Lauson v. Fond du Lac, 141 Wis. 57. LAUSON, Respondent, vs. Town oF FOND DU LAC, Appellant. November 12-December 7, 1909. Highways: Injuries to travelers: Automobiles: Negligence of driver: 1. An occupant of a private automobile cannot recover for an injury caused by a defect in the highway if the negligence of the driver contributed to the accident. 2. The driver of an automobile who, while traveling on a dark, rainy night over a straight stretch of strange country road, drives his machine at such a rate of speed that he cannot bring it to a standstill within the distance that he can plainly see objects or obstructions ahead of him, is not exercising ordinary care. 3. Independent of any statute, it is negligence to run an automobile on a highway at night without sufficient lights to enable the driver to see objects ahead of him in time to avoid them. 4. The lights which, under sec. 1636-52, Stats. (Supp. 1906), are to be displayed on an automobile driven on a highway at night are not required solely for the protection of travelers other than those in the automobile. 5. The rule that it is not negligence to drive horses over a highway on a dark night without lights should not be extended to automobiles. APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Fond du Lac county: E. RAY STEVENS, Judge. Reversed. Action to recover damages for injuries alleged to have been sustained by reason of a defect in a highway. The plaintiff was riding in an automobile driven by one Robert Hippe, on the main highway between the cities of Waupun and Fond du Lac. A culvert in the road was being replaced, leaving an opening therein about eight feet in width and nine feet in depth. Barriers were erected on either side of the opening, such barriers consisting of a single sixteen-foot fence board extending across the highway and nailed to posts on either side. There was some dispute in the testimony as to the distance the barriers were placed from the opening; the testinony of the plaintiff tending to show that it was but twenty Lauson v. Fond du Lac, 141 Wis. 57. four feet distant, while that of the defendant tended to show that it was forty-three feet. The accident occurred about 10 o'clock on a dark, rainy night. The automobile ran through the barrier and into the opening, injuring the plaintiff. It was running at a speed not to exceed eight miles an hour. It carried but one headlight, which was tilted down somewhat so as to throw the light into the wheel tracks. From the testimony it appears that the driver could not see objects more than ten or twelve feet ahead of him, and that at the speed he was proceeding he could not bring the machine to a standstill within less than fifteen or twenty feet. The barriers were about four feet above the surface of the road. The alleged negligence of the town consisted in its failure to place a light around the opening or to afford any protection to travelers except such as might be afforded by the barriers that were erected. From a verdict and judgment in favor of the plaintiff defendant brings this appeal. Maurice McKenna, for the appellant. J. E. McMullen, for the respondent, to the point that the purpose of the requirement that an automobile running in the dark shall have a headlight burning is solely to give warning to others approaching in the opposite direction, cited Wright v. Crane, 142 Mich. 508, 106 N. W. 71; Cook v. Fogarty, 103 Iowa, 500, 72 N. W. 677; McFern v. Gardner, 121 Mo. App. 1, 97 S. W. 972; Bennett v. Busch, 75 N. J. Law, 240, 67 Atl. 188. BARNES, J. The defendant seeks to defeat recovery on the ground that the driver of the automobile was guilty of contributory negligence, and that the court should have so decided as a matter of law. The automobile in question was a private conveyance, and if its driver failed to exercise ordinary care, and such failure contributed to produce the injury complained of, the plaintiff cannot recover. Ritger v. Milwaukee, 99 Wis. 190, 74 N. W. 815; Prideaux v. Mineral Lauson v. Fond du Lac, 141 Wis. 57. Point, 43 Wis. 513; Otis v. Janesville, 47 Wis. 422, 2 N. W. 783; Olson v. Luck, 103 Wis. 33, 79 N. W. 29; Lightfoot v. Winnebago T. Co. 123 Wis. 479, 102 N. W. 30. The question for this court to solve is whether the driver of an automobile, who on a dark, rainy night is traveling over a straight stretch of strange country road, is exercising ordinary care if he drives his machine at such a rate of speed that he is unable to stop within a distance that is within the clear range of his vision. Stated in another way, if he can see objects but ten feet ahead, while he cannot stop his car in less than twenty feet, is he using ordinary care? If not, and injury results from his negligent act, neither he nor his passengers, if the conveyance be a private one, can recover damages for such injury. Self-propelling machines of great weight and high power have come into general use in the past few years. They are rightfully accorded the same privileges in the use of our highways that are accorded to other vehicles. When driven at a reckless rate of speed they are a source of constant menace to their occupants and to the traveling public, which has not and cannot abdicate its right to use our roads. What may be a moderate rate of speed under some circumstances may be a reckless rate under other conditions. The driver of every automobile in a city knows that streets are frequently torn up for the purpose of repairing or rebuilding them, and for the purpose of laying water and sewer pipes and for laying gas mains, conduits for carrying electric wires, and such like, and that repairs on such pipes, mains, and conduits must be frequently made, as well as connections with private consumers. He further knows that children, pedestrians, bicycle and motorcycle riders, street cars, and passengers carried by horse power are to be found on the streets in great numbers and frequently huddled closely together. The driver on a country road knows that bridges and culverts must be rebuilt; that highways must be repaired; that wash Lauson v. Fond du Lac, 141 Wis. 57. outs occasionally occur; that live stock roam about the roads unattended; that travelers on foot, on horseback, and in various kinds of vehicles are found using the highways at all seasons of the year and at all times of the day and night. Such a driver has no right to expect and does not expect a free and unobstructed right of way over a well-defined track, as does the engineer of a locomotive or even the motorman of an electric car. The automobile has created a new peril in the use of our public highways; a peril that unfortunately has been greatly enhanced by the recklessness of drivers who propel such machines with the speed of railway trains along crowded thoroughfares. Some rule consonant with the public safety, and not unduly harsh or restrictive upon the users of motor cars, must be evolved to meet a situation which has recently arisen. No case presenting a similar state of facts has been cited by counsel. It seems to us, and we decide, that the driver of an automobile, circumstanced as was the driver of the car in which the plaintiff was riding, and operating it under such conditions as he operated his machine on the night of the accident, is not exercising ordinary care if he is driving the car at such a rate of speed that he cannot bring it to a standstill within the distance that he can plainly see objects or obstructions ahead of him. If his light be such that he can see objects for only a distance of ten feet, then he should so regulate his speed as to be able to stop his machine within that distance. and if he fails to do so, and an accident results from such failure, no recovery can be had. This, it seems to us, is the minimum degree of care that should be required. Circumstances might arise where it would be reckless to drive at such a rate of speed, or even at a rate approximating it. We do not ground this rule on the fact that we have a statute requiring automobiles to carry reasonably bright lights while being operated during the hours of darkness. Independent of any Lauson v. Fond du Lac, 141 Wis. 57. statute, and considering the character of these machines, we hold it would be negligent operation to run them without sufficient lights to enable the driver to see objects ahead of him in time to avoid them. Such is substantially the rule adopted by the supreme court of Connecticut in a well-considered case in reference to the running of a street car. The court said: "When running at night, it must be provided with such ineans of illumination as may be requisite, in connection with the light, if any, to be expected from other sources, to enable the motorman to see far enough ahead to do whatever ordinary care may demand in order to avoid a rear-end collision with any other vehicle upon the railway track. The speed with which any vehicle can be driven over a highway at night must be determined partly in view of the distance ahead at which travelers upon or approaching the same highway would become visible." Currie v. Consolidated R. Co. 81 Conn. 383, 71 Atl. 356. We perceive no reason why an automobile should not be driven with the same degree of care required in the case of a street car, and there are many reasons why a greater degree of care should be required. Nor can we countenance the proposition urged upon us that lights are required only for the protection of travelers other than those riding in the automobile. It is true that the evidence in this case showed that a party traveling in an opposite direction from that in which the automobile was proceeding could see the light plainly a quarter of a mile distant and in ample time to leave the traveled track. But this testimony does not prove anything of value. The other traveler is not obliged to yield the entire track, and the nature of the road might well be such that he could not do so, and, if he did, a slight swerving of the machine to avoid a rut or a stone might result in a collision. Perhaps almost as many persons, and vehicles drawn by horses, are overtaken and passed by automobiles as are met, and, as to such, a dim light might afford no protection whatever, or at least not sufficient warning to |