NOVEL, in the civil law, a term used for the constitutions of several emperors, more particularly those of Justinian. They were called novels, either from their producing a great alteration in the face of the ancient law, or because they were made on new cases, and after the revival of the ancient code.

NOVEMBER, n. s. Lat. November. The eleventh month of the year, or the ninth reckoned from March, which was, when the Romans named the months, accounted the first. November is drawn in a garment of changeable green, and black upon his head.

Peacham.

NOVEMVIRI, nine magistrates of Athens, whose government lasted but for one year; the first of whom was called archon, or prince; the second basileus, or king; the third polemarchus, or general of the army: the other six were called thesmothetæ, or lawgivers. They took an oath to observe the laws; and, in case of failure, obliged themselves to bestow upon the commonwealth a statue of gold equal to their own weight. Those who discharged their office with honor were received into the number of the senators of Areopagus.

NOV'ENARY, n. s. Lat. novenarius. Number of nine; nine collectively.

Ptolemy by parts and numbers implieth climacterical years; that is, septenaries and novenaries.

Browne.

Looking upon them as in their original differences and combinations, and as selected out of a natural stock of nine quaternions, or four novenaries, their nature and differences lie most obvious to be understood. Holder.

NOVER'CAL, adj. Lat. novercalis, noverca. Having the manner of a stepmother; beseeming a stepmother.

When the whole tribe of birds by incubation, produce their young, it is a wonderful deviation, that some few families should do it in a more novercal way. Derham.

NOUGHT, n. s. Sax. neauht. Naught, as it should be written; but naught is by custom applied to bad or worthless things: and nought

to signify nothing; to set at naught' is not to value or regard.

Ye have set at nought all my counsel, and would none of my reproof. Prov. i. 25.

Ye are of nothing, and your work of nought.

Isaiah xli. 24. Thereto, said he, Faire Dame,' be nought dismaid,

For sorrowes past; their griefe is with them gone.
Spenser. Faerie Queene.
Who cannot see this palpable device?
Yet who so bold, but says he sees it not?
Bad is the world, and it will come to nought,
When such ill dealings must be seen in thought.
Shakspeare.
Such smiling rogues as these sooth every passion,
Renege, affirm, and turn their halcyon beaks
With every gale and vary of their masters,
And knowing nought, like dogs, but following. Id.
In young Rinaldo fierce desires he spyed,
And noble heart, of rest impatient,
To wealth or sovereign power he nought applyed.

NOVGOROD, a considerable province of European Russia, to the east of the governments of Petersburg and Pskov. It lies between 20° 50′ and 38° 50′ of E. long., and 57° 30′ and 60° 30′ of N. lat., having an area of 55,000 square miles, but the number of inhabitants do not exceed 780,000. This province is surrounded by a part of the elevated tract called the Valdaic Mountains. In the north large tracts are covered either with marshes or moss; but the south part produces corn, hemp, flax, timber, and some iron and salt. The whole is

divided into ten districts or circles. The rivers are the Volchov, the Msta, and the Mologa. The lakes Ilmen, Bielojo, Osero, and Vosh. Some manufactures of common articles are carried on in the towns; and in the country soap, linen, candles, and potash, are made. The exports are corn, flax, hemp, and wood. The capital of the province, employed in commerce, was declared, by an official report, in the beginning of this century, to be £1,200,000.

NOVGOROD, or NOVGOROD-VELIKI (the Great Novgorod), a large town of the north-west of European Russia, the capital of the above government, is situated in a plain at the north extremity of the lake Ilmen. The Volchov, a deep and rapid stream, divides it into two parts. The part on the right bank is called the Torgaraia, or Market Town; that on the left, the Sophiskaia,

and is surrounded with a rampart of earth, and a ditch flanked with towers. It is about a mile and a half in circumference, but this includes much open space, and contains the Kremlin or citadel, in which is an ancient palace of the czars, and the cathedral of St. Sophia, a large building with sculptured brazen gates. Some of the paintings here are of great antiquity, and the Russians, according to Dr. Clarke, are fond of copying them. We find at the end of the eighteenth century,' he observes, a Russian peasant placing before his bogh (God), a picture purchased in the market of St. Petersburg or Moscow, exactly similar to those brought from Greece during the tenth; the same stiff representation of figures which the Greeks themselves seem to have copied from works in mosaic; the same mode of mixing and laying on the colors on a plain gold surface; the same custom of painting upon wood; and the same expensive covering of a silver coat of mail.' Here are also some curious specimens of the architecture as well as painting of the eleventh and twelth centuries. The tombs of Vladimir and of Theodor are in the cathedral, the gates of which are said to have been brought by the former from Cherson. On the bridge leading to the kremlin from the other part of the town, Dr. Clarke noticed, a small sanctuary, where every peasant who passes deposits either his candle or his penny. Before this place, which is filled with old pictures of the kind already described, and which a stranger might really mistake for a picture-stall, devotees during the whole day may be seen bowing and crossing themselves. A Russian hardly commits any action without this previous ceremony. If he be employed to drive your carriage, his crossing occupies two minutes before he is mounted. When he descends, the same motion is repeated. If a church be in view, you see him at work with his head and hand as if seized with St. Vitus's dauce. If he make any earnest protestation, or enter a room, or go out, you are entertained with the same manual and capital exercise. When beggars return thanks for alms, the operation lasts a longer time; and then, between the crossing, by way of interlude, they generally make prostration, and touch their foreheads to the earth.'

'The melancholy ideas excited by the present appearance of Novgorod,' Dr. Clarke further remarks, 'have been felt by all travellers. Who has not heard the ancient saying, which prevailed in the days of its greatness-Quis contra Deos et magnam Novogordiam ?-Who can resist the gods and Novgorod the Great? Nomade Slavonians were its founders, about the time that the Saxons, invited by Vortigern, first came into Britain. Four centuries after, a motley tribe, collected from the original inhabitants of all the watery and sandy plains around the Finland Gulf, made it their metropolis. Nearly 1000 years have passed away since Ruric, the Norman, gathering them together at the mouth of the Volchova (Volkhov), laid the foundation of an empire, destined to extend over the vast territories of all the Russias; afterwards, ascending the river to the spot where its rapid current rushes from the lake Ilmen, to the Ladoga Lake, he

fixed his residence in Novogorod. In the midst of those intestine divisions which resulted from the partition of the empire, at the death of Vladimir (A. D. 1015), who divided his states among his twelve sons, there arose three independent princes and a great number of petty confederacies. The seat of government was successively removed to Suzedal, Vladimir, and Moscow. Novogorod adopted a mixed government, partly monarchical and partly republican. In the middle of the thirteenth century (A. D. 1250) it was distinguished by the victories of its grand duke over the Swedes on the banks of the Neva; and, by its remote situation it escaped the ravages of the Tartars in the fourteenth. In the fifteenth it submitted to the yoke of Ivan I., whose successor Ivan II., in the sixteenth, ravaged and desolated the place, carrying away the palladium of the city, the famous bell, which the inhabitants had dignified with the appellation of eternal.' About the middle of the fifteenth century this town was the chief factory of the Hanseatic league, in their trade with Russia and Poland. Its territory at this time reaching, on the north, to the frontiers of Livonia and Finland, and comprising a great part of the province of Archangel, with a district beyond the north-west limits of Siberia. In 1553, in consequence of Ivan IV. seizing the effects, and imprisoning the persons, of the merchants resident there, Novogorod was abandoned by the Hanseatic league, and its traders removed first to Revel, and afterwards to Narva. It still continued, however, to be the most commercial city in Russia. Chancellor, who passed through it, thus describes in it 1554Next unto Moscow, the city of Novgorod is reputed the chiefest of Russia; for although it be in majestie inferior to it, yet in greatnesse it goeth beyond it. It is the chiefest and greatest mart town of all Muscovy; and albeit the emperor's seat is not there, but at Moscow, yet the commodiousness of the river, falling into that gulf which is called Sinus Finnicus, whereby it is well frequented by merchants, makes it more famous than Moscow itself. But its ruin was not fully accomplished,' as Dr. Clarke observes, ' until the building of St. Petersburg, when all the commerce of the Baltic was transferred to that capital.' The other part of the town contains the governor's house; the rest of the houses are wooden structures, very irregularly placed at present. But here a number of brick churches and convents witness its former consequence. A trade in corn is carried on here, and there are some inconsiderable manufactures of canvas and other articles. The population of the whole city at present amounts only to 8000. Novgorod is still the see of an archbishop, and is 112 miles S. S. E. of St. Petersburg.

NOVGOROD-SIEVERSKOI, a town in the government of Czernigov, in European Russia. It was for some time the capital of the government, and has three yearly fairs. It stands at the confluence of the Dnieper and Desna. Inhabitants 3000. Eighty-six miles E. N. E. of Czernigov.

NOVI, a town of North-west Italy, in the Sardinian states, situated in a fertile plain, at the foot of the Appennines; on an eminence stands

The houses are often painted of vas on the outside; several of the habitants of Genoa have country resiere, and the place is on the whole well in front of the principal church is a pubare. The chief manufactures are silk, and Mace is an entrepot for goods coming from the Levant, which pass into Lombardy and the north of Germany. In August, 1799, one of the most sanguinary battles in the eighteenth century took place here, between the French under Joubert and Moreau, and the Austro-Russian forces under Suwarrow, in which the latter was victorious. Inhabitants 5400. Twenty-three miles north by east of Genoa.

NOVI-BAZAR, or NOVI-PAZAR, a considerable town of small trade, in the north of European Turkey, in Servia, near the Oresco, formerly the capital of the province of Rascia. It contains about 8000 inhabitants, partly Christians and partly Turks, and is seventy miles west by north of Nessa.

NOVIT'IATE,

novitius.

NOVICE, n. s. Fr. novice, noviciat; Lat. One newly acNOV'ITY. Squainted with a thing; a fresh man; probationer: one in monastic affairs, who has not taken the vow: novitiate, the state of a novice, or of being under tutelage: novity, a foolish redundancy in our language, adopted only, as we find, by the author of Vulgar Errors' for novelty, newness.

Not a novice, lest being puffed up with pride he fall into the condemnation of the devil. St. Paul.

Bring me to the sight of Isabella,

A novice of this place.

Shakspeare. Measure for Measure. You are novices; 'tis a world to see How tame when men and women are alone, A meacock wretch can make the cursest shrew. Shakspeare.

We have novices and apprentices, that the succession of the former employed men do not fail.

Bacon.

The good man's actions are so many copies for novices to take out no less instructive than the wiser men's precepts. Bp. Hall.

Some conceive she might not yet be certain, that only man was privileged with speech, and, being in the novity of the creation and unexperience of all things, might not be affrighted to hear a serpent speak.

Browne.

I am young, a novice in the trade,
The fool of love, unpractised to persuade;
And want the soothing arts that catch the fair,
But caught myself lie struggling in the snare.
And she I love, or laughs at all my pain,

Or knows her worth too well, and pays me with disdain. Dryden.

This is so great a masterpiece in sin, that he must have passed his tyrocinium or novitiate in sinning, before he come to this, be he never so quick a proficient. South.

If any unexperienced young novice happens into the fatal neighbourhood of such pests, presently they are plying his full purse and his empty pate. Id.

In these experiments I have set down such circumstances, by which either the phenomenon might be rendered more conspicuous, or a novice might more easily try them, or by which I did try them only.

Newton's Opticks.

NOVIODUNUM, in ancient geography, the name of seven towns, mostly in Gaul; viz. 1. A town of the Ædui, commodiously seated on the Liguris (Cæsar), the Nivernun of Antonine; now called Nevers, on the Loire. 2. A town of the Aulerci Diablintes, in Gallia Celtica (Antonine, Ptolemy). 3. A town of the Bituriges (Cæsar), now called Nueve sur Baranion; fifteen miles north of Bourges. 4. A town of Mosia Inferior (Ptolemy), situated on the Ister; now Nivorz. 5. A town of Pannonia Superior (Antonine); now Gurkfeld in Carinthia. 6. Noviodunum Saessionum, the same with Augusta Suessionum. 7. A town of the Veromandui, in Gallia Belgica (Cæsar); now called Noyon.

NOVITIATE, or NOVICIATE, is a year of probation appointed for the trial of novices, whether they have a vocation, and the necessary qualities for living up to the rule; the observation whereof they are to bind themselves to by vow. The noviciate lasts more than a year in some houses. It is esteemed the bed of the civil death of a

novice, who expires to the world by profession. NOUN, n. s. Old French, noun; Lat. nomen. The name of any thing, in grammar.

Thou hast men about thee, that usually talk of a noun and a verb, and such abominable words as no christian ear can endure to hear. Shakspeare.

A noun is the name of a thing, whether substance, mode, or relation, which in speech is used to signify the same when there is occasion to affirm or deny any thing about it, or to express any relation it has to Clarke. any other thing.

The boy, who scarce has paid his entrance down, To this proud pedant, or declined a noun. Dryden. NOURISH, v. a & n. s. Fr. nourrir; Ital. NOURISHABLE, adj. NOURISHER, n. s. NOURISHMENT.

nodrire, nutrire ; Span. nutrir; Lat. nutrio. To sup

port; maintain; encourage; feed; promote growth and strength; train; educate: and, in an obsolete sense, to gain strength or grow: nourishable is susceptible of nourishment: a nourisher, he who yields or communicates strength, support, or maintenance: nourishment, nutriment; support of strength; hence food; sustentation.

A restorer of thy life, and a nourisher of thine old

Ruth.

age. I travel not, neither do I nourish up young men, nor bring up virgins. Isaiah xxiii. 4.

Pharaoh's daughter took him up, and nourished him for her own son.

Acts vii. 21.

1 Tim. iv. 6.

proofs to nourish

Thou shalt be a good minister of Jesus Christ, nourished up in the words of faith. What madness was it with such their contentions, when there were such effectual Hooker. means to end all controversy!

He instructeth them, that as in the one place they use to refresh their bodies, so they may in the other learn to seek the nourishment of their souls. Id.

Whilst I in Ireland nourish a mighty band, I will stir up in England some black storm. Shakspeare. Sleep, chief nourisher in life's feast. Id. In vegetable there is one part more nourishing than another; as grains and roots nourish more than their leaves. Bacon.

Milk warm from the cow is a great nourisher, and a good remedy in consumptions.

ld.

Chapman.

Him will I follow, and this house forego That nourished me a maid.

What men of spirit nowadays,

Come to give sober judgment of new plays.

Let my obedience then excuse
My disobedience now,
Nor some reproof yourself refuse

Garrick.

Pollok.

From your aggrieved Bow-wow. Cowley. Of Adam's race he was, and lonely sat By chance that day in meditation deep, Reflecting much of time, and earth, and man; And now to pensive, now to cheerful notes, e touched a harp of wondrous melody. NOWARAHAUT, a town of Bengal, the station of the war and state boats belonging to the nabobs of Bengal. The establishment consisted of 760 boats of various kinds; which, beside the crew of sailors, were manned by 1000 Portuguese, or native Christians, who served as artillery-men; and a jagier or estate was assigned for its support, yielding nearly £100,000 per annum. Since the English reduced this establishment the town has fallen to decay. Ten miles north-east of Dacca.

Barrow.

A power of natural gravitation, without contact or impulse, can in nowise be attributed to mere matter. Bentley.

NOX, Night, in the pagan mythology, one of the most ancient deities among the heathens, daughter of Chaos. From her union with her brother Erebus she gave birth to the Day and the Light. She was also the mother of the Parca, Hesperides, Dreams, Discord, Death, Momus, Fraud, &c. She is called by some of the poets the mother of all things, of gods as well as of men; and she was worshipped with great solemnity by the ancients. She had a famous statue in Diana's temple at Ephesus. It was usual to offer her a black sheep, as she was the mother of the Furies. The cock was also offered to her, as that bird proclaims the approach of day during the darkness of the night. She is represented as mounted on a chariot, and covered with a veil bespangled with stars. The constellations generally went before her as her constant messengers. Sometimes she is seen holding two children under her arms; one of whom is black, representing Death; and the other white, representing Sleep. Some describe her as a woman veiled in mourning, crowned with poppies, and carried in a chariot drawn by owls and bats.

J. Hadden, Printer, Finsbury.