An attempt is made, in the following pages, to cover a wider field than that covered by most of the existing works on Seamanship. The admirable treatises of Luce, Nares, and Alston, originating in the days when seamanship was almost wholly concerned with the fitting and handling of vessels under sail, have preserved through later editions the general characteristics which they naturally assumed in the beginning. These treatises will never be out of date until the time, still far in the future, when sails shall have been entirely driven out by steam. It will hardly be denied, however, that the Steamer has long since established its claim to consideration in Seamanship, and that there is room for a work in which this claim shall be more fully recognized than in the treatises above referred to. The excellent work of Captains Todd and Whall, "Practical Seamanship for the Merchant Service," deals more fully than either of its predecessors with the handling of steamers; but its point of view is, as its name implies, primarily and almost exclusively that of the Merchant Service. Shortly after the present work was begun, a circular letter was addressed to officers of the merchant service and extensively circulated through the Branch Hydrographic Offices at New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Norfolk, requesting the views of the officers addressed. The answers received to these questions were unexpectedly numerous and complete. More than forty prominent officers of the Merchant Service replied, many of them writing out their views and describing their experiences with a fullness of detail far beyond anything that could have been anticipated. The thanks of the author are due particularly to the following for letters or for personal interviews covering the above points: Capt. W. H. Thompson, S. S. Belgenland; Capt. T. Evans, S. S. Runo; Capt. J. Dann, S. S. Southwark; 1st Officer T. Anfindsen, S. S. Southwark; Capt. J. C. Jameson, S. S. St. Paul; Capt. H. E. Nickels, S. S. Friesland; Capt. G. J. Loveridge, S. S. Buffalo; Capt. F. M. Howes, S. S. Kershaw; Capt. T. J. Thorkildsen, S. S. Trojan; Capt. Otto Neilsen, S. S. Pennland; Capt. H. Doxrud, S. S. Noordland; Capt. C. O. Rockwell, Clyde S. S. Co.; Capt. S. W. Watkins, S. S. Montana; Capt. Anders Beer, S. S. Nordkyn; Capt. J. M. Johnston, S. S. Sardinian; Capt. A. R. Mills, S. S. Westernland; Capt. J. S. Garvin, S. S. Cherokee; Capt. Robt. B. Quick, S. S. El Cid; Capt. Wm. J. Roberts, S. S. New York; Capt. T. Richardson, S. S. Noranmore; Capt. E. O. Marshall, S. S. Maryland; 1st Officer H. S. Lane, S. S. Maryland; Capt. W. F. Bingham, S. S. Marengo; Capt. R. Gowing, S. S. Greatham; Capt. H. J. Byrne, U. S. A. T. McPherson; Capt. Paul Grosch, S. S. Stuttgart; Capt. Geo. Schrotter, S. S. Belgravia; Capt. F. C. Saunders, S. S. English King; Capt. Chas. Cabot, S. S. Venango; Capt. Chas. Pinkham, S. S. Queen Wilhelmina; Capt. A. Traue, S. S. München; Capt. W. Thomas, S. S. Quernmore; Capt. H. O. Nickerson, Fall River Line; Capt. Geo. Lane, Baltimore Steam Packet Co. Important assistance was received from Naval Constructor W. J. Baxter, U. S. Navy, who prepared Chapters I and XVIII; and from Lieutenant E. E. Hayden, U. S. Navy, who contributed several Charts and much valuable information upon Meteorology, for Chapter XIX. Chapter V was suggested by a paper, "Mechanical Appliances on board Ship," by Captain Thomas Mackenzie, issued by the London Shipmasters' Society as No. 29 of their valuable series of publications. It would be impossible to mention all the naval officers who have assisted the author with criticism and suggestions; but acknowledgment is especially due to Lieut.-Commander A. W. Grant, Lieut. John Hood, Lieut. W. R. M. Field, Lieut. John Gow, Lieut.-Commander W. F. Worthington, Commander J. E. Pillsbury, Lieut. V. S. Nelson, Lieut. Ridgely Hunt, and Chief Boatswain W. L. Hill, all of the United States Navy. Above all, acknowledgment is due to Chief Boatswain C. F. Pierce, U. S. Navy, who not only assisted in the preparation of many parts of the text, but prepared sketches for fully one-half the illustrations of the volume. UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY, AUSTIN M. KNIGHT. TABLE OF CONTENTS Types of Ships.-Fighting Ships.-Auxiliary Ships.-Battleships.-Battle Cruisers. Scout Cruisers.-Light Cruisers.-Destroyers.-Submarines.— THE HULL AND FITTINGS OF A SHIP. Construction and Parts of Hull.-Keel.-Frames.-Double Bottoms.- Longitudinals.-Stem and Stern.-Rudder.-Propellers.-Drainage.-Ven- Fibres for Rope.-Manila Rope -Hemp Rope.-" Small Stuff ".-Manu- facture of Rope.—Wire Rope.-Types of Wire Rope.-Characteristics of Various Types.-Types Suited for Various Purposes.-Galvanizing -Care and Handling of Wire Rope.-Notes on Wire Rope.-Wire Hawsers. Working in Hemp and Manila -Knots and Splices in Hemp and Man- ila.-Working in Wire Rope.-Splicing Wire Rope.-Appliances for Use MECHANICAL APPLIANCES ON SHIPBOARD The Composition and Resolution of Forces.-Analysis of Forces in Me- chanical Appliances.-Mast and Boom.-The Derrick-The Span.-The Rigging Yards and Derricks for Handling Heavy Weights.—Analysis of Forces Involved.-Use of a Span.-Use of a Derrick.-Use of a Boom.— THE COMPASS LOG AND LEAD-SUBMARINE SIGNALS. The Magnetic Compass-The Gyroscopic Compass.-The Radio Com- Page 116 Construction of Boats.-Types of Boats.-Metallic Boats.-Buoyancy of Boats. Classification of Boats-Self-Bailing Boats.-Self-Righting Boats. -U. S. Coast Guard Boats.-Man-of-War Boats.-The Stowage and Handling of Boats.-Davits.-Cradles.-Detaching Apparatus (Releasing Gear).-Lowering Boats.-Hoisting Boats.-Handling Heavy Boats.- Notes on Care and Handling of Power Boats.-Diseases of Steamers and Motor Boats, and Remedies.-Rig of Boats for Sailing.-Handling Boats Under Sail.-Handling Boats Under Oars.-Towing Boats.......Page 147 Preliminary. Rules of Royal National Lifeboat Institution.-Rowing to Seaward. Running before a Surf to the Shore.-Beaching or Landing Through a Surf-Practical Notes on the Management of Boats in a Surf. Anchors.-Types of Anchors.-Old-fashioned and Patent Anchors.-Ad- vantages and Disadvantages of Different Types.-Housing in Hawse-pipe. -Chain Cables-Details of Cables-Manufacture of Cables.-Stowing Cables.-Overhauling Cables.-Make-up of Cable.-Weight and Strength of Chain.-Windlasses.-Details of Ground-Tackle.-Letting-go Anchor- Speed of Ship in Letting-go-Anchoring in Squadron.-Anchoring in Deep Water.-Weighing.-Stowing Anchors-Foul Anchor.-Anchoring by the Stern. Riding at Single Anchor.-Advantage of Long Scope.— Dragging-Mooring.-Advantages and Disadvantages of Mooring-To Moor. A Flying Moor.-Clear and Foul Hawse.-The Mooring-Swivel.— Putting on the Swivel.-Taking Off the Swivel-Tending Ship .. Page 231 Occasions for Carrying out Anchors.-Difficulties.-Methods of Carry- ing On.-Fittings Required.-Floating Power of Boats.-Strength of Spars.-To Pick up an Anchor.-Dragging for Anchor or Cable.-Weigh- ing by Ship or With Boat.-Lost Bower or Sheet...... New Terminology of United States Navy as to Helm and Rudder.-The Elements Entering into the Steering of Steamers.-The Rudder.-The Screw Current.-Analysis of the Screw Current and its Effects.-The Side- wise Pressure of the Screw Blades.-The Wake Current.-Ship and Screw Going Ahead-The Turning of Ships.-The Turning Circle.-Ship and Screw Going Astern.-Effects of Rudder and Screw Currents.-Ship Going Ahead, Screw Backing.-Forces Involved and their Effects.-Behavior of the Ship under Various Conditions.-Ship Going Astern, Screw Going Ahead.-Forces Involved and their Effects -To Turn in a Limited Space. -Twin Screws.-Advantages of Twin Screws.-Turning of Twin-Screw Ships under different Conditions.-Additional Notes upon Steering.- Effect of Wind.-Effect of Sea-Effect of Shallow Water.-Heeling of Ships in Turning.-Importance of Knowing the Manoeuvring Power of Various Sets of Rules for Preventing Collision.-Authorities to be Con- MANOEUVRING TO AVOID COLLISION. Preliminary.-Steamers Meeting.-Steamers Crossing.-Relative Speeds of the two Vessels as Affecting the Point of Meeting.-Discussion of the Manoeuvres proper for Avoiding Collision (with diagrams).-Manœuvre for Giving-way Ship-Manoeuvre for Holding-on Ship.-A Steamer and a Sailing Vessel.-In a Fog.-General Discussion.-Manœuvres Proper under Various Conditions.-Speed in a Fog.-The Law as to Moderate Speed. Reasonableness of the Law.-Fallacy of the Arguments in Favor |