43. CARDAMOM. Cardamom. U. S.

Fl. ex. 60. Tinct. 30.

Malabar cardamom, E. Cardamom, Kleine Kardamomen, G.
Cardamomes, Fr.

The fruit of Elettaria Cardamomum W. et. M., Scitaminaceae.
Light, brown.

Aromatic, spicy, somewhat comphoraceous.

Pungent, cooling sensation.

Epidermal cells of pericarp of polygonal cells; parenchyma cells of pericarp thin walled containing prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate; endosperm cells containing oil, minute starch granules and proteid granules.

Ceylon cardamom is distinguished from the Malabar cardamom by the presence in the former of thick walled, conical, simple trichomes. Ash 7 per cent.

Adulterated with related species and varieties, with orange and lemon seeds.

44. CARUM. Caraway. U. S.

Entire; bruised.

Kümmel, G. Carvi, Cumin des prés, Fr.

The fruit of Carum Carvi L., Umbelliferae.

Greenish brown.

Aromatic, recalling coriander.

Pungent; bitterish, sweetish.

Parenchyma of pericarp of thin walled more or less collapsed yellowish cells. Endosperm cells contain fat and proteid granules; cell walls of endosperm cells are of uniform medium thickness, cells isodiametric, closely united. Vascular tissue very sparingly present. No trichomes or sclerenchyma. Yellowish resin particles or lumps.

Ash 7.5 per cent.

Not generally adulterated. May contain the fruits of other Umbelliferae. Should be free from Conium fruits.

45. CARTHAMUS. Safflower.

Entire.

African, False, American, or Dyer's Saffron, E. Saflor, G. Carthame, Fr.

The florets (removed from receptacle or torus) of Carthamus tinctorius L., Compositæ.

Deep red.

Fragrant; faint odor of cured tobacco.

Somewhat bitter; saliva yellow.

Epidermal cells with red coloring matter soluble in water. Pollen grains quite large, exine with rather blunt conical projections and three very distinct pores.

Ash 5.5 per cent.

Much employed as an adulterant of and substitute for Crocus Sativus. Exhausted safflower may be found occasionally.

46. (Fig. 60.) CARYOPHYLLUS. Cloves. U. S.

Ground, rather coarse.

Gewürznelken, Nägelein, G. Girofle, Gérofle, Clous aromatiques,

Fr.

The unexpanded flowers of Eugenia aromatica K., Myrtaceae.
Deep dark reddish brown.

Very aromatic; clove odor.

Very pungent, benumbing.

Pollen grains triangular mostly immature; very few, rather, short thick walled bast cells; outer parenchyma of closely united cells containing aggregate crystals of calcium oxalate; cuticle enormously thickened; inner parenchyma spongy. Numerous large glands containing oil and resin. No starch present but the parenchyma cells contain oil and small granules of tannin. A concentrated solution of potassium hydrate causes the precipitation of acicular and radiately aggregate crystals (eugenol reaction).

Ash 6.5 per cent.

Quite frequently adulterated; with clove stalks, mother cloves (clove fruit), exhausted cloves, roasted flour, etc. Accurate quantitative determinations (microanalytical) of the clove stem adulteration may be made by the methods given in Part I. This problem should be performed by the entire class.

47. (Fig. 61.) CASCARA SAGRADA. Cascara Sagrada. U.S.

Fl. ex. 40.

Sacred bark, Bearberry bark, E. Amerikanische Faulbaumrinde,

G.

The bark of Rhammus Purshiana D. C., Rhamnaceæ.

Yellow brown.

Nearly odorless.

Bitter; saliva yellow.

Numerous porous, mostly thick-walled sclerenchyma cells. Rather slender, but thick-walled and porous bast fibers, accompanied by numerous prismatic crystal-bearing fibers. Brown cells of the outer bark. Inner bark parenchyma, with small, simple, spherical starch granules and aggregate crystals of calcium oxalate.

Ash 5.8 per cent.

Adulterated with the bark of related species (see Frangula).