THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION ELEVENTH EDITION VOLUME XI NEW YORK THE ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA COMPANY 1910 Red: AE5 •E53 Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910, by The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. A. B. R. INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XI. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,1 WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED. ALFRED BARTON RENDLE, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S. Keeper, Department of Botany, British Museum. Author of Text Book on Fruit. Classification of Flowering Plants; &c. SIR ALEXANDER BLACKIE WILLIAM KENNEDY, LL.D., F.R.S. Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Oxford. Hon. Fellow of Queen's College; formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. Secretary to the London Mathematical Society. ARTHUR EVERETT SHIPLEY, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. { Function: Functions of Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Reader in Zoology, Cambridge University. Gastrotricha. ARTHUR GEORGE DOUGHTY, C.M.G., M.A., LITT.D., F.R., HIST.S. Dominion Archivist of Canada. Member of the Geographical Board of Canada. Frontenac et Palluau. Author of The Cradle of New France; &c. Joint-editor of Documents relating A. N. A. N. B. ALFRED NEAVE BRAYSHAW, LL.B. Author of Bible Notes on the Hebrew Prophets. Colonel, Royal Engineers. Royal Medallist, Royal Society, 1887. In charge of Geodesy (in part). See the biographical article, MURray, Alexander Stuart. V ADOLPHUS WILLIAM WARD, LITT.D., LL.D. See the biographical article, WARD, A. W. {Garrick, David (in part). Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Author of Foundations of Geometry: VI. (in part). A. W. W. B. A. W. R. HON. BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM RUSSELL, M.A., F.R.S. See the biographical article, WRIGHT, HON. CARRoll Davidson. CHARLES EVERITT, M.A., F.C.S., F.G.S., F.R.A.S. CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON. Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of London CARLTON HUNTLEY HAYES, A.M., PH.D. Assistant Professor of History in Columbia University, New York City. Member CLEMENT KING SHORTER. SIR CHARLES MALCOLM KENNEDY, K.C.M.G., C.B. (1831-1908).· Head of Commercial Department, Foreign Office, 1872-1893. Lecturer on Inter- national Law, University College, Bristol. Commissioner in the Levant, 1870-1871, Free Ports. at Paris, 1872-1886. Plenipotentiary, Treaty of the Hague, 1882. of Kennedy's Ethnological and Linguistic Essays; Diplomacy and International Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham. Formerly Fellow CLAUDE REGNIER CONDER, LL.D. Colonel, Royal Engineers. Formerly in command of Survey of Palestine. Author Rev. CHARLES TAYLOR, M.A., D.D., LL.D. (1840-1908). Galilee (in part); Formerly Master of St John's College, Cambridge. Vice-Chancellor, Cambridge Geometrical Continuity. CECIL WEATHERLY. SIR CHARLES WILLIAM WILSON, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S. (1836-1907). Major-General, Royal Engineers. Secretary to the North American Boundary Commission, 1858-1862. British Commissioner on the Servian Boundary Com- |