow wellin sandy loam and employed as a substitute for pepper. The Tuscans also pre-peat; and cuttings readily strike root either in sand or mould. pare a kind of wine from the myrtle called myrtidanum. The berries are used at the present day in Greece as a remedy in the diarrhoea of little children. The mode of administering them is to soak them in red wine. The flowers of the myrtle have an agreeable scent, and when distilled they form the perfume sold in France under the name of 'Eau d'Ange.' In addition to a volatile oil the myrtle contains tannin, so that in medicine its various parts have an astringent action, and have been used for this purpose. In Greece, Italy, and the South of France, the bark is used for tanning.

The myrtle is a half-hardy plant in this climate, although

(Don, Gardener's Dictionary; Loudon, Arboretum Brit. Fraas, Synopsis Flora Classica; Burnett, Outlines of Botang Lindley, Flora Medica.)

MYTENS, DANIEL, a native of the Hague, where b was born about 1590, was the best portrait-painter in England during the reign of James I., and previous to the arrival of Vandyck, to whom he was little inferior. He was in England in the time of Van Somer, but he did not attain to great cele brity until he was appointed one of his court painters Charles I. in 1625, with a salary of 207. per annum, and in the following year he received in addition 125 for pictures painted for the king. Mytens now executed m many portrai

of royal and distinguished, personages, some of which are at Muller, published in the Transactions of the Berlin Academy Hampton Court; and he was in great favour until about 1632, for 1834, illustrated by admirable anatomical drawingshir A when he was so much disconcerted at the favour shown by the In that memoir the author proposes the following arrangeking to Vandyck, that he solicited Charles for leave to retirement of the cartilaginous fishes, in which the exact position his own country, but the king, learning the cause of his of Myxine and its allies in the series is well show i lov bas dissatisfaction, entreated him to remain, and told him that he oozi od doidw to dod ni bolwon fuse to noisini CHONDROPTERYGIA. (.boverno ai avlod should have work enough both for him and Vandyck. Mytens remamed, but apparently, for a short time only, as none of his Isten Skeleton cartilaginous, cranium without sutures. Y M works in England bear a date subsequent to the arrival of 2nd Iniib edit and of bassled obro Vandyck The two rivals, however parted apparently on odinioq bozofist Ordery BRANCHIOSTEGA. Zylso toledo good terms, for Vandyck painted the portrait of Mytens, and 1st Family, Cataphracta Car of the uranium, and Cartilage cranium, and is engraved in the collection of Vandyck's portraits, by skin of the trunk covered at intervals with cartilaginous Fontius Mytens returned to the Hague, and was still living tubercles. here in 1656, when he painted a portion of the ceiling of Sturiones. Genus 1. Sturio, vai odai movi maig tool on bozoqmooob eomit 997dt 29v89! The town-house of that place. His style was bold, firm, and 2nd Family, Nuda. Body without tubercles.,ovsol bats atural, his colouring mellow and harmonious, and his pictures Spatulariue. Genus 2. Spatularia. olid Blog od Frequently enriched by warm landscape backgrounds. here are many of his portraits at Hampton Court, of which od) til liv9 2nd Order, HOLOCEPHALA, Wob BOVED! full-length of James, first Marquis of Hamilton, is an ex- 2912plovni Isip on to abc91 901 Genus 1 Chimaera, and tool aidT stanimuos 91slogos! ellent picture: there are here also Prince Rupert when a , and the dwarf Sir Jeffrey Hudson, who, when seven Genus 2. Callorhyncus. Bai I wolled bas, visol bauor rs old, was served up in a pie at Burleigh, at an enter-yns) to o 3rd Order, PLAGIOSTOMATA Abhostin ament given by the Duke of Buckingham to Charles I. to do at bas 1st Family, Squali. The bronchial apertures not attached Henrietta, and was presented by the duchess to the queen, o kept him as her dwarf. Hudson was then only eighteen to the head be roum honrot zaw insly aid oleib ches high; he grew, after he was thirty, to the height of ent Genus 1. Squalus nesol and doidw,lio ofitslov a ebloiy ree feet nine inches Mytens introduced this dwarf in a 9197 21001 od bas eluSubgenera 91ow aboo8 bas 29vol ge portrait of Charles, and his queen, which was in the 29ouse to ejus & ni 10 atust ni to bloo пots 70 baliod ression of the Earl of Dunmore, Sir Jeffrey died a pri- to do od tyllium oz of bobbeNotidanus. per in the Gate-house, Westminster, in 1682, aged sixty-blo ynimutroq Carchariastog rot boSelache, or yods baslan ree he was imprisoned upon suspicion of being concerned bas 2978ol Lamnd. M. Cestracion bas rooft so the Popish Plot. eidt to 1978 yas пi пwo1 Galeus 291992 Spinatisqe to sviten & si Walpole, Anecdotes of Painting, &e.) 18 to noizivib 10 Mustelus. Centrind by MYXINE, a genus of cartilaginous fishes, of the order notgnida) lostomitis synonymous with the Gastrobranchus of och. The Myxine glutinosa, or glutinous Hag, is the type. his curious animal is shaped like an eel, and measures when grown about one foot and a half. The head is scarcely stinguishable from the body, and is obliquely truncated in nt terminating in a large round mouth, the frame work of hich is a membranous maxillary ring, furnished above with a single tooth. The tongue is furnished on each end ith two rows of strong teeth. Eight filaments surround the uth Luthe middle of its superior margin there is a single and spiracle. It has no eyes. The branchial openings are , and are estimated at about one-fourth the length of the below, the mesial line. The skin is naked, and very Along each side of the belly there is a row of pores, ich furnish the mucous secretion. An obscure fin runs along hinder portion of the back, is continued round the comessed tail, and beneath the anal opening, which is placed ar the tail. It is of a dark bluish brown colour above, dwhitish beneath. The Myrine glutinosa is not uncommon the Scandinavian seas, and is frequently taken off the rth-east coast of Britain. It enters the mouths of fishes ught in the lines of the fishermen, and eats up all the shy parts of their bodies, leaving only the skin and di lo geods egbiasd slym to 20199 do vot tud A The very anomalous characters of this fish have at different es caused naturalists to place it in more classes than one. Linneas classed it among Vermes, Modeer, among phia; and O. F. Muller among Mollusca. boThat it is a fish though very low down the series, has now been beyond doubt. It has furnished the subject of many aborate essays. The most valuable is the celebratedoe

10 en ont 2nd Family, Raine. The bronchial apertures attached to the head. Tod od toniteib enomste odtylois Genus Rhinobatusti bonwo13,920dolg tewomos bolloo Genus 2. Torpedo 10 los dos i ab992 I9v9 Genus 3. Raia. (Subgenerit Raia, Tryon, and Anaca rethus.nol on soit sloiber orthode visibly Genus 4. Propterygiale 976 89iooq8 9dTanobalyod Genus 5. Myliobates,(subgenera, Myliobates and Rhinos bot9WOй-& ptera).

Genus 6. Cephaloptera, oltry M no

oil & gaited eveol ad to dignol odt tuoda alooibo 25vsel oito 4th Order, CYCLOSTOMATA. Tobnu eslostrid dst/Family, Hyperoatia, palate imperforate logonal ots Genus de Petromyzoni banc ai food to dooe sit Genus 2.4mmocaetis. teds moit abnotxo bus 89llige 2nd Family, Hyperotreta, with the palate perforate. perforate. Alya inoideae s to do it won more or 2192 Genus dys Myrines e9gs Ila ni mood and toolq aidT (Müller énumerates only one species, the Myine glutinosa, of the northern seas. A representative species has since been made known from the Antarctic seas.)

bar Genus 2. Bdellostoma (The fishes of this genu genus differ from the Myanié in having eyes, and more t thum one bronchial spiracle) 3200 at botqobs dood en (Müller enumerates four species as certain, viz.: 28, her!! atrema and B. heterotrema from the Cape of Good Hope : Heptatrema from the South

emoir on the Anatomy of Myxinoidea, by Professor John Zealand.00 B. Dombey is reas, and Forster from New

י

NO. $125.

VOL. II-2 Y

346

INDEX TO THE LETTER M.

VOLUME II.

Montalembert, Marquis de, 323 Mytens, 344

N.

6

NAGPOOR, a district formerly included in the province of Belper, around which five or six persons may work at the Berar, in Hindustan, but now in the adjoining province of same time, and which possesses the further advantages of Gundwana, of which the city of Nagpoor is the capital. allowing the use of pure wood charcoal, by which the quality Ellichpoor is the capital of Berar. The palace and seat of of the iron heated in it is improved, of having no back, and of government of the raja of Berar is at Nagpoor, and hence he is having a grating to keep the fire clean, and to prevent the 18 frequently styled the raja of Nagpoor as the raja of Berar. accumulation of clinkers. Though adapted also for some other The state of Berar, or Nagpoor, is one of those over which purposes, this forge is especially intended for the use of the British authorities hold full political sway, with right of nailors. The hammer used by nailors is larger or smaller, nterference in case of mismanagement of the public revenue; according to the size of the nails to be formed, and its usual and they have a political agent resident at Nagpoor. The form, according to Holland's description, is the frustum of British government is bound by treaty to protect the raja of a cone, the smaller end being the base, which, instead of formVagpoor, and he is bound to pay the British an annual subsidying a horizontal plane, as in the case of an ordinary round 80,000l., to maintain five regiments of infantry and four hammer, is inclined or sloped considerably towards the handle.' egiments of cavalry, and a contingent force of 1000 cavalry to The degree of this obliquity, the weight of the hammer -operate with the British in case of war. The area of the head, the size and shape of the handle, &c., he adds, are late is about 64,000 square miles, the population about matters of nice consideration, one nailor being rarely able to 500,000, and the estimated revenue 350,000. That portion work comfortably with another man's hammer;' and hence, Berar which lies to the west of the river Wurdah is included he observes, as they are somewhat given to tramping from the territory of the Nizam of Hydrabad; and the title of place to place, each workman generally carries with him a ja of Nagpoor is consequently now perhaps a more appro- favourite hammer, which, like the fabled mallet of Thor, is ate title than raja of Berar, a large portion of the territory both the symbol and the agent of the owner's power.' Of Berar having been transferred to the Nizam after the ter- the astonishing dexterity of some of this class of operatives ination of the Mahratta war, s Holland quotes a remarkable illustration from the Me(Hamilton's East India Gazetteer; Malcolm's Central chanics' Magazine' for 1828, in the case of a nailor who undia; Appendix to Report on East India Produce.) dertook and accomplished the task of making, in each of two NAIL. The use of nails being illustrated under JOINERY, successive weeks, seventeen thousand (1200 to a thousand of C. S., p. 121, it will be sufficient here to notice the various 20 lbs.) of double flooring nails; in performing which task, des by which they are manufactured. as each nail required about twenty-five strokes of the hammer, Until a comparatively recent period almost every kind of which weighs about two pounds, he made, including the cutill was produced by hand-labour: each nail, however minute, ting up of the nail-rods into convenient lengths, and re-uniting is separately forged from a thin rod of iron, a process which them when they became too short, no less than 1,033,656 still followed in the production of what are technically strokes, and moved to and from the fire at which the rods nown as wrought nails; and as nails so formed possess cer- were heated 42,836 times. This task is, Holland states, in advantages, for particular kinds of work, over those allowed to have been as much as three ordinary men could fomed either by casting, or by cutting or stamping out of perform without difficulty. olled sheet metal, there is no reason to anticipate the total andonment of this process, notwithstanding the continual mprovement of nail-making machinery.

For some purposes nails formed by the much cheaper prócess of casting have been long used instead of those wrought in the manner above described. Common cast nails are, however, so clumsy and so brittle that they can only be used for a few coarse purposes, as in plasterer's work, and in the nailing up of fruit-trees. By the introduction of great improvements in the manufacture, however, a very useful kind of cast nail, of an exceedingly pure material called malleable cast iron, has been successfully introduced for certain descriptions of woodwork. Nails of this kind are very neat and regular in their appearance, being cast with great accuracy; and they are annealed to such perfection that the metal will bear far more bending than ordinary wrought-iron without injury. This extraordinary degree of tenacity is, however, obtained at the expense of rigidity, such nails being often nearly as soft as copper, and therefore quite unsuitable for use in hard woods.

The making of wrought nails, which retains, in most places, he character of a domestic manufacture, forms the employent of a peculiar class of blacksmiths called nailors, who are frequently assisted by the female members of their lies. The nailor receives his iron in the form of narrow are rods, of various sizes, according to the kind of nail to forged from them. Putting the ends of three or four such into the forge-fire at once, the nailor commences his work withdrawing one when it is properly heated, and forging send upon a small but very firmly bedded steel anvil to a pering point. The pointed end is then cut off to the proper ngth, which is adjusted by a gauge, by laying it across a red chisel or hack-iron, and giving it a smart blow with the ammer. In some cases, as in making the kind of nail used or fixing horseshoes, this operation completes the nail; but The comparatively high price of wrought nails, owing to most cases a subsequent process is necessary to form the the great amount of manual labour required in making them, ed. For this purpose the red-hot spike just cut off from and the insufficiency of cast nails as a substitute for them, has he nail-rod is taken up and dropped, point downwards, into led to the introduction of many highly ingenious machines for me of the holes of an instrument called a bore, which is a forming nails by cutting, stamping, or compression, out of piece of iron, ten or twelve inches long, with a perforated plates or rods of rolled-iron, and with such success that, for knob of steel at each end. The holes of this instrument are the ordinary purposes of the carpenter and joiner, cut-nails, made to fit the upper or thicker part of the nail, and varying in size from the smallest tack or brad up to spikes of 60 countersunk at their upper ends as to form a kind of six inches or more in length, have almost superseded those inould for the head of the nail. When dropped into one of wrought by hand. According to Barlow's Treatise on Mathese holes, a few well-directed strokes of the hammer upon chinery and Manufactures,' in the Encyclopædia Metropothe thick projecting end of the spike or nail converts it into litana, the earliest machine for nail-making was that conahead of any required shape. In making small nails it is trived by Mr. French, of Wimborne, Staffordshire, in 1790, in Sometimes practicable to forge and cut off two lengths from which no material departure was made from the ordinary prothe nail-rod with one heating; but where this is not the cess of making nails by the hammer, but labour was saved by case the nailor is enabled to proceed with his work without working hammers by water-power, so that women and children interruption by the convenient plan of having several rods in might perform work which would otherwise have required the fire at once, so that as soon as one is cool another is ready men. Barlow describes several contrivances of later date, in to his hand. In many cases, for the sake of economy, two which the various processes of rolling, pressing, stamping and or three nailors work at one hearth, using the same fire and the cutting are introduced; but for the details of such machinery same bellows in turn; and Holland, who, in his treatise on we must refer to his work, that of Holland, above quoted, Dr. Manufactures in Metal,' in Lardner's Cabinet Cyclo- Ure's Dictionary of Arts, and Hebert's Engineer's and pædia, vol. i. pp. 192-218, gives much curious information on Mechanic's Encyclopædia. Dr. Ure attributes the inventions the nail manufacture, describes a very simple, cheap, and con- of cut nails to the citizens of the United States, observing tha venient circular forge, patented in 1824 by Mr. Spencer, of according to a report by the secretary of the state of Ma