Useful Desk. The desk also serves as a handy table for his sextant, or for a cup of hot coffee-cabin style.

Quartermasters. Quartermasters are usually carried, and they are under the immediate charge of the officer of the watch. The care of the bridge, its neat and shipshape appearance, reflects credit, or otherwise, on the watch officers.

Bridge Etiquette. The etiquette of the bridge, in the Merchant Service, especially on the large liners, is as formal and stiff as that on any battleship. The heights of responsibility are always on high tension. In the lesser trades, on tramps and the like, officers are more lax, though they should be no less vigilant.

Salutes are given and returned (on the liners) and uniform is worn.

Relieving officer should be on bridge at least five minutes before eight bells.

Commissions M. M. The British Merchant Service is at the present time strongly advocating commissions, by the Government, for Merchant Marine Officers. With our Shipping Board, and with the growing control by military and naval authorities over merchantmen, some such plan might be advisable for American Merchant Marine Officers, and would undoubtedly help to elevate the standards, and bring the naval and mercantile services into closer harmony.

.

Standard Uniform. The British Merchant Service associations are also agitating the question of some sort of standard uniform for merchant service, officers and men.

This is a good idea, and should be adopted by Americans. The writer, however, would not advise the adoption of the naval blouse. This is the property of the U. S. Navy. Merchant officers, if they adopt any sort of uniform, should provide themselves with something having pockets, and a roll collar, and less on the order of a princess gown.

Conclusion. The watch officers of a vessel should be as familiar as possible with the handling qualities of their vessel:

Her turning circle.

Her quickest turn-usually both screws ahead.

Her shortest turn-inner screw slow astern and the way her head scends, under all conditions.

See that the course is kept religiously-use small helm, be quick and courteous. Keep a sharp lookout for signals when passing craft at sea-Call Captain-and reply smartly.

THE WATCH OFFICER-IN PORT

While in port, merchant ships, except the larger liners, do not indulge in the luxury of an officer of the watch, in fact such a gentleman would be out of place with his telescope under his arm, dodging drafts of cargo, and listening to the repartee of the stevedores. Everything in its place, and as common sense rules in the long run, the formalities of the merchant service have settled down to the more simple courtesies of life.

A quartermaster should be on gangway watch, cleanly dressed, or in uniform, if it is worn, to see that only those who have business on board are admitted to the ship. He should salute the officers, who will return it.

On Sundays, and Holidays, when cargo is not being worked, and when the ship is at rest, an officer should be told off to stand day's duty. He should see that the vessel is in shipshape order, falls neatly coiled, decks clean, Irish pendants all removed, awnings hauled out taut, flags closely mast headed and kept clear, and that everything is kept in immaculate order about the gangway. He should not allow loitering about the gangway.

CHAPTER

INTERNATIONAL RULES

THE RULES OF

I. ENACTING CLAUSE, SCOPE, AND PENALTY

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the following regulations for preventing collisions at sea shall be followed by all public and private vessels of the United States upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith, navigable by seagoing vessels.

ARTICLE 30. Nothing in these rules shall interfere with the operation of a special rule, duly made by local authority, relative to the navigation of any harbor, river, or inland waters.

XVIII

THE ROAD

INLAND RULES

I. ENACTING CLAUSE, SCOPE, AND PENALTY. Whereas the provisions of chapter eight hundred and two of the laws of eighteen hundred and ninety, and the amendments thereto, adopting regulations for preventing collisions at sea [i.e., international rules of left-hand column], apply to all waters of the United States connected with the high seas navigable by sea-going vessels, except so far as the navigation of any harbor, river, or inland waters is regulated by special rules duly made by local authority; and

Whereas it is desirable that the regulations relating to the navigation of all harbors, rivers, and inland waters of the United States, except the Great Lakes and their connecting and tributary waters as far east as Montreal and the Red River of the North and rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico and their tributaries, shall be stated in one act: Therefore,

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the following regulations for preventing collisions shall be followed by all vessels navigating all harbors, rivers, and inland waters of the United States, except the Great Lakes and their connecting and tributary waters as far east as Montreal and the Red River of the North and rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico and their tributaries, and are hereby declared special rules duly made by local authority:

SEC. 3. That every pilot, engineer, mate, or master of any steam vessel, and every master or mate of any barge or canal boat, who neglects or refuses to observe the provisions of this act, or the regulations established in pursuance of the preceding section [see section 2, page 193], shall be liable to a penalty of fifty dollars, and for all

INTERNATIONAL RULES

PRELIMINARY DEFINITIONS

In the following rules every steam vessel which is under sail and not under steam is to be considered a sailing vessel, and every vessel under steam, whether under sail or not, is to be considered a steam vessel.

The words "steam vessel" shall include any vessel propelled by machinery.

A vessel is "under way," within the meaning of these rules, when she is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.

II. LIGHTS, AND SO FORTH

The word "visible" in these rules when applied to lights shall mean visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere.

ARTICLE 1. The rules concerning lights shall be complied with in all weathers from sunset to sunrise, and during such time no other lights which may be mistaken for the prescribed lights shall be exhibited.

Steam vessels-masthead light.

ART. 2. A steam vessel when under way shall carry-(a) On or in front of the foremast, or if a vessel without a foremast, then in the fore part of the vessel, at a height above the hull of not less than twenty feet, and if the breadth of the vessel exceeds twenty feet, then at a height above the hull not less than such breadth, so, however, that the light need not be carried at a greater height above the hull than