XIII. BENGAL-Weights.-5 siccas-1 chi tuck16 1 seer-40=1 maund. Two maunds in use; the factory maund, 74 lbs. 10 oz. 10.666 drs. avoirdupois; the bazar maund, 82 lbs. 2 oz. 2.133 drs. Liquid Measure.-5 siccas-1 chittuck, 4=1 pouah or pice, 4=1 seer, 40=1 maund, or 5 seers=1 pussaree or measure, 8 measures=1 maund. Grain Measure.-4 khaouks=1 raik (or 9 lbs. avoirdupois), 4=1 paillie, 20=1 soallie, 16=1 kahoon (1 kahoon=40 B. maunds.) Long Measure.-3 jows (or barley corns)=1 finger, 4=1 hand, 3=1 span, 2=1 cubit, 4=1 fathom, 1000 =1 coss (1 coss 1 mile, 1 furlong, 3 poles and 34 yards). Square Measure.-5 cubits or hauts=1 chittuck (45 English square feet), 16=1 cottah, 20=1 biggah (14,440 square feet), 341 English acre. Gold and Silver.-4 punkhos-1 dhan (a grain), 4 =1 rutty, 6=1 anna, 16=1 tolah,=224.588 grs. troy; or 8 rutties=1 massa, 13.28=1 mohur. | MADRAS-Commercial.-Candy=20 maunds. The candy of Madras 500 lbs. avoirdupois. The maund divided into 8 vis, 320 pollams or 3200 pagodas (the vis being divided into 5 seers), each pagoda weighing 2 oz. 3 grs. The Commercial Dictionary, from which this statement is taken, observes: the garce=20|| baruays or candies-the baruay=20 maunds--the maund=8 visay or vis, 320 pallams or 3200 varahuns, the varahun weighing 523 English grains; therefore, the vis is 3 lbs. 3 oz.; the maund, 24 lbs. 2 oz.; the baruay, 482 lbs.; and the garce, 9645 lbs. avoirdupois, or nearly 4 tons 6 cwt. Measures of Capacity.-The garce corn measure contains--80 parahs=400 marcals, the marcal 8 puddies 64 ollucks. The marcal=750 cubic inches =27 lbs. 2 oz. 2 drs. avoir. of fresh spring water; hence 43 marcals=15 Winchester bushels, and the garce nearly 171⁄2 English quarter. Grain, when sold by weight, 92564 lbs. 1 garce= 18 candies=12 4-5ths maunds. = BOMBAY-Commercial. I tank 2.488 drs., 72= 1 seer, 40=1 maund=28 lbs. avoirdupois. and cashew nut trees. In the Neilgheries a favourite site might, without doubt, be found for the cinchona (Peruvian bark) as well as for the different kinds of ipecacuanha, and as the potatoe has been introduced into almost every part of India, equal success and considerable benefit would probably result from introducing the several kinds of arracacha so much prized for their roots as food by the natives of South America. "Along the coast of the Bay of Bengal the cocoa and areca nut palms flourish and abound, and the continent every where produces indigo, cotton, tobacco, sugar, and opium. The first, hardly of any note as an Indian product 30 years ago, is now imported in the largest quantities into England. The cotton is indigenous to India; many provinces seem peculiarly adapted for its culture, particularly Malwa and those to the north-west. The tobacco brought home by Dr. Wallich from Martaban was pronounced by competent judges to be equal to the best from America: Patna opium is preferred in China, and that of Malwa bids fair to rival Turkey opium in the European market. The sugar cane is cultivated in every part of India, but very inferior sugar has hitherto been produced; lately, however, a manufactory has been established near Calna (Burdwan), a new mine opened in the Burdwan coal formation, and very superior specimens of sugar gent home. Here the occurrence of sugar at the surface of the soil, and coal only a few feet below it, in a country where labour is so cheap, ought to be attended with decidedly favourable results. If from these we turn our attention to other products, we shall still see that there are great capabilities every where; we should at least expect them, for though India is generally looked upon as a rice country, wheat is imported into and sold at a profit in England, from the northern provinces; and flour for making starch is now one of the annual exports from Calcutta. Of dyes, medicinal drugs, resins, gums, and oils, there are great varieties, and more might be successfully introduced. "Timber of every kind is everywhere abundant, the coasts producing teak, ebony, and many others; the Grain.-2 tipprees=1 seer, 4=1 pailie, 7=1 parah, interior, saul, sissoo, bamboos, and rattans; while a 8=1 candy=156 lbs. 12 oz 12 drs. great variety of plants yield excellent materials for cordage. The northern and hill provinces grow at one season European grains, and at another those which are peculiar to the tropics, and many perennials Pearl Weight.-1 tucka=0.208 gr., 133=1 ruttee, of both these climates succeed equally well in the -24=1 tank=72 grains. north provinces. In the hill provinces the forests are Gold and Silver-1 wall, 4.475 grs., 40=1 tolah formed of oaks and pines. The hill men make their = 179 grains. Long Measure.-16 tussoos=1 hath=18 English inches; 24 tussoos=1 guz=27 English inches. Liquor Measure.-The seer weighs 60 Bombay rupees=1 lb. 8 oz. and 84 drs., and 50 seers=1 maund. XIV. The products of Hindostan are as various as they are valuable. Mr. Forbes Royle, in his interesting and valuable botanical Indian work, justly observes, "In the peninsula of India and in the neighbouring island of Ceylon, we have a climate capable of producing cinnamon, cassia, pepper, and cardamoms. The coffee grown on the Malabar coast is of so superior a quality as to be taken to Arabia and re-exported as Mocha coffee. The Tinnivelly senna brings the highest price in the London market; and there is little doubt that many other valuable products of tropical countries may be acclimated, particularly as several are already in a flourishing condition in the botanic garden at Calcutta, such as the cocoa and nutmeg, as well as the camphor, pimento, cajeput, strongest ropes for crossing rivers with hemp, which every where abounds, and is of the finest quality. Opium, rhubarb, and turpentine, form articles of commerce, as well as musk, Thibet wool, and borax, from the other kingdoms of nature. Somewhere in the vallies at the foot of these hills, or at moderate elevations, the more generally useful productions of European countries might be successfully introduced, as the olive and hop; the latter would be particularly beneficial, as a brewery has been established in the hills, where the climate is excellent. Here also there is considerable prospect of success in the cultivation of the tea plant." "In the cold seasons," Mr. Royle continues, "there are cultivated (about Saharunpore) of gramina, wheat, barley, oats, and millet; of the leguminæ, peas, beans, vetch, tares, chick, and pigeon-peas; of cruciferæ, a species of sinapis (mustard) and allied genera cultivated for oil seeds, and of the umbelliferæ, the carrot, coriander, cummin, a species of ptychotis and fœni is at some seasons so hot a climate, pines, oak, mople, dog-wood, service tree, holly, juniper, and box. Of American trees, besides those first enumerated, the logwood, mahogany, parkinsonia aculeata, and acer negundium, may be instanced as perfectly naturalized. (See large edition of the "History of the Colonies" for a minute description of the principal forest trees of India.) culum pannorium, as well as of other tribes, tobacco, flax, safflower, and succory. Almost all the esculent vegetables of Europe succeed remarkably well in the cold season in India. In the rainy season, a totally different set of plants engage the agriculturist's attention, as rice, cotton, indigo, maize; holcus sorghum, species of panicum, paspalum, and elusine, of legumina, species of phaseolus and dolichos; many of the cucurbitacea, as well as sesamum and the species of solanum for their esculent fruit." In another place, this scientific botanist observes, "" As we have seen with perennials of other kinds, so is it with those yielding fruit of an edible nature. Many, both of tropical and temperate climes, succeed nearly equally well in the northern parts of India; so that taking Saharunpoor garden (lat. 30° N., long. 77.32, elevation above the sea 1,000 feet, and 1,000 miles N. W. of Calcutta) as an example, we have collected in one place and naturalized in the open air the various fruit trees of very different countries, as of India and China, Caubul, Europe, and America. Of those belonging to hot countries, we have the plaintain, custard apple, shaddock, orange, lemon, guava, mango, tamarind, and others, which are common to every part of India. Of Chinese fruits, the lechee, loquat, longaro, wampee, flat peach and digitated citron, are perfectly naturalized. Of fruit trees from more northern countries, as Caubul and Cashmere, and from the hills of Europe, there are the almond, peach, nectarine, and apricot, plum, pomegranate, grapevine, apple, pear, quince, mulberry, fig, and walnut. of useful trees of cold countries which thrive in what Number of Indigo Factories in the several Districts under the Bengal Presidency; also, the Number of European Indigo Planters, Proprietors of Estates, and the Number of European Assistants resident in the several Districts under the Bengal Government.-1832. Indigo, from time immemorial, has been cultivated and manufactured in Hindostan, and in 1665 it was one of the exports from India to England. The E. I. Company's servants turned their attention to it about 40 years ago, and its successful prosecution has been principally owing (after the circumstance of the destruction of St. Domingo, which, previous to its revolution, supplied nearly the whole world) to the small duty levied on its importation into England, the duty at first being little more than nominal: in 1812, 14d. per lb. ; in 1814, 244.; and in 1832, 3d. per lb. Its importance to India may be judged of from the fact, that in the Bengal Presidency the cultivation of indigo is carried on from Dacca to Delhi, occupying upwards of 1,000,000 statute acres, yielding an annual produce worth from 2,000,000l. to 3,000,000l. sterling, whereof one-half, or perhaps more, is expended in India for rent, stock, wages, interest on capital, &c. There are from 300 to 400 factories in Bengal, chiefly in Jessore, Kishnagur, and Tirhoot. The factories are principally held by Europeans; but many natives have factories of their own, and in several instances produce indigo equal to any manufactured by Europeans. The low price which indigo now brings in Europe | profitable limits. The cultivation of Indigo in Madras is diminishing the quantity produced, the exportation is trifling. There is little or none prepared in the some years being 9,000,000 lbs. ; the recent failures Bombay Presidency. The Indigo produced annually in India will tend to bring the trade within more in the East Indies from 1811 was: The quantity of Indigo imported, in 1834, was 4,155,296 lbs. ; re-exported, 3,928,226 lbs.; home use, 2,447,827 lbs. 1835, imported, 4,168,395 lbs.; reexported, 4,074,598 lbs.; home use, 2,590,606 lbs. 1836, imported, 7,710,544 lbs. ; re-exported, 3,691,951 lbs.; home use, 2,840,398 lbs. The price of indigo per chest in London was, in 1824, 1117.; in 1825, 1407.; and in 1831 but 451.; the supply now exceeds the demand, at least in England; but the consumption of Bengal indigo is fast augmenting in France, Holland, Germany, &c. Silk forms the next most important staple of India, and in conjunction with the former, its production in our own territories is of essential advantage to silk and tabbinet manufacturers in England. The total quantity of raw silk imported into England for 1834 was 3,693,512 lbs.; and the quantity furnished by British India alone to England in the same year was 1,203,658 lbs. silk districts of Bengal are, Radnagore, Hurripaul, Santipore, Cossimbuzar, Bauleah, Comercolly, Sardah, Jungypore, Mauldah, Rungpoor, Sunna-Meekhi, and Gonnates, all between the parallels of lat. 220 and 26°, and long. 86° to 90o. The superior quality of Italian silk does not demonstrate natural inferiority in that of India, for bales of E. I. to which attention has been paid have sold equally well with Italian silk. Efforts are now making in the Bombay Presidency to extend the production of raw silk, and the commencement promises success; we may therefore look forward to a period when we shall be totally independent of every other country for the raw staple of this essential and beautiful branch of our national manufactures. Cotton, a staple of Indian Agriculture and of British manufactures, well deserves attention, were it only for the important circumstance that our chief branch of trade is almost totally dependent on a rival, (and with little provocation) perhaps a hostile state. The importation of American cotton into England is nearly 300,000,000 lbs. yearly, that of India not the onetwentieth part of British consumption. If we can be made independent of France and America for indigo and silk, so can we become also of cotton, India producing in itself every variety; the justly celebrated sea island cotton is actually in cultivation in several parts of India, but owing to neglect it degenerates into an annual, whereas in America it is carefully cultivated as a triennial plant. The Dacca muslins, Three species of mulberry trees are cultivated in In- so celebrated all over the globe, (and of which the dia, and two species of silk-worm (the country worm, manufacture is now lost, owing to the inundation of and the annular Italian, or Chinese worm); the latter Manchester goods), were made from India cotton, feeds also on the castor oil plant leaf. The silk is and if the late duty had been kept on American raw produced in cocoons by the ryots or small culti- cotton, sufficient encouragement would have been vators, to whom the E. I. Company's agents make given to the Hindoos to attend to its cultivation, as advances; and the Company have 11 or 12 filatures it is we have not only ruined the Indian manufacor large factories for reeling it with machinery on the turer, but in return we have offered no encouragesimple Italian principle. The Gonatea is the best, ment to the raw producer. The cotton grower in the Bauleah the worst. The price of silk has risen in India ought to be stimulated to greater efforts on India with the wages of labour, and some manufac-examining the consumption of cotton wool in Engturers say the quality has deteriorated; probably land:quantity has been more attended to than quality. The Total quantities of Cotton Yarn produced and consumed in Great Britain and exported. As the surest means of inducing a more careful attention to India cotton, both in the cultivation, cleaning and packing, a removal of the entire duty on importation into England would be most effectual, coupled with an absence of all transit dues in the East. That England has nothing to fear from admitting the cotton manufactures of the Hindoos to British markets, at a juster rate of reciprocity than is now practised-that is 301. per cent. in England, against the Hindoo, and but 24 per cent. in India, against the Englishman is evident, from Mr. Kennedy's statement before the Parliamentary Committee, viz. that one spinner by machinery, in Britain, will produce yarn at one-fourth the price that it costs for the same quantity of workmanship in India, supposing the wages of the former to be 18. 8d. and of the latter 2d. per day. Mr. Kennedy's statement was thus corroborated by figures, which shew that, in addition to onerous duties in England on the indoo weaver, the latter was less liable to contend with the former, by reason of the rapid fall of English prices. Comparison of the cost of labour in producing yarns in Britain and India, for one pound weight, from No. 40 to 250, and likewise of the value of the labour and material combined. BRITISH. INDIAN. Sugar may be cultivated and manufactured to an extent in India sufficient to supply the whole world; its production at present is immense, as it forms an ingredient in almost every article of food or drink used by the Hindoos, and where the manufacture is attended to as at Benares, the grain is large and sparkling and pure as the best Mauritius or Demerara sugar. The soil and climate of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay are peculiarly suited to the production of this essential nourishment to man; every village has its patch of cane, and a rough manufacture named Jaghery is extracted from the Palmyra and cocoa-nut tree. It is in evidence before Parliament, that the sugar cane of Bengal is as good as any of the West Indies, and some of a superior quality has been produced In the Appendix, page 2, will be found the quantities of sugar exported from the E. I. possessions since 1816. Coffee next deserves consideration as an Indian staple, and which like the last article only requires just treatment in England to become one of the most valuable exports. In Malabar, Coimbatore, &c. the cultivation is extensive, and the berry of the finest flavour when attended to in the drying. Upper Bengal and the territories acquired from the Burmese, are peculiarly adapted for the growth of coffee. The following returns shew the quantity of coffee imported from the East Indies into Great Britain,— re-exported and retained for home use for 15 years; the return includes Ceylon, avg. 2,824,998 lbs. Singapore, 3,611,456 lbs. Mauritius, 26,646 lbs. &c. From Bengal, Madras and Bombay alone for 1831, 2,780,668 lbs. East India Coffee (including Mauritius in 1835 and 1836) Imported into the United Kingdom. It will be perceived by the years the importation of East increase, still there is a great Years, foregoing, that of late with 1815 and 1816, when the importation of coffee by the private trade amounted in two years to 43,381,478 lbs. Quantity of Opium* annually exported from India to China for 18 years. * The quantity of opium shipped from Calcutta in 1795-6, was 1,070 chests, and in 1829-30, 7,443 chests. The total quantity of opium exported from Calcutta during the former year was 5,183 chests, and during the latter, 9,678 chests; the grand total exported during the whole 35 years was 162,273 chests, which, at the average rate at which it sold, 1,200 dollars a chest, would give a trade in this stimulating drug of nearly two hundred million Spanish dollars! Malwa opium is considered by the Chinese as having a higher touch, but not so mellow, nor so pleasant in flavour as the Patna opium. The smokeable extract which each quality of opium contains is thus intimated by the Chinese,-(who use opium as we do wine or spirits) Patna and Benares opium 45 to 50 touch; avg. 48; Malwa 70 to 75; avg. 72; Turkey 53 to 57; avg. touch 55. The cultivation of opium in India, as explained under the chapter in revenue, is a monopoly as regards Patna and Benares in the hands of Government; and a revenue is derived from the Malwa opium by a system of passes on shipment from Bombay. Estimate of Quantity and Total Value of Indian Opium consumed in China during the 6 Years ending in 1832-33. importations of 1815 and 1816, being 17,863,847 lbs., and in 1827 and 1828, but 14,045,868 lbs. being a decrease of nearly 4,000,000 lbs. weight Saltpetre is yielded by the Indian soil in greater abundance than any other country, its importation into England by the East India Company in 1814, was 146,000 cwt., but the continuance of peace has much lessened both the price and consumption; both are now again on the rise, but the price is still so low that the saltpetre collected in the East is now being brought to fertilize the fields of Albion. The import of late years of saltpetre from Bengal has been about 100,000 bags, but the total quantity exported from Calcutta, has averaged 170,000 bags, while in the year 1795, it did not amount to more than 13,000 bags. The total quantity exported from Calcutta during the thirty-five years ending 1829 30, was 2,202,465 bags, of which the United Kingdom received 1,523,655 bags; North America, 278,895 bags; France, 101,237 bags; and China, 1,333,615 bags. The Tobacco of Masulipatam, made into snuff, is much prized in England; the quantity of tobacco grown in India is enormous; every class, high and low, use it, and if the duty were reduced in England, the variety of soils in India would afford an infinite variety of that fascinating weed for the British market. Very rich lands produce about 160 lbs. per acre of green leaf; excellent Havannah tobacco is grown in Guzerat, Boglipoor, Bundlecund, &c., and some from |