it, such a valuation is clearly a fraud upon 12. FRAUDULENT CONVEYANCES (§ 47*)-BULK the owner. As touching upon the relief SALES LAW-"FIXTURE"-"MERCHANDISE" -"GOODS IN BULK." against discriminating assessments in state courts, see Judson on Taxation, § 470 et seq.; Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Bosworth (D. C.) 209 Fed. 380. The allegations of the complaint show that there has been a systematic, intentional, and illegal discrimination against appellant in the assessment of its said lands, and that appellant cannot pay the alleged tax under protest and thereafter recover back the excess without bringing a multiplicity of suits, because of the distribution which is made of taxes when collected by the proper officers; and it further appears from the allegations of the complaint that the action taken by the assessor therein alleged casts a cloud upon the title of said land. Under the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in Raymond v. Chicago Union Traction Co., 207 U. S. 22, 28 Sup. Ct. 7, 52 L. Ed. 78, 12 Ann. Cas. 757, appellant is entitled to proper relief upon establishing the allegations of his complaint. [8] In this class of cases the court should require the plaintiff to pay the amount of taxes which the allegations of the complaint show are reasonable and just before issuing any order restraining the collection of said taxes. We do not think there is any danger of a large number of taxpayers going into court to restrain the collection of taxes if the taxing officers will carefully and conscientiously perform the duties imposed on them by law. The proceedings in courts will only be resorted to when illegal and fraudulent methods are resorted to in the assessment of property. The judgment must be reversed, and it is so ordered, and the cause is remanded, with instructions to overrule the demurrer and permit the defendants to answer. Costs are awarded to the appellant. TRUITT, J., concurs. (26 Idaho, 438) Held, that a stock of goods, wares, and merchandise, when sold in bulk, does not by implication include the fixtures as a part of the sales. Conveyances, Cent. Dig. § 34; Dec. Dig. § 47.* [Ed. Note.-For other cases, see Fraudulent For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, First and Second Series, Fixture; Merchandise.] Appeal from District Court, Washington County; Ed. L. Bryan, Judge. Action by the Boise Association of Credit Men, Limited, a corporation, against T. R. Ellis and another. From judgment for de fendants, plaintiff appeals. Affirmed. Raymond L. Givens and Chas. E. Winstead, both of Boise, for appellant. Varian & Norris, of Weiser, for respondents. by the appellant corporation, as assignee of TRUITT, J. This action was commenced by said T. R. Ellis, to collect certain accounts two different mercantile companies, against against him for goods, wares, and merchandise sold and delivered to him by said companies at his place of business in Cambridge, Idaho. The complaint alleges that these accounts were duly assigned by said companies to appellant, who was the owner and holder of them at the time of commencing this action, and that the aggregate sum of said accounts, amounting to $285.46, was due and owing from Ellis to appellant, and judgment was demanded for said sum against him. In said complaint the respondent Thomas Buhl is connected with the transaction which is the basis of the action against him as fol lows: "That on or about December 11, 1912, the said T. R. Ellis sold and transferred all his said stock of goods, wares, and merchandise, including fixtures, out of the usual and ordinary course of business and trade, and did thereby substantially sell and convey the entire business and trade thereof conducted by the said T. R. Ellis; said fixtures consisting of counters, scales, shelving, tables, and store fixtures in general. That the said T. R. Ellis particularly sold the said fixtures to the defendant Thomas Buhl for the sum of $150." It will be seen from the complaint that BOISE ASS'N OF CREDIT MEN, Limited, v. Buhl did not buy or receive any of the mer ELLIS et al. (Supreme Court of Idaho. Oct. 29, 1914.) 1. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW (§§ (§§ 208, 296*)— FRAUDULENT CONVEYANCES (§ 3*)-CLASs LEGISLATION-DUE PROCESS-POLICE POWER -BULK SALES LAW. Held, that chapter 3, tit. 10 (sections 33323335) Rev. Codes, which provides for "sales of goods in bulk," is a constitutional and valid law, that it does not constitute class legislation, within the inhibition of the Constitution, and that it is a proper and reasonable exercise of the state's police power. [Ed. Note. For other cases, see Constitutional Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 649-677, 825-838, 840846; Dec. Dig. §§ 208, 296;* Fraudulent Conveyances, Cent. Dig. § 5; Dec. Dig. § 3.*1 chandise. The respondent Buhl, as defendant therein, interposed a general demurrer to said complaint, and after consideration of the same by the trial court it was sustained, and the action dismissed. From the order dismissing said action, and the judgment entered against appellant, this appeal is taken. The defendant Ellis did not appear in the court below, and the record is silent as to whether or not he was served with process. The appellant in his brief presents an argument and cites authorities to show that the claims in this case were assignable, and were properly assigned to the plaintiff, and it could therefore legally maintain an action upon them. As to the defendant Ellis, counsel for the respondent Buhl do not dispute the validity of the assignment of these claims, nor the right of appellant to maintain an action to collect the debt which they constitute as to the defendant Ellis, but do question the manner of the proceeding in said action for the purpose of holding defendant Buhl liable for this debt. But as this only relates to the manner of procedure, and not to the real points presented by the appeal, we do not think proper to pass upon it. thing, and it is the intention and purpose of this law to prevent that. It is true that in doing this it may work a hardship on honest tradesmen, but many other laws do the same thing as to honest men that the designs of the dishonest may be defeated. Some of the early acts passed upon this subject were held unconstitutional and void by the Supreme Courts of the respective states in which they were passed; but the objections pointed out by the courts in those acts have been corrected in the later laws enacted on this subject, and have now been held constitutional by the courts of the same states that had declared the earlier acts [1] The two important points presented by this appeal are: (1) Whether the law under consideration imposes such restrictions on sales of goods, wares, and merchandise in unconstitutional. bulk by persons engaged in that business as to deprive them of their property without due process of law, and also whether it is class legislation within the inhibition of the Constitution on that subject; and (2) that, if the law is constitutional, whether fixtures used in connection with the mercantile business are by implication included within its purview and meaning. This act, though passed by the Legislature in 1903, has never before come before this court for interpretation, and for that reason we have examined a number of the decisions of other courts that have passed upon and construed similar laws with much interest. It must be conceded that this law does restrict and put some burdens on the sale of the kind of property to which it relates, but it is claimed in its favor that its object is to prevent an abuse of credit extended to debtors engaged in the mercantile business, and thus prevent fraudulent sales that would otherwise deprive their creditors of their honest debts. In Squire & Co. v. Tellier, 185 Mass. 18, 69 N. E. 312, 102 Am. St. Rep. 322, a case decided by the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, it is said: "The statute deals only with sales in bulk of a part or the whole of a stock of merchandise, which are not made in the ordinary course of trade and in the regular and usual prosecution of the seller's business. It does not interfere with the transaction of ordinary business, but relates to unusual and extraordinary transfers. In substance it declares that a sale of this kind shall not be made without first giving to creditors an opportunity to collect their debts, so far as the property to be sold might enable them to collect, or without subsequently making satisfactory provision for the payment of these debts. A sale made in violation of the statute is void only as against creditors, and, if the vendor's debts are paid, the sale cannot be interfered with. A purchaser, to be safe, has only to see that the vendor's creditors are provided for. The vendor may sell freely, without regard to the statute, if he pays his debts." Block & Griff v. Schwartz, 27 Utah, 387, 76 Pac. 22, 65 L. R. A. 308, 101 Am. St. Rep. 971, 1 Ann. Cas. 550, is relied on by respondent to support his contention that the law in question in the case at bar is unconstitutional and void. In that case the statute on this subject in the state of Utah was held unconstitutional, but that statute had two objectionable provisions in it, which are pointed out by Mr. Justice Bartch in his opinion as follows: "Under the provisions of this act a sale of any portion or all of a stock of merchandise, made out of the ordinary course of trade, by any merchant who has creditors, without a detailed inventory made at least five days before the sale, showing the cost price of each article, and notice of the proposed sale, the cost price, and selling price, given at least five days before the sale to each creditor, is not only fraudulent and void, but also renders both the seller subjects them to the penalty provided in the and purchaser guilty of a misdemeanor, and act for that crime." And in the opinion a further objection is stated as follows: "Now, it will be noticed that nowhere in its provisions is there any exemption of any sale by administrators, executors, trustees, assignees for the benefit of creditors, trustees in bankruptcy, or public officers acting under judicial process. There being no such exemption, it would seem that such sales of merchandise owned by debtors, made by persons acting in a fiduciary capacity or under judicial process, must also be made in accordance with the provisions of the act, in order that the seller and purchaser may avoid the penalties provided. It is evident that such a law would not only deprive property of one of its chief attributes, but would greatly hamper the administration of estates and retard the enforcing of judicial process." It is not probable that a law with such drastic and unreasonable provisions as the Utah statute had would ever be sustained by any court. It is generally conceded that state Legislatures have the right to enact reasonable laws to prevent fraudulent sales The purpose of this law is quite similar of property and to protect creditors, and to that of section 3169, Rev. Codes, against that this right falls within the general transfers of property with intent to defraud scope of police power will not be denied. or delay creditors; and under the statute But the police power must stop where it relating to sales in bulk, the object is to pre- comes against the provisions of the Constivent a retail merchant from disposing of tution. It must be exercised for a reasonable his stock of goods without notice to his cred- and beneficial purpose to the general public itors with the intention of doing the same or to a special class of business. In the syllabus of Hirth-Krause Co. v. Cohen, 97 N. E. 1 (177 Ind. 1, Ann. Cas. 1914C, 708), which is a case decided in 1912 by the Supreme Court of Indiana, it is stated: "Acts 1909, c. 49, § 1, making a sale of goods or merchandise in bulk void, unless in the ordinary course of trade, and unless an inventory be made before the sale showing the quantity of the goods, and the cost of each article, and unless the purchaser demand and receive from the seller a written list of names and addresses of the seller's creditors, with the amount of indebtedness, and unless the purchaser before taking possession shall notify personally the creditors named in the list, or known to him, of the proposed sale, and the price and conditions thereof, is a proper exercise of the state's police power." In Spurr v. Travis, 145 Mich. 721, 108 N. W. 1090, 116 Am. St. Rep. 330, 9 Ann. Cas. 250, which is a leading case, the Supreme Court of Michigan held that the "sales in bulk" statute of that state did not violate the Constitution, and in discussing that point the opinion says: court said: 'It does not seem to us, either from a consideration of the requirements thembefore us, that the restrictions placed by the selves of the act, or of the facts of the case Legislature upon sales of the kind in question are such as will cause such serious inconvenience to those affected by them as will amount to any unconstitutional deprivation of property. sell his entire stock without giving the required A retail dealer who owes no debts may lawfully notice. One who is indebted may make a valid sale without such notice, by paying his debts, fraudulent vendors are those who will be chiefly even after the sale is made. Insolvent and affected by the act, and it is for the protection of creditors against sales by them of their entire stock at a single transaction, and not in the regular course of business, that its provi sions are aimed.'" And Mr. Justice White further said: that the subject with which the statute dealt was within the lawful scope of the police authority of the state, we think, is too clear to require discussion.' "That the court below was right in holding We think the foregoing authorities are decisive as to the first point submitted by appellant, but will say that as the state of Washington has a law substantially like ours on this subject, and as the same question was presented to the Supreme Court of that state as is here presented in the case at bar, we refer to the case of McDaniels v. Connelly Shoe Co., 30 Wash. 549, 71 Pac. 37, 60 L. "Does the act conflict with section 32 of article 6 of the Constitution? It may be conceded that an act which should prohibit the sale of property of any character, either generally or for a stated time, without any adequate purpose or object, would constitute such an interference with the property and liberty of the individual as is inhibited by this section. The courts have, however, never treated this or sim-R. A. 947, 94 Am. St. Rep. 889, as being diilar provisions as prohibitive of legislation in the exercise of the police power which regulates the manner of the use or disposition of property, even though a temporary inconvenience may be suffered by the owner." And in the case of Musselman Grocer Co. v. Kidd, 115 Mich. 478, 115 N. W. 409, the same court held that the act was not in conflict with any of the provisions of the Michigan Constitution, or of section 1 of the fourteenth amendment of the Constitution of the United States. The plaintiff in error, being dissatisfied with the decision, carried the case to the Supreme Court of the United States, which in 1910 held that the Michigan law was based on a proper and reasonable classification of business and did not violate the fourteenth amendment to did not violate the fourteenth amendment to the federal Constitution. Kidd v. Musselman, 217 U. S. 461, 30 Sup. Ct. 606, 54 L. Ed. In this holding, the court followed its previous ruling, made in the case of Lemieux v. Young, 211 U. S. 489, 29 Sup. Ct. 174, 53 L. Ed. 295, which involved the same question with reference to a similar statute of Connecticut. In delivering the opinion in Lemieux v. Young, supra, Mr. Justice White . said: "The Supreme Court of Errors, in upholding the validity of the statute, decided that the subject with which it dealt was within the police power of the state, as the statute alone sought to regulate the manner of disposing of a stock in trade outside of the regular course of business, by methods which, if uncontrolled, were often resorted to for the consummation of fraud to the injury of innocent creditors. In considering whether the requirements of the statute were so onerous and restrictive as to be rectly in point in this case. In meeting the objections there urged to the Washington law, the court said: "The first objection to the constitutionality of the act is that it deprives persons of their property without due process of law. stand the argument, the contention is not that the act deprives an owner of property of his day in court, where his property rights are judicially called in question, or that it in any manner authorizes the actual physical taking by one of the property of another, but it is that as the term, 'property,' in legal signification, includes in its meaning the right of any person to possess, use, enjoy, or dispose of a thing, the act violates the Constitution, inasmuch as it restricts the right of an owner to dispose of his property. The act, it is true, does prohibit owners of certain kinds of property from disposing of it in a particular way, without complying with certain conditions, but it is not for that reason necessarily unconstitutional. While the Legislature may not constitutionally declare that void which in its nature is, and est and harmless, yet it may, under its police under all circumstances must be, entirely honpowers, place such reasonable restrictions on the right of an owner in relation to his propests of the public, or prevent frauds among inerty as it finds necessary to protect the interdividuals. If this were not so, it would be easy to find many unconstitutional acts on the statute books. It is next said that the act violates that provision of the Constitution which prohibits the Legislature from granting to a class of citizens privileges and immunities which upon the same terms shall not equally belong to all citizens; in other words, it is class legislation. In Redford v. Spokane Street R. Co., 15 Wash. 419, 46 Pac. 650, we held that, where a law is uniform so far as it operates, its constitutionality is not affected by the number of persons within the scope of its operation; and, applying this principle, we held in Fitch v. Applegate, 24 Wash. 25, 64 Pac. 147, that a law giving laborers in certain enumerat their employers was constitutional. The same | ordinary trade as goods. They remain from principle is applicable to the case in hand." year to year. The merchant could not dis In deciding the question as to the consti- pose of them as long as he remains in busitutionality of the law of this state regulating | ness. It is true that shelving, counters, the purchase, sale, and transfer of stocks of goods, wares, and merchandise in bulk, and prescribing penalties for the violation thereof, we hold both by weight of authority and on principle that said law is constitutional and valid, that it is not repugnant to the Constitution as class legislation, and that it is a proper exercise of the police power of the state. [2] Coming, now, to the other point presented by the appellant to reverse the judgment of the lower court, viz., that the fixtures of a merchant are in effect a part of his goods, wares, and merchandise, or stock in trade, and that said statute relating to sales in bulk of such merchandise should be construed to include the word "fixtures" by implication: This statute is clearly in deroga tion of the common-law rule, in that it pre drawers, tables, and many other things are necessary in order to conduct the business of the retail merchant, and so are delivery wagons in the larger towns to deliver goods, and clerks to sell the goods, and so is a house or room in which to keep them; but the clerks are not part of the goods, wares, or merchandise, and, though the business cannot be conducted without a house or place to keep and display the goods, the house or the room where they are sold is not a part of the goods, wares, and merchandise. In Kolander v. Dunn, 95 Minn. 422, 104 N. W. 371, it was held that: "Under chapter 291, p. 357, Laws 1899, the sale of the stock of merchandise was presumed to be fraudulent and void, but that act has no application to the sale of fixtures." In Gallus v. Elmer, 193 Mass. 106, 78 N. E. 772, 8 Ann. Cas. 1067, it is held that: "As used in the Massachusetts statute prohibdinary course of trade, the phrase 'stock of merchandise' is applicable only to the articles which the seller keeps for sale in the ordinary course of his business, and is not applicable to a storekeeper's fixtures.' scribes conditions and restrictions regarding the sale of such property, for under the com-iting sales in bulk, except when made in the ormon law a person could sell any of his property at such time and in such manner he might choose, without notice of the sale to his creditors or any other person, and without doing the things prescribed by said statStatutes of this kind should not be ex tended by implication to supply words that would bring subjects into the purview of the statute not specifically found there and not within its spirit or intention. Can the word "fixtures" be supplied to this statute? Is it germane to the scope, meaning, and purpose of the statute? We think not. The Standard Dictionary defines "fixture" as: "An article of a personal or chattel nature affixed to the freehold by a tenant, and removable by him, if it can be taken away without material injury to the realty, as gas fixtures in a residence, counters, shelving, and store fixtures in a mercantile house, or machinery or appara tus in trade and manufactures." And Bouvier's Law Dictionary defines "fixture" as: "Anything affixed or attached to a building, and used in connection with it, movable or immovable. Whenever the appendage is of such nature that it is not part or parcel of the building, but may be removed without injury to the building, then it is a movable fixture, and does not pass without conveyance to the freehold." Now, we think that under these definitions it would do violence to the clear meaning and intent of this statute to read the word "fixtures" into it. "Merchandise" is defined by Webster as: "Objects of commerce; whatever is usually bought and sold in trade or market by merchants." In Lee v. Gillen & Boney, 90 Neb. 730, 131 N. W. 278, it was held that: ed the 'Bulk Sales Law,' relates only to mer"Section 6048, Ann. St. 1909, commonly callchandise kept for sale in the ordinary course of trade and in the regular and usual prosecution of' business, and does not apply to fixtures or a manufacturer's stock of raw materials used by himself, and not kept or offered for sale in the ordinary course of trade." It is suggested that to make the law apply to fixtures as well as to the goods would strengthen the retail merchant's credit. Perhaps it would, and it might also strengthen his credit to make it include all his other personal property, or his store building if he owned it, or his farm; but that is beyond the scope and reasonable purpose of the law, which is not primarily to strengthen the retailer's credit, but to make him pay his honest debts. A very peculiar feature of this case is that the complaint does not charge that the goods, wares, or merchandise were sold to respondent Buhl, but in effect claims that he should pay for them because he bought the fixtures, and this theory of the case would make the goods, wares, and merchandise a part of the fixtures, instead of the fixtures being a part of the goods. We hardly think this is permissible. Having thus decided that the points relied on by appellant to reverse the judgment We think that merchandise, as used in this against it are not well taken, we hold, therestatute, must be construed to mean such fore, with the lower court, that said comthings as are usually bought and sold by mer-plaint does not state a cause of action against chants. Merchandise means something that respondent Buhl. is sold every day, and is constantly going out The judgment must be affirmed, with costs of the store and being replaced by other in favor of respondent. goods; but the fixtures are not a part of the trade or business. They are not sold in the SULLIVAN, C. J., concurs. (19 N. M. 428) STATE. ELLISON. (No. 1594.) (Supreme Court of New Mexico. Oct. 27, 1914.) (Syllabus by the Court.) 1. WITNESSES (§ 287*)- REDIRECT EXAMINATION-COMPLAINTS BY PROSECUTRIX. 8. CRIMINAL LAW (§ 823*) — INSTRUCTIONS CONSTRUCTION TOGETHER. Instructions to the jury are to be considered as a whole, and where, so considered, they fully protect the defendant, he cannot complain. [Ed. Note.-For other cases. cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 1992-1995, 3158; Dec. Dig. § 823.*] 9. CRIMINAL LAW ($ 1038*)-APPEAL-PRESENTATION BELOW-OBJECTION TO INSTRUCTION. In a prosecution for rape, when details of the woman's complaints to others have been elicited on cross-examination, these details may be more fully developed on redirect examination. [Ed. Note. For other cases, see Witnesses, Where an assignment of error presents an Cent. Dig. §§ 930, 1000-1002; Dec. Dig. objection to an instruction to this court which 287.*] was never presented to the court below, the party can have no relief here. 2. CRIMINAL LAW (§ 366*) - RAPE (§ 48*) RES GESTE-COMPLAINT BY PROSECUTRIX. The complaints of an outraged female may, or may not, be a part of the res gestæ of the offense. The fact that the details of a complaint are elicited from an outraged child by questions does not necessarily rob it of its voluntary character. In this case the recital of this child prosecutrix to her mother and others within 10 minutes after the commission of the offense, although given in response to questions, held to be voluntary and admissible. [Ed. Note. For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. $$ 806, 811, 814, 819, 820; Dec. Dig. § 366;* Rape, Cent. Dig. §§ 67-69; Dec. Dig. § 48.*] 3. CRIMINAL LAW (§ 473*)—EXPERT TESTI MONY-ADMISSIBILITY. A physician testified as an expert that the ordinary male organ could produce such a condition as was found present in the prosecutrix. Held, the evidence was properly admitted. [Ed. Note.-For other cases, see. Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. § 1060; Dec. Dig. § 473.*] 4. CRIMINAL LAW (8 687*)-REFUSAL TO REOPEN CASE. A definition of a "reasonable doubt" in the following terms: "A reasonable doubt is such a doubt as would cause a reasonable and prudent man to pause and hesitate to act in the graver and more important affairs of life, but a reasonable doubt is not merely a possibility of innocence, nor a speculation as to the innocence of the defendant not arising out of the evidence in the case or the want of it"-Teld to be unobjectionable. [Ed. Note.-For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. § 1267; Dec. Dig. § 561.* For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, First and Second Series, Reasonable Doubt.] 11. CRIMINAL LAW (§ 1064*)-APPEAL-PRESENTATION BELOW-OBJECTION TO INSTRUCTION-MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL. An objection to an instruction not carried forward in the motion for a new trial presents no question for review here. [Ed. Note.-For other cases, see Criminal Defendant closed his case without testify-Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 2076-2684; Dec. Dig. § 1064.*] ing, and the prosecution dismissed three witnesses held in reserve for rebuttal of his testimony who had left town. The next morning defendant moved to reopen the case for the purpose of testifying. Held, the court properly refused to reopen the case under the circum stances. [Ed. Note. For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 1621, 1622, 1625; Dec. Dig. § 687.*] 5. CRIMINAL LAW (§ 753*)-REFUSAL OF DIRECTED VERDICT-GROUNDS. A motion for an instructed verdict, based upon an erroneous view of the law, was properly overruled. [Ed. Note. For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 1713, 1727-1739; Dec. Dig. § 753.*] 6. WITNESSES (§ 351*) -IMPEACHMENT-FOUNDATION-REBUTTAL. Where no foundation for impeachment of a witness is laid on cross-examination, impeaching evidence in rebuttal is properly excluded. [Ed. Note.-For other cases, see Witnesses, Cent. Dig. §§ 1150, 1151; Dec. Dig. § 351.*] 7. CRIMINAL LAW ($ 796*)-INSTRUCTIONSPENALTY. Under a statute prescribing a certain penalty for a certain offense, it is not necessary for the court to inform the jury as to the statutory penalty; the sole question for the jury being whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. [Ed. Note.-For other cases, see Criminal other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 1928-1934; Dec. Dig. § 796.*] 12. RAPE (§ 36*-PRESUMPTIONS FAILURE TO MAKE OUTCRY. Failure to make outcry by a female does not, as a matter of law, raise a presumption that no outrage was committed. The most that can be said of it is that it is a circumstance for the consideration of the jury in determining the truth. [Ed. Note.-For other cases, see Rape, Cent. Dig. §§ 46, 47; Dec. Dig. § 36.*] 13. RAPE (§ 54*)-SUFFICIENCY OF PROOFUNCORROBORATED TESTIMONY OF PROSECU |