of population in child. children for school attendance. The percentage of the Percentage population in the schools is about 10 per cent, an excel-schools. lent showing for a new government (the percentage for the United States for 1918 was 20.13). The amount Expense per spent for each pupil per year is $9.50 (the United States annual expenditure is $36.62). The amount per capita Expense per for the entire population of the Philippine Islands is $0.86. Problems of finding teachers. One of the most difficult problems has been to secure efficient teachers. No class of men and women should be selected with more care, for they are charged not only with the routine education of the children, but inevitably have a great influence in forming their ideas of citizenship obligation, respect for the law and the authorities, and as these teachers do their work to-day so will the Philippine people of to-morrow be. Too much care can Importance of not be exercised in their selection, for only men and tion. women of capacity can teach children to think straight and to apply their minds to the problems of life intelligently. efficient instruc Lack of well The exceedingly rapid expansion of the school system trained teachers. has made it difficult to secure a sufficient number of well-trained teachers. The great majority of the teach- Problems of establishing teachers in the primary schools are products of the interme- ing staffs. diate schools and have had comparatively little experience in teaching, so that hand in hand with the education of the children has gone the effort to train and build up a competent teaching force. English. lic opinion. One of the principal objects of the schools is to teach Importance of the children to speak English, so that it may become the language of the people. This is of vital importance, as it will form a bond of union for the numerous and more or less distinct language groups and establish a common medium of communication, which will make for efficiency in government and tend to build up a spirit of solidarity. It will also result in a more widely circulating press and Press and pubthe creation of an instructed public opinion, which is most important. There is a great shortage of English-speaking teachers. American Many of the Filipino teachers who are instructing in English are themselves far from proficient in it. The force of American teachers is altogether too small and should be increased to approximately 1,000 if instruction in English is to be rapidly and successfully pushed forward. teachers. courage American teachers Means to en- In order to secure this number of American teachers, in addition to the present salary a liberal allowance will have to be made for transportation to and from the islands. And as a further measure toward better conCourse in Eng-ditions for instruction in English arrangements should recom- be made for an intensive course in English for the native teachers during the summer months. lish for native teachers mended. Higher educa tion provided for. The preparation of the Filipinos to meet the professional and scientific requirements of their country and for the advancement of general culture are in part proUniversity of vided for by the University of the Philippines, the high schools, and certain private schools and colleges. the Philippines. sity for Americans. At present these institutions are not turning out a sufficient number of graduates to meet the needs of the situation. The University of the Philippines is an institution full of promise, but is not meeting the demands upon it in as satisfactory a manner as could reasonably Further neces- be expected. There is an urgent need of Americans of high standing and capacity for the heads of some departments. A general reorganization is urgently necessary and business management must be put on a sound basis. Medical School. The medical school should be brought to a par with the best in America and the school of tropical medicine should Reestablish-be reestablished and placed under the direction of thorTropical Medi-oughly competent personnel. This school, a few years ago, had attained the highest standing in the East. At other colleges de present it is not in operation. The college of agriculture, veterinary college, and the college of education should be strengthened and enlarged, to meet the needs of the people. ment of School of cine. Enlarging of sired. Industrial education provided. training. A serious effort has been made on the part of teachers and others to impress upon the children the dignity of labor, and we are glad to say that good progress has been made. There is a very general interest and strong development throughout the school system in the industrial Agricu-tural and agricultural training adapted to the needs of the people; in the manual training for boys and domestic science Athletics and hygiene for girls. There is a strong interest in athletics throughout the public-school system and in the university. This has received the strong encouragement of the Philippine people. Filipino athletes have on two Achievements Occasions won the championship of the Orient in the Far Eastern Olympiad, in competition with athletes from Japan and China. in athletics. THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE. ence. Deterioration. This was probably the most important single institu- Bureau of Scition in the Philippines, and for years it rendered vitally important service not only to the Philippine Government in its various departments but also to the world at large, through its scientific research work. It attained a position of great eminence and credit, but on account of the lack of adequate support and adequate personnel it does not occupy the position to-day that it did from 1905 to 1915. Reorganization and the appointment of a personnel in all respects adequate is imperative. The work of World scope. this institution is of inestimable value to the Philippines and to the world at large. HEALTH AND SANITATION. It can be said, without fear of successful contradiction, Shortage of that the average Filipino is born, lives, and dies without medical attendance or nursing. There is a great lack of hospitals and dispensaries. The excellent health service Deterioration which previously existed has become largely inert. Much of the personnel remains, but it has lost the zeal and vigor which formerly characterized it. in health service. Appropriations for sanitary work and medicines, etc., Lack of approare insufficient. priations. ventable diseases. The statistics of the Philippine health service show Increase in prethat there has been a steady increase in recent years in the number of preventable diseases, especially typhoid, malaria, beriberi, and tuberculosis. Before suggestions could be intelligently offered as to remedying this and other shortcomings in health administration, a detailed study would be necessary. It would seem, however, that as a basis for constructive action it is a sound assumption that the health activities and measures for medical relief which are so scattered throughout so many different agencies should be coordinated into one department and that an endeavor to correct conditions nation. should work toward the realization of that object. Need of coordi medical person There is a great shortage of doctors, nurses, and properly shortage of trained sanitary personnel. Outside of the largest towns nel. hospitals are so few and far between that they are a Hospitals. negligible quantity. There are about 930 nurses for a Numbers of population of ten and one-half million. The number of tion. nurses should be greatly increased. They are most useful as sanitary inspectors and visiting nurses. Where nurses to popula mortality. ever you find good nurses you find lowered infant mor- Effect on infant tality and improved sanitary conditions. LEPERS. Leper colony. segregation. The Philippine Islands have th largest single leper colony in the world. About 5,000 lepers are assembled at Culion. Excellent work has been done here, and the efforts and results are entitled to much credit; but much Overcrowding. remains to be done. The lepers are too congested. Necessity for There should be a segregation of those who have become negative and of the children who are born free from the disease. At present those whose reaction is negative are living with those who are in the active stage of the disease, and children who are born clean are associating with their leper parents and companions. The establishIsolation col-ment of an isolation colony near the main colony is absolutely essential. ony essential. tive discoveries. Recent cura- Recent discoveries render it almost certain that a large percentage of lepers can be cured. Although the remedy costs but little, funds have not been made available in Small percent-sufficient amounts to provide this treatment for more than 10 per cent of the lepers. age treated. Introduction of vital. new methods In brief, it can be stated that the original work done in Honolulu has now received confirmation to a degree that fully warrants introducing this treatment on a large scale in the Philippines and abandoning other treatments which have been advocated in the past, as there is every reason to believe that a large percentage of patients would soon recover to a point where they could be paroled. It is obvious that the dictates of humanity demand a very general use of the approved treatment. Furthermore, Economic ad- the economic advantage of relieving the Government from the care of large numbers of cases would be another desirable outcome. In a short time the money saved on patients discharged would more than provide funds for treating the entire number. vantages of cure. commodations. INSANE. Inadequate ac- The care of the insane is medieval. Proper accommodations are entirely lacking. Steps should be taken to provide a proper establishment for the treatment of the insane. The present institution lacks practically every feature which should characterize a hospital for the insane, and possesses many which can be guaranteed to turn those who are balancing between sanity and insanity in the wrong direction. There are no provisions for the No segregation of cases. separation of the violently insane from the incipient and mild cases, and conditions are, from the standpoint of proper treatment, exceedingly bad and should have been corrected long ago. Legislation con This is a matter which will be presented to the legisla- templated. ture at the coming session, and although funds may not be available for the construction of a fitting establishment, steps can be taken to improve greatly present conditions and lay the foundations for the future proper treatment. DEFECTIVES. According to accepted ratios per thousand, there are in Defectives. the Philippines between 5,000 and 10,000 defective Number. children, deaf, dumb, or blind. So far the Government has provided for the care of only 65 of these defectives, provisions for deto whom it owes a particular duty. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. Inadequate fectives. development. We are pleased to note and record many evidences of Progressive progressive development in the islands, as indicated by the following significant figures: savings deposits. The postal savings bank was started in 1907, and by Increase postal 1913 it had 40,000 depositors and $1,411,066.38 in deposits. In 1920 these had reached 107,000 depositors and $3,327,217.44 in deposits. gross business on which manufactured. Increase bank resources. The law requires that 1 per cent of the Increase business gross done in the islands be paid to the Government in the form taxes collected. of taxes. This business was computed to be $200,000,000 a year in 1907, when the tax was first imposed, and had increased to $325,000,000 in 1913. In 1920 it had reached the figure of $863,000,000. For example, the Increase cigars number of cigars manufactured had increased from 300,000,000 to 500,000,000. The total resources of commercial banks rose from $15,000,000 in 1906 to $31,000,000 in 1913, and are now estimated to be $215,000,000; this, however, includes the impaired resources of the Philippine National Bank without reduction for losses. Money orders sold increased from $8,000,000 in 1913 to Increase money $17,000,000 in 1920, and postage receipts from $380,000 in 1913 to $780,000 in 1920. Telegraph receipts show a similar increase. The gross earnings of the Philippine Growth of Phil. Railway have risen from $380,000 in 1913 to $750,000 in business. 1920 and the Manila Railroad from $2,400,000 in 1914 Manila R. R. to $5,900,000 in 1920; this latter, however, is partially to order business. Increase telegraph business. ippine Railway |