REGISTRATION-System of, in various States, 105; || TEXAS-Average mortality of, in 1850, 106; live stock

accuracy of English system, 105.
REVENUE-Of each State in U. States, 190; amount
of, collected at ports in United States to 30th June,
1854, 191.

RHODE ISLAND-Proportion of families to dwellings
in, 100; amount of charities in, 161; live stock and
agricultural products of, 1840 and '50, 170-174; coun-
ty statistics, 297, 301.

SCHEDULES-For 1850, 13-17.
SCHOOLS-Public, in States and Territories, 142;
number of to every 100 square miles of the area, 142;
annual income of public, 142; number of scholars in
public, 142; comparative expense of, in different
sections, 144; number attending in 1850 as returned
by families, 144; statistics of expenditures of, 146;
particulars of in States, 146; teachers, pupils, &c. in
several cities, 147; system of in various European
States, 147-8; total in Great Britain in 1851, 148;
scholars in Great Britain, 149; proportion of scholars
at, in various States, 149; native and foreign whites
and proportion at, 150; legislative provision respect-
ing, in Michigan, 147; law regulating, in Germany, 147.
SCHOLARS-Number of, in colleges, academies and
public schools, 142; estimated educational income to
each, 143; proportion of, at schools and colleges to
whole population, 148; proportion of, at school in
various States, 149; number of, in several cities, 147;
ratio of, in the great geographical sections, 152.
SEA COAST-Comparative amount of Southern and
Northern, 34.

SEX-Ratio of, to total population, 101; increase in
each period of ten years, 101.
SLAVEHOLDERS-Classification of, 95.
SLAVERY-Abolition of, in States, 84.
SLAVES-Manumitted and fugitive, 64; fugitive in
1849 and '50, 65; population of in United States, 82;
importation of, 83; early history of the trade, 83; in-
crease and decrease of population at each census,
84; whole number imported, 84; act of Congress
prohibiting importations, 84; importation of prohib-
ited by England in 1807, 84; importation of prohibited
by Denmark 1804, 84; abolition of trade by Congress
of Vienna 1815, 84; average exportation of from
Africa from 1835 to '48, 84; male and female from
1820 to 1850, 86; dwellings and families of, 86; ratio
of females to 100 males from 1820, 87; number
and increase of, 87; proportion of males to females
in different sections, 88; excess of females in New
England in 1830, 88; ages of population of, 88;
ratio of ages in 1850, 89; comparative ages of
male and female in 1830, '40 and 50. 90; proportion
to total population, 91; ratio of, in 1830, 40 and '50,
91; proportion of male to female in 1850, 91; pro-
portion of male to female in 1820 and 30, 92; pro-
portion of male to female in 1840 and '50, 92; mar-
riages of not noted in census, 92; per cent. of deaths
to whole slave population, 92; deaf and dumb, blind,
insane and idiotic in 1850, 93; remarks on the nativ-
ities of, 94; occupations of, 94; total number of fam-
ilies holdir.g, 94.

SLOPES-Proportion of the several, 33.
SOUTH CAROLINA-Rank as regards slave popula-
tion, 85; amount of charities in, 161; live stock and
agricultural products of, 1840 and '50, 170-174; com-
merce of, including N. C. prior to the revolution,
1700-'76, 184; county statistics in detail, 303, 307.
STATES-Population of, at various periods, 37; sug-
gestions on the classifications of, 37; formation of and
representation in Congress, including Territories, 43;
territorial governments and States formed out of, 44;
relative rank in free colored, 65; growth of, in ten
years, 98-9; southwestern, comparison of, to Mexico,
Havana, &c. in relation to certain classes of disease,
107.

STATISTICAL BUREAU-proposed, 18.
STATISTICS-Origin of, 9; European, 20.
SUFFRAGE-Persons exercising right of, in United
States, 50.

SWITZERLAND-Number of churches and propor-
tion of sects, 137.

TAXES-Annual, of various States, 190.
TEACHERS-Number of, in States and Territories,
142; number of, in several cities, 147.
TENNESSEE-Live stock and agricultural products
of, 1840 and 50, 170-174; county statistics, 303, 313.
TERRITORIES-Relative rank in free colored, 65;
live stock and agricultural products of, in 1840 and
250, 170-174.

TERRITORY-Of the United States and European
and American States, 31-32.

and agricultural products of, 1840 and '50, 170-174;
county statistics, 309-17.

TONNAGE-American and Foreign in 1821, 31, 41,
and '51, 186; amount of at several periods, 191.
UNITED STATES-Area of each slope and ratio
to total area of, 33; shore line of, in statute miles,
33; measurement of coast and shore line of, in
statute miles, 34; total area of States and Territo-
ries of, 35; river navigation and shore line of, 36;
and of the several great divisions of, and proportion
to total area of, 36; first enumeration of the people
of, 37; new classification of States and Territories
of, 38; sex of the white population of, 48; propor-
tion of families to dwellings in, 100, specific ages
of the people of, 104; actual proportion of mar-
riages in, 104; aggregate of deaf and dumb, blind,
insane, and idiotic, in 1850, 112; reflections on future
growth of population, 130; future progress of, 131;
future progress of, by geographical divisions, 131;
progress of, as compared with certain European
States, 131
annual increase of, as compared with
certain Europeau States, 131; religious denomina-
tious in, 138; persons in, over 20, who cannot read
and write, 145; pauperism in, 163; number of li
braries other than private, in, 159; convicts in peni-
tentiaries in, 166; value of agricultural products of,
1850, 176; land actually cultivated in the several
crops of United States, 1849-50, 176; ratio per cent.
of population, and certain products in the States, to
the total of, 177; estimated home and foreign com-
merce of, in 1850, 183; estimated western river
commerce in '50, 183; population of, by each census
from 1790 to 1850, 39; aggregate population and
density of States and Territories of, 40; density and
population to square mile of, 41; population of the
several geographical divisions of, 41; population and
density of geographical and other divisions of, 42;
representation in the Congress of, 43; white popula-
tion of, 45; increase of white population of, under
each census. from 1790 to 1850, 47; ratio of females
to 100 males at each census of, 49; increase of white
male and female population in, 49; proportion of
white males to white females of, in different sec-
tions at the several census periods, 49; popular vote
cast at several Presidential elections in, compared
with the total male whites, twenty-one years of age,
50; per cent. of the several ages of the white pop-
ulation in, to the total whites, 1850, 51; ages and
ratio to the white population of, 51; ages of the
white population of, by the census of 1830, '40 and
$50, 52-53; proportion of the different ages to total
white population of, 54; comparative ages of male
and female whites in 1830, 40 and '50, 55; propor-
tion of white males to females in, for 1850, 56;
white males and females of, at different ages in
1800, '10, 20, 30, 40 and 50, 57; ages of deaf and
dumb, blind, insane and idiotic whites in, in 1830,
'40 and '50, 60; nativities of the white population
of, 61; free colored population of, 63; increase and
decrease per cent., of free colored population in the
geographical divisions of, 63.

UNITED STATES MINT-Coinage at, in various
periods, 191.

UTAH-Proportion of families to dwellings in, 100;
live stock and agricultural products of, 1840, 50,
170-174; county statistics of population, agricul
ture, manufactures, education, religion, &c., 333-
337; county statistics in detail, 337.
VERMONT-Live stock and agricultural products of,
1840 and '50, 170-174; county statisties, 315-17.
VIRGINIA-Rank as regards slave population, 85; live
stock and agricultural products of, 1840 and 1850,
170-174; commerce of, prior to the revolution,
1700-76, 184, (includes Maryland.) County statis
tics, 321.

VITAL STATISTICS-Report of Mr. Shattuck, of
Massachusetts, on, 106.

WAGES-Average of, in 1850, 164; uniformity of, in
agricultural districts, 164; of factory hands in Man-
chester, England, 164; on the continent of Europe,

164.

WHITE-Ages of, by census of 1830, 40 and '50, 51;
ratio of ages of, 54; nativities of deaf and dumb, &c.
in 1850, 112; classification of age and nativity of, at-
tending school for several counties in 7 States, 154;
increase of, in slaveholding and non-slaveholding
States from 1800 to 1850, 45.

WISCONSIN-Live stock and agricultural producte
of, 1840 and '50, 170-174: county statistics, 327. 397.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

ORIGIN-HISTORY AND USES OF STATISTICAL INVESTIGATIONS-ADVANTAGES OF THE CENSUS-THE UNITED STATES AND FOREIGN CENSUS AND STATISTICAL SYSTEMSSYSTEMS IN THE SEVERAL STATES AND LARGE CITIES OF THE UNION-STATISTICAL BUREAUS-CENSUS EXPERIENCE AND PROPOSED SCHEDULES FOR FUTURE ENUMERATIONS-CENSUS LEGISLATION AND EXPENDITURE AT EACH PERIOD-MACHINERY OF THE CENSUS OFFICE-FUTURE IMPROVEMENT-MODE OF PUBLISHING THE RESULTS.

IN every country, and almost at all periods, the exigencies of revenue or of military service must have rendered occasionally necessary some sort of estimation of the numbers of the people. Among the Greeks and Romans inquiries in regard to population were often pressed to a considerable extent, yet the science of statistics, as now understood, may be said to belong altogether to the present age. Achenwall, of Prussia, who lived about the middle of the last century, has the credit of having given form and name to this important branch of knowledge, and is said to have left the full development of its principles to be carried out by his pupil, Schlözer. Other writers followed each other in rapid succession, until Sir John Sinclair at last introduced the term into Britain, and the Society of Universal Statistics was founded in 1829, in France. The transactions of this Society, arranged under the several divisions, give a better idea of the scope of the science of statistics than could be otherwise expressed. They include

1st. Physical and Descriptive Statistics embracing topography, hydrography, meteorology population, man physically, hygiene, and the sanitary state. 2d. Positive and Applied Statis tics-embracing animal and vegetable productions, agriculture, industry, commerce, navigation, state of the science, general institutions, literature, language and the fine arts. 3d. Moral and Philosophical Statistics-including the forms of religious worship, legislative and judicial powers, public administration, finance, the marine, military and diplomacy.

The importance of correct information regarding the age, sex, condition, occupation and numbers of a people, their moral and social state, their education and industry, is now universally recognized among the enlightened of all civilized. nations. Where this information can be had for periods running back very far, and for many countries, it furnishes the material for contrasts and comparisons the most instructive, and for deducing the soundest rules in the administration of Government, or in promoting the general welfare of society. Statistics are far from being the barren array of figures ingeniously and laboriously combined into columns and tables, which many persons are apt to suppose them. They constitute rather the ledger of a nation, in which, like the merchant in his books, the citizen can read, at one view, all of the results of a year or of a period of years, as compared with other periods, and deduce the profit or the loss which has been made, in morals, education, wealth or power.

9

Are the results objected to upon the score of being imperfect, or in some respects unreliable? Let the objection be admitted, and is it necessary to grope in absolute darkness because it is impossible to have absolute truth? If the census of a people, for example, cannot be received implicitly, does it become proper and right to have no data whatever? Are men acting upon this principle in other matters? Is not a large and valuable mass of human knowledge derived entirely from approximations? If there cannot be faith in the results of a census, can there be in those of imports and of exports, returned at the custom-houses, or by the registries of the several ports, or in the returns of the popular elections? Without doubt the degree of accuracy of a census may be very great or very smalldependent upon the pains which has been bestowed, the qualifications of the parties employed in taking, or afterwards combining it, and the intelligence of the masses of the people. The chances of error are countless at almost every step. In Europe, where the system is thought to be comparatively perfect, and where the best talent is always employed, the chances of error will be as great, perhaps from the want of general intelligence in the people and in their fear of taxation, as in the United States, where the people are generally informed, but the census system is bad, and the enumerators are worse. Hence there is little practical difference in the results in either case. Moreover, the imperfections of the census are believed to be exaggerated. All intention to deceive must of course be excluded, and a faithless performance of duties can be easily detected by the exposure to the publie view, of the returns in the several neighborhoods where they are made, which is invariably required. There is, besides, an equal chance that errors will compensate or balance each other, and those that remain will not greatly impair the result. Admitting the latter to be the case, and that it is a question, what proportion the children of a State, under one year of age, bear to the whole population of that State? Let the population be 1,000,000, and the children 25,000, or two and a half per cent. If the marshal has entered 500 of these children erroneously-which would be a great amount of error certainly-the ratio will only be affected to the extent of the one twentieth of one per cent.'; a very trifling fraction. However deficient the census system of the United States has been, any one who will take the trouble to compare the results upon certain points, will perceive how strikingly and truly the several enumerations harmonize-a confirma tion, at least, of their general accuracy, whatever the particular errors which may be pointed out.*

An enlightened people will not object to the apparent exposure of their affairs, involved in a census, (that exposure, after all, amounting to very little, since the Government is pledged against the use of the material, except in the aggregate, and merging all individuality,) when satisfied that the great object is the promotion of the public welfare, and is disconnected from any plans of legislative spoliation. This is evidenced in the fact that every census has descended into more particulars than the last, and found the people more willing to respond. The publication and general comprehension of the results increase the public zest for more. This will be seen hereafter in referring to the State and city census, and other local reports, becoming every where so frequent and so full. Satisfied that there is a great purpose to be subserved, the people always acquiesce. Though seemingly impertinent, at first sight, to be interrogated in regard to their age, their place of birth, their occupation, and degree of education, if they are married or single, if there is a deaf or a dumb person in their family, if they own real estate, if they cultivate land, and how much of it, what crops they are producing, if any of their household have been born or have died within the year, yet, when twenty millions of people have responded to these questions, and their answers have been digested into tables, and made public, the idea of impertinence falls at once to the ground. By questions, such as these, they perceive, can be ascertained

* The remarkable uniformity in the proportions of the sexes as shown in the table on page 49, is an illustration in point. For every 100 males in 1790, there were 96.4 females; in 1800, 95.3; 1810, 96.2; 1820, 96.8; 1830, 6.4; 1840, 95.6; and in 1850, 95; the results of immigration, composed as it is largely of males, being exactly adicated.

The ex

for cities and States, the proportion of the sexes to each other, indicating the ca pacity for industry or development; the productive power, duration of life, degree of health or mortality, the migration of population and its homogeneous or heterogeneous elements, the occupations which yield the greatest and the least results, or are more favorable to longevity, the extent of education imparted, or to which it is neglected, how the soil is parcelled out, in what cultivated and how much is the distributive share of wealth to each individual, in the several localities. amples are few out of a multitude presenting themselves. Who will then deny its great importance to information of this character, or, refuse his cheerful co-operation in obtaining it? The extensive publication given to the results of the present census-320,000 bound volumes having been already ordered at different times, to say nothing of countless other abstracts-will take a copy into almost every family, where it must become, to some extent, the subject of conversation and discussion. It is not easy to estimate the effect which this will have in diffusing true notions of the nature and character of the census, and in inciting the people and the enumerators to greater alacrity and more accuracy in their future reports.

In the United States a general census has been taken every tenth year, beginning with 1790, the leading results of which are digested in the present volume. The first of this series included but five particulars—the white males over and under 16, the white females, the slaves, and all other free persons, "except Indians, not taxed." The second-1800-retained the same divisions of class, and distinguished the white males and females into ages, under 10, between 10 and 16, 16 and 26, 26 and 45, and of 45 and over. The third-1810-was identical with the second, but a schedule of manufactures was ordered to be added, showing the capital, labor, material used in manufactures, and the kind and value of the product. The fourth-1820-divided the whites as the second had done, but added a column for the white males between 16 and 18, and another for foreigners not naturalized, with blanks for those of the population employed in agriculture, in commerce, or in manufactures. This census regarded also, for the first time, the ages of the free colored and slaves, male and female; under 14, between 14 and 26, between 26 and 45, and 45 and upwards. A schedule of manufactures, similar to, but an improvement on, that of 1810, was appended. By an oversight the column for "all other persons," by which was previously meant the "free colored," was retained, although this class was specifically mentioned, and the error has given rise to subsequent difficulties. The fifth census-1830-divided the white males and females into ages quinquennially until 20, and decennially afterwards to 100, &c.; divided the colored and slaves, male and female, into those under 10, between 10 and 24, 24 and 36, 36 and 55, 55 and 100, 100 and upwards; added columns, for the first time, of white and colored deaf and dumb, under 14 years of age, between 14 and 25, of 25 and upwards, and for the blind in the aggregate; also a column for aliens not naturalized. No returns of manufactures were embraced. The sixth census-1840-followed the divisions of age, sex and color in the fifth, and the divisions for the deaf, dumb and blind, but added columns for the insane and idiotic, at public or private charge, the universities and colleges, academies and schools, students and scholars, scholars at public charge, and adult whites who cannot read and write. It also embraced, as a part of the general schedule, more full particulars of industry than had been previously obtained.

These enumerations were published, within one, two, or three years, severally, from the time when they were made, but in such a manner as unfitted them for general use, understanding, or reference, and with very little tabular system and accuracy. A complete set of them does not exist in the public departments at Washington, and one or two are nearly, if not entirely, out of print. A new edition of these decennial reports, uniform with the quarto volume of 1850, considering the heavy outlay they required, and that they are the only existing records of the facts, especially recommends itself. The whole could be embraced in a small type, and by condensation, into a single volume.