While the genius of Bonaparte was contending with the desert, and his attention was divided between a portion of Africa and of Asia, and while even he was beat back, at Acre, where he contended with British seamen, as he touched on the borders of the sea, the war was renewed in Northern Italy, under different auspices and with a very different issue than before. There was another man in Europe who was fitted, no less than Bonaparte, for holding the vial of wrath in his hand, and for sprinkling it anew over the rivers and fountains of waters; and the French, who had once been joint agents in the work of shedding the blood of the saints of the Most High, were made the victims of the wrath of which they had so recently been the instruments. In savage cruelty no name could overmatch Suwarrow's. The siege of Ishmail is a black spot, even on a bloated world. The merciless victor," who had presided over it, and who, without uttering one word of mercy, had calmly looked on the massacre of thirty thousand vanquished enemies, was, upon the first tidings of war, on the march to Italy to retrace the steps of Bonaparte. Like a demon of destruction, he lighted on the rivers, and stopped not till he reached the fountains of waters. Suwarrow, who shrunk not from blood, at the head of a Russian army, that shewed no mercy and knew no fear, combined with Austrians bent on revenging their country's wrongs, reversed and redeemed the conquests which Bonaparte had won; and with activity and desperate resolution scarcely second to his own, and acting on his system of concentrating his forces on a single point, as if pouring out a vial of wrath on one spot after another, repelled the French, with immense slaughter, from river to river, till they lost every inch of ground which they had formerly gained, and not one republican corps was to be found in Lombardy or Piedmont. The career of Suwarrow

along the rivers, and till he reached the fountains of waters, was not less bloody, along them all, from the lake of Garda and the banks of the Mincio, to the sources, or fountains, of the Po, than that of Bonaparte. And the evidence that his course also was marked by a vial of wrath, is too abundant to be effectually condensed in a brief narrative.

The fifteenth chapter of the Annual Register for 1799, contains an interesting account of the Italian campaign of Suwarrow, the locality of which was precisely that of Bonaparte's campaigns. The whole chapter is one continued illustration; and even the contents of it may convey to the reader some faint impression of the severity of the judgment, as well as of its perfect appositeness, in place, as well as in character and time, to the third vial.

"Situation and force of the French and Austrian armies in Italy, at the beginning of 1799. The French driven with great loss from the left bank of the Adige. Operations of the Austrians on the flanks of the French army. The French on the fifth of April defeated with great loss.—Retire to the Mincio.-And afterwards to the Chiese. The Austrian General, Melas, passes the Mincio with all his army.-23,000 Russian auxiliaries arrive with Marshal Suwarrow, who takes the chief command of the troops of the two emperors. Peschiera and Mantua invested. Brescia taken by the allies, who march to the Aglio, which the French abandon. Moreau succeeds in the command of the French army to Scheerer, who was become the object of public animadversion. The allied army encamps on the Adda. Distribution of the French army on that RIVER.Dislodged therefrom on the twenty-seventh by Marshal Suwarrow. Battle of Cassano. The French compelled to fly TOWARDS MILAN, which is entered by the Austrians on the twenty-eighth. Embarrassing situation of Moreau. The plan he determines to pursue. Reduction of the fortresses of Peschiera and Pizzighitone. Plan of operations pursued by Marshal Suwarrow. Capture of the cities of TORTONA and Turin. Moreau passes the Bormida, and retreats towards Coni. Reduction of the citadels of MILAN and Ferrara. The French driven from Ravenna. General Macdonald with all his army evacuates the kingdom of Naples.

Crosses the Appenines.-Makes himself master of Modena, Reggio, Parma, and Placentia, but is defeated in a SERIES OF BATTLES ON BOTH SIDES OF the TREBBIA, by Marshal Suwarrow. Moreau, who had crossed the Appenines, with a view of drawing near to Macdonald, and gained several advantages, on the approach of the Russian commander, retires to Genoa. Reduction of the citadel of Turin. Insurrection of the inhabitants of Tuscany. Macdonald accomplishes his retreat, and junction with Moreau. Alexandria and Mantua surrender by capitulation. Military measures taken by the new French directory. The command of the army of Italy restored to Joubert, who puts his troops in motion on the eleventh of August. Battle of Novi. Victory long doubtful; at last decided in favour of the allies. Enormous loss on both sides. Conditional capitulation of Tortona, which falls on the eleventh of September. General Suwarrow sets off for Switzerland. Coni becomes the sole object of the campaign. Capture of Ancona, and of Coni. Other places taken by the Austrians. Genoa and its small territory, the ONLY POSSESSION remaining to the French in Italy at the close of 1799."

Suwarrow's campaign in the north of Italy, though a notable event which rivetted the attention of Europe at the time, has sunk into comparative oblivion, before the subsequent achievements of Napoleon. A brief abstract of the bloody tale may not therefore be superfluous, in order to set before the general reader a renewed illustration of the manner in which the vial of wrath was still poured upon the rivers, and lastly on the fountains of waters. The place is the same, and the wrath was not less than before; and the order is more definitely marked, as the full effect of the vision is told. The natural features of that singular region, which formed the field of blood, towards the close of that murderous warfare, are set most vividly before our eyes, by a Marshal of France, in a manner which no verbal description could emulate. Bonaparte speedily passed along the fountains; and his battles were fought along the rivers, till he reached the farthest streams of Italy, and the passes of the Julian Alps, where these have their sources.

own.

But, reversing his course, the Russian closed his victories, where those of the Corsican began; and the chart for illustrating the campaign of 1799, sets before our sight, in their due order, the fountains of waters. While war, for a time, gave to France the sovereignty of Europe, military engineering attained, in that country, a nicety and perfection previously unknown. Military maps of the seat of war, require the utmost attainable accuracy; for so essential are the exact knowledge of the ground, and the means of calculating distances, that the fate of armies or of empires might possibly depend upon the accurate position, in a chart, of a single stream. The map of Lombardy was the study of Napoleon, before that country had been surveyed by engineers equal to his But the Atlas from which the two accompanying maps are taken, was published in Paris in 1831,* after the long-continued possession of the country, together with every possible facility for accomplishing the task, had enabled the French engineers to define and depict the scene of so many battles, from which too the boasted glory of France took its rise. And as Bonaparte, in lording over subjugated foes, laid his exactions on Piedmont, and supported his army with the spoils of the vanquished, so even military engineering, a beautiful art for a bloody purpose, must pay its tribute, and yield the best of its fruits to sustain the cause of the gospel of Jesus, under the influence of which men shall learn war no more. For, next to the view from the summit of Montezemoto, from whence the rivers and fountains of waters are seen in actual vision, and where, from the snow-clad Alps and the opposite Appenines, such multitudes of streams glitter on each side, while the intermediate

* Atlas des Mémoires pour servir a l'Histoire Militaire sous les Directoire, le Consulat, et l'Empire, par le Marechal Gouvion Saint-Cyr. Paris, 1831.

plain lies in broad perspective, thronged with new rivers, stretching forth to the farthest reach of sight, is the inspection of the military map, constructed by Marshal St. Cyr, for exemplifying the campaign of 1799, and which may be said to set us down among the fountains of waters, where, after having again passed over the rivers, the vial of wrath was that year poured out. The chart itself thus possesses an interest infinitely superior to that of a perishing memorial of glories that have perished, and which themselves were but the dream of a day. The warrior presents the believer in Jesus with a gift that will retain its value, beyond all that the sword could conquer, a visible illustration of that word which abideth for ever.

* י

While the whole valley of the Po may be aptly designated the region of rivers, Piedmont may specially be denominated the fountains of waters. And the map, in like manner, specially illustrative of the campaign of 1799, is that of Piedmont. After an enumeration of the rivers which the Po receives on the right bank, it is stated in the Memoirs of Napoleon, 66 THE SOURCES OF ALL WHICH RIVERS are in the Ligurian Alps," or Piedmont, the country of the fountains of waters. There the combined Austrian and Russian armies closed their career of conquests, in 1799; and on the plains of Piedmont, Bonaparte afterwards, in one battle, restored the lost laurels of France, and poured out the last of the vial which was first given into his hand. The map may serve for illustrating the prediction as well as the campaign. The history of the war will farther shew that it was indeed the spot on which the vial of wrath was finally poured out.

In the beginning of 1799, eighty thousand French troops, and fifty thousand auxiliaries, held Italy and Naples in subjection. The army of Italy chiefly oc

* Memoirs of Napoleon, vol. iii. part 1, p. 106.