No. 81.-H. T. Kilbee, Esq. to Mr. Secretary Canning.-(Rec. Dec. 1.) THE disposal of Negroes, emancipated under the Slave Trade Treaty, is a subject which, in consequence of the Proceedings in the Case of the Maria de la Gloria, will probably be taken into consideration by the Spanish Government; and I venture to suggest to you the expediency of its being declared by that Government, that such disposal should be confided in all Cases to one Authority alone, and that of course the Chief of the Island. This arrangement is in conformity with our Treaty, and would, I conceive, be productive of many beneficial effects to emancipated Negroes. The mode of treating them would thereby be rendered uniform; and the Chief Authority would be better able, and I will venture to say better inclined, than any other to exact the fulfilment of such conditions as may be considered necessary to ensure to them good treatment, and the future enjoyment of their liberty without restrictions. The great danger to which such Negroes would be exposed, while in the hands of the Persons with whom they should be deposited or apprenticed, would be that, by being reported as dead or run away, and substituted in the place of deceased Negroes, they should thus be reduced to a state of Slavery. To guard against this evil is no easy matter; but I would recommend that, independent of any other punishment which might be inflicted upon the perpetrator of so foul a crime, he should be liable to the payment of a fine of four or five hundred dollars (about the value of the Negro); the half of which should be given to the Person denouncing the transaction. I would likewise recommend, that there should be appointed a Superintendent of emancipated Negroes, whose duty it should be to visit them and see how they were treated, and to make a Monthly Report upon the subject to the Captain General and to the Mixed Commission, the appointment and removal for misconduct of which Officer, I should certainly wish to see in the hands of the latter. His salary might easily be obtained by requiring the Individuals, with whom such Negroes should be deposited, to pay four or five dollars a-year for each Negro; and he would thus have a direct interest in their preservation. While I am upon this subject, I cannot avoid mentioning, that when the Case of the Maria de la Gloria was first submitted to the Mixed Commission, it being generally believed that the statement of her being Portuguese property was a mere fabrication, and that she was really Spanish, and would consequently be condemned and the Slaves emancipated; the Captain General did me the honour to consult me frequently respecting the disposal of the latter, manifesting a warm interest upon the subject, and a decided disposition to adopt any arrangement calculated to promote their comfort, happiness and security. The Right Hon. George Canning. I have, &c. H. T. KILBEE. No. 82.-H. T. Kilbee, Esq. to Mr. Secretary Canning.—(Rec. Dec. 1.) (Extract.) Havannah, September 20, 1824. THE great number of Vessels that have lately sailed from hence for the Coast of Africa, rendering it probable that some of them may be fallen it with, and detained on their return by His Majesty's Ships on this Station, I take the liberty to suggest that the latter may all be furnished with the Instructions required by Treaty. I mention this subject because in the course of conversation, some time ago, with the Commanding Officer of one of the small Schooners fitted out at Jamaica for acting against Pirates, and which is just the kind of Vessel likely to fall in with a Slave Trader, he informed me that he was not provided with these Instructions; adding, that his Vessel did not require them, as she was to be considered as a tender belonging to the Flag Ship at Jamaica, which was duly authorized to detain Slave Vessels. I am quite convinced that my Spanish Colleagues would not be satisfied with this argument. Captain Forbes likewise, of His Majesty's Ship, Thracian, lately shewed me what he conceived to be the proper Instructions for detaining Spanish Slave Vessels; but, although he had several Orders and Documents which related to the subject, he was not in possession of the Original Instructions annexed to the Treaty. The Vessel has been a good while from England, and has, I believe, frequently changed Commanding Officers; in which changes, the Document in question has probably been mislaid. There is another point connected with His Majesty's Ships in these Seas, destined to cruize against Spanish Slave Vessels, to which I would request your attention; namely, the expense of maintaining the Negroes from the time of the entrance of a detained Slave Vessel into this Port, until her condemnation. This is a very important consideration, on account of the extreme dearness of every thing in this Country. The Right Hon. George Canning. H. T. KILBEE. No. 83.-H. T. Kilbee, Esq. to Mr. Secretary Canning.(Rec. Dec. 1.) SIR, Havannah, September 21, 1824. SINCE the date of my Despatch of the 4th of September, three Vessels have cleared out for the Coast of Africa; namely, the Ship Urraca, Don Juan Ferrer y Roig, Master, nominally for the Island of Madagascar, but really destined for Mosambique, and the Schooners, Josefa and Feliciana, Don Joze Antonio Tomas and Don Jayme Aulet, Masters, for St. Thomas'. The first is a large Ship well armed, and having a Crew, I understand, of upwards of eighty men. The other two are old Slave Traders. The Right Hon. George Canning. I have, &c. H. T. KILBEE. No. 84.-H. T. Kilbee, Esq. to Mr. Secretary Canning.-(Rec. Dec. 28.) THE enclosed. Memorandum contains the information which, in obedience to the Instructions communicated in your Despatch of the 24th February, I have been enabled to collect, as to the practice respecting the manumission and free labour of Slaves, existing in this Island. I have consulted the most eminent lawyers and individuals connected with the Government upon the subject; and I venture to assure you that you may rely upon the correctness of the statement, as far as it goes, which I have now the honour to submit to you. With respect to the Memorandum enclosed in your Despatch above. referred to, it is incorrect in supposing that Negroes are appraised at 400 dollars, or any fixed price. I have known one sell for 1000 dollars; but the Tribunals will not permit such excessive valuations, when made for the purpose of enabling the Slave to liberate himself, or to improve his condition. Eight hundred dollars may be considered, the maximum in such cases; and even this is thought high. Fullgrown Negroes on Plantations are, one with another, generally valued at 500 dollars; house servants may be averaged at 600; and mechanics at rather more. Even those imported clandestinely are, I understand, sold for upwards of 400 dollars; and previous to the Abolition, when Colonial produce was much higher than at present, prime Negroes newly imported sold for 500 and 550 dollars, cash. The Memorandum is also incorrect in stating, that "if the Master requires the service of his "Coartado" Slave, he can oblige the man to work, paying the Slave a certain sum;" the fact being that in all cases the Master is entitled to the service of his Slave, whether "Coartado" or not, with-out any remuneration whatever. You will find, by the enclosed statement, how far this principle is modified in practice. The Memorandum, moreover, confounds Reales de Vellon with Reales de Plata (thosealone current in all Spanish America); of the former of which there are twenty to the dollar, of the latter only eight. If there should be any question of introducing into the British Possessions the system respecting Slaves which exists in this Island, there are some circumstances favourable to the Slave which are pecu-. liar to the latter, and ought to be had in recollection. Wages here are extremely high: a common field Negro earns four reales a day, and is fed; the salary of a regular house servant is from twenty to thirty dollars a month, besides being fed and clothed; and mechanics are paid from ten bits, or reales, to three dollars a day. With such wages, the "Coartado" Slave, who works out, is well able to pay his Master the daily quota proportioned to his price, and to lay by something towards the future attainment of his liberty; but it is evident that it would be impossible to do either, were wages much lower The large White Population, too (much greater in proportion than that of any of our West India Islands), is a great advantage to the Slaves, from the facility thereby afforded them to change Masters, by which many of the evils attending their state are in some measure remedied. The lot of household Slaves, who derive most benefit from this circumstance, is particularly favourable. They are almost always taught some trade, and are commonly shoemakers, or tailors, or segarmakers; and by well employing their leisure hours, they may easily acquire their liberty in seven years. Field Slaves, too, have their advantages. They are by Law entitled to a certain quantity of ground, with the produce of which, and the breeding of pigs and poultry which they sell at a great profit (all sorts of provisions being very dear), they may well look forward to acquiring money sufficient to become "Coartado," and finally to being emancipated at no very distant period. It is also highly advantageous to the Slaves here, that public opinion, formed by time and custom, is favourable to granting them their liberty; and there is not a respectable man who would not feel ashamed to throw any obstacles in the way of a well-conducted Slave becoming free; on the contrary, my experience enables me to say that Masters are generally very willing to assist their Slaves in the at tainment of this most desirable object. The effects of the system in force here are fully seen by the state of the population of the Island; the last Census which, though not very exact, is sufficiently so for the present purpose, making the Whites 290,000, the free people of Colour 115,000, and the Slaves 225,000. I have the honour &c. The Right Hon. George Canning. H. T. KILBEE. (Enclosure.)--Memorandum relating to Slaves in the Island of Cuba. Havannah, October 9, 1824. It has been the practice, at all times, of the Courts of Justice in the Island of Cuba, to approve and sanction such regulations as tend to meliorate the lot.of Slaves; and this has gradually given rise to a System respecting them which, though principally founded upon custom, has acquired the force of Law, and many parts of which have been referred to, and confirmed in Royal Decrees of the Kings of Spain. One of these beneficial Regulations is, that there is a public Officer, in every District, namely, the Syndic of the Ayuntamiento, who is the Official Protector of Slaves, and whose presence is necessary at every legal decision in which they are concerned, of which Officer mention will be made in the course of the following observations. Slaves in the Island of Cuba may be divided into two Classes: those who are in Venta Real (Royal Sale), that is, who may be sold by their Master for any sum he chuses to demand; and "Coartados," that is, those whose Slavery is as it were limited; this consists in a price being fixed upon them, which cannot be increased at the will of the Master. Slaves may acquire their liberty by the mere grant of their Master, either during his life, or by testament; and the only formality necessary is, that they should receive a Certificate called a " Carta de Libertad." No security, as in the British Islands, is required that they shall not become a charge to the Parish; but Masters would not be allowed to Emancipate such Slaves as from old age or infirmity are unable to labour, unless they provide for their future main tenance. If a Slave can prove that a promise of Emancipation has been made to him by his Master, the latter will be compelled to perform it; and the parts of Wills which relate to this subject are always interpreted in the most favourable manner to the Slaves. They may likewise obtain their liberty by purchasing it, and in this case the Master is not allowed to fix an arbitrary price; but if he and the Slave cannot agree upon it, two appraisers are named, one by the Master, and the other by the Syndic of the Ayuntamiento on the part of the Slave; and in the event of a difference of opinion, the Judge names an Umpire. Transactions of this nature are so much encouraged by Law, that the Master, when his Slave purchases his liberty, is exempted from the payment of Alcabala, which is a duty payable by the Vendor upon all sales, and in those of Slaves amounts to six per cent. on the purchase-money. A Master will be compelled to sell his Slave, if the purchaser will engage to emancipate the latter at the expiration of a certain reasonable period. Masters who ill use their Slaves will likewise be compelled to sell them, and the valuation in both these cases is to be made in the manner above referred to. It is, of course, understood that a valuation is required only in case the Slave be in "Venta Real." When services have been rendered to the State by Slaves, it has always been the custom to give them their liberty; but in this case the Government previously pays the Master their value. A Slave once emancipated cannot be again reduced to Slavery. Some opinions which have been given by the Courts here, and have been confirmed by the Council of Indies in Spain, will show how strictly this principle has been followed. A Spanish Vessel called "Nuestra Senora del Carmen," with 94 Negroes on board, was captured in the year 1795, by L'Enfant de la Patrie, a French Privateer, the Captain of which, not knowing what to do with the Negroes, as he could not sell them in the French Co |